History of The Zombie

Zombie is a term for the undead in the Voodoo belief system Creole and African-Caribbean. Zombie is the man with the spirit that had been stolen in a way supernatural or shamanic, and was employed as a slave who served the "zombie master" in the plantation areas. A more sinister version of zombies and humans like to eat often appointed as horror fiction.

"Zombi" is also the name for a voodoo snake god named Damballah Wedo Niger-Congo origin close to the word nzambi which in Congo means "god".

In 1937, Zora Neale Hurston researchers who conduct research folklore in Haiti find cases Felicia Felix-Mentor, who died at the age of 29 and was buried in 1907. The villagers believe that they often saw Felicia dead 30 years ago are still likes to hang around in the streets. The same case was also found in several others. Zora Hurston sought truth rumor says zombies are humans who have been given a concoction of drugs, but was unable to find anyone willing to open up about the secrets of the zombie.

Some twenty years later, an ethnobotany Canada named Wade Davis raised the matter from the point of view of pharmacology zombies in two books titled The Serpent and the Rainbow (1985) and Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombi (1988). According to the research results Wade Davis while he was in Haiti in 1982, two types of ingredients included powdered drug into the blood stream (usually via an open wound) can transform the living into zombies.

The first drug powder called coup de poudre (French for "medicine attacker") that make human beings in a state of "like death" caused by tetrodotoxin dose. Tetrodoksin is a deadly poison that also contained fugu puffer fish and fish that are common food in Japan. Man given nearly lethal doses tetrodoksi (LD50 of 1 mg), may be in a state of near death for several days, but continues in the waking state. Herb medicine powder from the plant genus Datura both hallucinogens and make people have no will of its own. Wade Davis also explores the story of the Haitian people named Clairvius Narcisse who claimed never to be used as a zombie. Theory Wade Davis often treated with skepticism the story and the truth is often a source of debate. Voodoo belief still impenetrable secrecy foreign researchers, although some people Haiti acknowledged the existence of "zombie drug"

In the Middle Ages people believed the spirits of the dead could return to earth and haunt the living. According to the free Encyclopedia of Things that Never Were, corpses up from the grave (especially in France) usually come kill people for revenge. When night fell, at the tombs of wandering zombies or skeleton shaped bodies that have thin and weak. Norse (Scandinavian) familiar creature named Draugr corpse believed to be the knight who got up from the grave to attack the living.

In modern culture in the West, who first peel books zombie concept is the work of WB The Magic Island Seabrook published in 1929. Zombies often appear in horror films, television shows, video games, and role playing (RPG). Zombies are usually described as rotting corpses with low intelligence and stagger, but got a taste of human meat. In some cases, more zombies targeting the human brain to eat.

Before the 1950's, usually described as a corpse zombie brains are not controlled like a puppet master. The depiction of zombies in popular culture changed in 1954 with the publication of the book I Am Legend by Richard Matheson. The book tells the city of Los Angeles are blood-sucking creatures invaded a bacterial infection caused by a pandemic. The sole survivor of a pandemic must survive the onslaught of people who had been turned into a blood-sucking creature. Although similar to the vampire story, the plot is often used as the basis for the zombie-themed films produced in the future. Night of the Living Dead by George A. Romero is the first film to depict the modern zombie. Film The Last Man on Earth (1964), starring Vincent Price was also based on the story by Richard Matheson. Similarly, the film The Omega Man (1971), starring Charlton Heston, although this film has little resemblance to the original story.

The most common story plot revolves around the uncontrolled invasion of zombies. A group of survivors trying to stop the spread of zombies. As with many other horror stories, zombie story does not end happy end and there is always something remaining zombies. The origin of the zombie plague is usually in the form of radioactive contamination, toxic materials that make the brain dead, black magic, voodoo, aliens, viral infections and various other reasons.

In various works of fiction, zombies can infect healthy people through bites or scratches zombies. Zombie attack victims are usually killed instantly and turned into zombies. Zombies can be killed by cutting off the head or destroying the brain zombies. In some cases, the entire body must be destroyed if the zombies do not want zombie body parts that had broken moving steadily.

History of Earth Formation Theory

History and process of formation of the earth's geology by theory advanced by experts is as follows:

1. Age Arkaekum. This period lasted approximately 2500 million years ago. Earth's crust is extremely hot and there was no sign of life.

2. Paleozoic era. This period lasted approximately 340 million years ago. At this time signs of life there, the little animals are invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. This period is also called the primary era (the first time).

3. Mesozoic era. This period lasted approximately 140 million years ago. This period of life is growing, the number of species of fish, amphibians, reptiles and more. Examples of reptiles are still alive at this time is that dinosaurs and various bird species. This period is also referred to as secondary age (second) and the age of reptiles.

4. Age Neozoikum. This era lasted about 60 million years ago, which is further divided into two days, the Tertiary and Quaternary age.

Tertiary (Third Age). At this time, invertebrate animals, including mammals (mammals) evolve, otherwise extinct giant reptiles. Types of mammals that evolved during this time that primates. Animals Primates include lemurs, monkeys, apes, and monkeys-man.

Quaternary Period (Fourth Age). This period lasted roughly 600,000 years ago, consists of two days of the Pleistocene era (dilivium) and the Holocene era (alluvium). At the time of this Pleistocene temperature geothermal unstable. If the Earth's temperature is very high, then the ice melts on the surface of the earth so that the sea level rose. Conversely when the Earth's temperature drops sharply then the earth's surface filled with ice. These conditions affect the development of life on earth. This period is called the ice age. Pleistocene Period had several phases, namely phase early Pleistocene, middle, and end. Age after age Pleistocene Holocene era is ending. Holocene era lasted about 20,000 years ago and continues to this day. Intelligent human called Homo Sapiens began life at this time.

History Of Walisongo

"Walisongo" means nine trustees " They are Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Sunan Ampel, Sunan Giri, Sunan Bonang, Dradjad Sunan, Sunan Kalijaga, Sunan Kudus, Sunan Muria, and Sunan Gunung Jati. They do not live at the exact same time. Yet another one is linked closely, if not the blood ties are also in the teacher-student relationship

Maulana Malik Ibrahim of the oldest. Sunan Maulana Malik Ibrahim Ampel children. Sunan Giri is the nephew of Maulana Malik Ibrahim also means Sunan Ampel cousin. Sunan Bonang and Sunan Sunan Ampel Drajad are children. Sunan Kalijaga a friend and disciple of Sunan Bonang. Sunan Sunan Muria Kalijaga child. Kalijaga Sunan Sunan Kudus students. Sunan Gunung Jati is a friend of the Sunan, except Maulana Malik Ibrahim who died first.

They live on the north coast of Java from the beginning of the 15th century to the mid 16th century, in three important areas. Namely Gresik, Surabaya-East Java-Lamongan, Demak-Holy-Muria in Central Java, and Cirebon in West Java. They are intellectuals who became the reformer of his time. They introduced a variety of new forms of civilization: from health, farming, commerce, culture and the arts, community to government.

Pesantren Ampel Denta and Giri are the two most important educational institutions in that period. Giri, Islamic civilization extends throughout the eastern archipelago. Sunan Giri and Sunan Gunung Jati not only scholars, but also the leader of the government. Sunan Giri, Bonang, Kalijaga, and Ghost artwork creators whose influence is still felt to this day. While Sunan Muria is a true companion of the commoners.

Walisongo era is the era of the end of the dominance of the Hindu-Buddhist cultural heritage to be replaced with Islamic culture. They are a symbol of the spread of Islam in Indonesia. Particularly in Java. Of course many other characters that also play a role. But they are a very big role in setting up the Islamic kingdom in Java, as well as its influence on the culture and the society at large propagation directly, making "nine trustees" is more widely known than others.

Each of these figures has a unique role in the spread of Islam. Start of Maulana Malik Ibrahim, who put themselves as a "physician" for the Hindu kingdom of Majapahit; Sunan Giri called the colonialists as "the pope of the East" to Sunan Kalijaga who create works of art using shades that can understand the nuances of the Javanese-Hindu and Buddhist .

Maulana Malik Ibrahim (1)

Maulana Malik Ibrahim, or Abraham Makdum As-Samarkandy estimated born in Samarkand, Central Asia, in the early half of the 14th century. Tanah Jawi Chronicle called Asmarakandi Meinsma version, follow the spoken tongue of the As-Samarkandy Java, turned into Asmarakandi

Maulana Malik Ibrahim Sheikh is sometimes also referred to as the Maghreb. Some people even call it Grandpa Pillow. He was related to Maulana Isaac, renowned scholars Pasai Ocean, and father of Sunan Giri (Raden Paku). Abraham and Isaac was the son of a Persian cleric, Maulana Jumadil named Kubro, who settled in Samarkand. Maulana Jumadil Kubro believed to be descendants of the 10 of Syayidina Hussein, grandson of Prophet Muhammad.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim never lived in Campa, now Cambodia, for thirteen years since 1379. He even married the daughter of the king, who gave him two sons. They are Raden Rahmat (known as Sunan Ampel) and Syed Ali Morteza aka Raden Students. Felt pretty proselytizing missions in the country, the year 1392 AD Maulana Malik Ibrahim fled to the island of Java left his family.

Some versions state that some people coming along. The area was first headed Sembalo the village, the region is still in the Majapahit empire. Sembalo village now, is the area Leran Manyar district, 9 kilometers north of the town of Gresik.

The first activity is doing when it is dealing with how to open the shop. Stalls that provide basic needs at low prices. Moreover specifically Malik Ibrahim also volunteered to treat people free of charge. As a physician, it is reported, he had been invited to treat the king's wife from Campa. Empress likely still relatives of his wife.

Pillow grandfather also taught new ways of farming. He embraced the community-in the Hindu caste aside. Thus was completed the first mission, which is looking for a place in the hearts of people around that when it was hit by the economic crisis and civil war. Finished build and organize cottage where religious learning in Leran, in 1419 AD Maulana Malik Ibrahim died. His grave is now located at the village gate, Gresik, Jawa Timur.n

Sunan Ampel

He was the eldest son of Maulana Malik Ibrahim. According to the Chronicle and the Tanah Jawi Genealogy Sunan Kudus, in his childhood, he was known by the name of Raden Rahmat. He was born in 1401 AD in Campa. Ampel own name, identified with the name of the place where he had long resided. In areas Ampel or Ampel Denta, a region now part of Surabaya (city Wonokromo now)

Some versions state that Sunan Ampel into the island of Java in the year 1443 AD with Sayid Ali Murtadho, his brother. In 1440, prior to Java, they stop in Palembang. After three years in Palembang, then he melabuh to the Gresik. Continued went to Majapahit to see his aunt, a daughter of Campa, named Dwarawati, which dipersunting one king of Majapahit Hindu King Sri Kertawijaya title.

Sunan Ampel married the daughter of a duke in Tuban. From his marriage, he was blessed with several sons and daughters. Among the successors is Sunan Bonang and Sunan Drajat. When the Sultanate of Demak (25 kilometers south of the city of Holy) want to set up, Sunan Ampel helped the birth of the first Islamic kingdom in Java. He is also a student pointing Raden Patah, the son of King UB V king of Majapahit, to become Sultan of Demak in 1475 AD

In Ampel Denta swampy, area awarded the King of Majapahit, he built a boarding school develops. At first he embraced the surrounding community. In the mid 15th century, the school became the center of education is very influential in the archipelago and even overseas. Among his students were Sunan Giri and Raden Patah. The students are then disebarnya to preach to the various parts of Java and Madura.

Sunan Ampel adheres to Hanafi schools of jurisprudence. However, to his students, he was just giving a simple instruction that emphasizes the cultivation of faith and worship. He was the one who introduced the term "Mo Limo" (moh game, ngombe moh, moh thief, opium moh, moh Madon). That calls for a "do not gamble, do not drink, do not steal, do not use drugs, and do not commit adultery."

Sunan Ampel thought died in 1481 AD and buried in Demak Mosque Ampel west, Surabaya.n

Sunan Giri

It has a small name Raden Paku, aka Muhammad Ainul sure. Sunan Giri born in Blambangan (now Banyuwangi) in 1442 AD There is also a call Jake ocean. A name that is associated with childhood that once discarded by the family of his mother-a princess named Dewi Sekardadu Blambangan to sea. Raden Paku then collected by Nyai Semboja child (Babad Tanah Jawi Meinsma version).

His father was Maulana Isaac. Maulana Malik Ibrahim siblings. Maulana Isaac managed to Islamkan his wife, but failed to Islamize the law. That is why he left his wife, the family ventured down to the ocean Pasai.

Sunan Giri small misannya studying in boarding schools, Sunan Ampel, where Raden Patah also studied. He had ventured to Malacca and Pasai. Having had enough knowledge, he opened a boarding school in the hill village of Sidomukti, South Gresik. In the Java language, the hill is "giri". So he called Sunan Giri.

Pesantren was not only used as a place of education in the narrow sense, but also as a center for community development. King of Majapahit-supposedly for fear of Sunan Giri-trigger revolt gave him the flexibility to set government. Then rose schools developed into one of the centers of power called Giri Kedaton. As government leaders, Sunan Giri also referred to as King Satmata.

Giri Kedaton grow into an important political center of Java, at the time. When Raden Broken escape from Majapahit, Sunan Giri instead acted as adviser and military commander of the Sultanate of Demak. It is recorded in the Annals of Demak. Furthermore, Demak was not free from the influence of Sunan Giri. He is also recognized as a mufti, the highest religious leader, a Java.

Giri Kedaton last up to 200 years. One of his successors, Prince Singosari, known as the most adamantly opposed to collusion VOC and Amangkurat II at Century 18.

The students boarding Giri also known as a staunch propagator of Islam to various islands, such as Bawean, Kangean, Madura, Haruku, Ternate, until Nusa Tenggara. Propagator of Islam to South Sulawesi, Datuk Ribandang and two companions, was a disciple of Sunan Giri from Minangkabau.

In religion, he was known for his vast knowledge in the science of jurisprudence. People also refer to it as the Sultan Abdul Fakih. He also pecipta incredible artwork. Kids games like Jelungan, moldy, winch-ilir and cublak suweng called Sunan Giri creations. Similarly Gending asmaradana and Javanese Pucung again but with the teaching requirements Islam.n

Sunan Bonang

He is the son of Sunan Ampel, which means also the grandson of Maulana Malik Ibrahim. His given name is Raden Makdum Ibrahim. Birth estimated 1465 AD from a woman named Nyi Ageng Manila, the daughter of a duke in Tuban

Sunan Kudus much studied at Sunan Kalijaga. Then he ventured into various areas barren Sragen in Central Java, Simo up Gunungkidul. How berdakwahnya also replicate Sunan Kalijaga: very tolerant culture. The mode of delivery even smoother. That is why the saints are having trouble finding the Holy preachers to which the majority of followers of firm-appointed.

How to approach the Holy Ghost Sunan is to utilize the symbols of Hinduism and Buddhism. This is evident from the Holy mosque architecture. Its towers, gates and shower / ablution Padasan representing eight Buddhist path. A form of compromise between Sunan Kudus.

One time, he was fishing communities to go to the mosque to listen to his sermons. To that end, he deliberately tether the cow, named Kebo Gumarang in the courtyard. Hindus who glorify cattle, be sympathetic. Especially after hearing the explanation of Sunan Kudus of Surat al-Baqara

which means "cow". Until now, most traditional societies Ghost, still refusing to slaughter a cow.

Sunan Kudus also composed stories monotheism. The story is drawn up in series, so that people interested in following the rest. An approach that seems to adopt the 1001 Nights story of the Abbasid Caliphate. With so Sunan Kudus bind society.

Not only preaching as it is done Sunan Kudus. As his father, he also served as Chief of the War of the Sultanate of Demak. He fought at Demak, under the leadership of Sultan Prawata, fought against Duke Jipang, Arya Penangsang.n

Sunan Kalijaga

He is the "guardian" whose name most often mentioned the Java community. He was born around the year 1450 AD. His father was Arya Wilatikta, Duke Tuban-descendants of rebel leader Majapahit, Ronggolawe. Period, Arya Wilatikta estimated to have embraced Islam

First name is Raden Said Sunan Kalijaga. It also has a number of nicknames like Lokajaya, Sheikh Malaya, Prince Raden Abdurrahman.Terdapat Tuban or different versions regarding the origin of the name it bears Kalijaga.

Community Cirebon found that the name was derived from the hamlet Kalijaga in Cirebon. Sunan Kalijaga had ever lived in Cirebon and close friends with Sunan Gunung Jati. Java circles relate guardian fondness for bathing ('kungkum') in the river (times) or "guard time". However, there is mention that the term derived from the Arabic "Qadli dzaqa" which refers to its status as "the prince of the holy 'empire.

Sunan Kalijaga lifetime is estimated at more than 100 years. Thus he had a late power Majapahit (end 1478), the Sultanate of Demak, Sultanate of Cirebon and Banten, even Pajang kingdom that was born in 1546 and the early presence of the kingdom of Mataram led Panembahan Senopati. He participated also designed the construction of the Great Mosque and the Mosque of Demak Cirebon. Pole "chips" (split wood) which is one of the main pillars are the creations of Sunan Kalijaga mosque.

In preaching, he had the same pattern with the mentor and best friend, Sunan Bonang. Understanding religion tends to "Sufi-based salaf"-not a pantheistic Sufi (worship only). He also chose the arts and culture as a means to preach.

He was very tolerant of the local culture. He argues that people will stay away if attacked stance. So they must be approached gradually: follow her influence. Sunan Kalijaga believes that Islam is understood, by their long lost habit.

So impressed syncretic teachings Kalijaga Sunan in introducing Islam. He uses sculpture, puppets, gamelan, as well as sound art mysticism as a means of propaganda. He is the creator of the shirt piety, sekatenan celebration, Grebeg Maulud, Layang Kalimasada, puppet plays Petruk is the king. Landscape of the city center such as Kraton, the square with two banyan and the mosque is believed to be the work of Sunan Kalijaga.

The method is very effective propaganda. Most of the duke in Java embraced Islam through Sunan Kalijaga. Among them was the Duke Padanaran, Kartasura, Kebumen, Banyumas, and Pajang (now Kotagede - Yogya). Sunan Kalijaga buried in Kadilangu-south Demak.n

Sunan Gunung Jati

Many absurd stories associated with Sunan Gunung Jati. Among them was that he had experienced a spiritual journey as Isra 'Mi'raj, then met the Prophet Muhammad, met Prophet Khidr, and the prophet will receive Sulaeman. (Chronicle Cirebon Klayan hal.xxii text).

Everything was just hinted at it in admiration society of the Sunan Gunung Jati. Sunan Gunung Jati or Syarif Hidayatullah was born around the year 1448 is estimated to M. His mother was Nyai Rara Santang, daughter of the king Raden Pajajaran Rarasa Manah. While his father was Maulana Huda Sultan Sharif Abdullah, Egyptian authorities Banu Hashim of Palestinian descent.

Sharif Hidayatullah explore the science of religion since he was 14 years of Egyptian scholars. He had traveled to many countries. Following the establishment of the Sultanate of Demak Bintoro, and the blessing of the other scholars, he founded the Sultanate of Cirebon, also known as the Sultanate Pakungwati.

Thus, Sunan Gunung Jati is the only "wali Songo" leading the government. Sunan Gunung Jati harness their influence as the son of King Pajajaran to spread Islam from Cirebon coast or inland Pasundan Priangan.

In preaching, he embraced Middle Eastern trend is straightforward. But he also approached people by building infrastructure such as roads that connect between regions.

Together with his son, Maulana Hasanuddin, Sunan Gunung Jati also an expedition to Banten. Local authorities, the General shoots, voluntarily handed over control of the Banten region which later became the forerunner of the Sultanate of Banten.

At the age of 89 years, Sunan Gunung Jati resigned his position to pursue just propaganda. Power was handed to Prince Pasarean. In the year 1568 AD, Sunan Gunung Jati died at the age of 120 years, in Cirebon (formerly Carbon). He was buried in the Mount Sembung, Gunung Jati, about 15 kilometers before the town of Cirebon of direction barat.n

Sunan Drajat

His given name Raden Qosim. He is the son of Sunan Ampel. Thus it is related to the Sunan Bonang. It is estimated that holds Sunan Drajat Syaifuddin Raden was born in the year 1470 AD

Sunan Drajat first got the assignment from his father to preach to the coast Gresik, by sea. He then stranded in Hamlet

Jelog-coast Banjarwati or Lamongan now. But next year Sunan Drajat move 1 kilometer to the south and established a hermitage students Dalem Duwur, now called the Village Drajat, Paciran-Lamongan.

In the teaching of monotheism and faith, Sunan Drajat taking his father's ways: directly and not many local cultural approach. Nevertheless, the mode of delivery adapt the way art is done Sunan Muria. Especially the art of mysticism.

So he composed a number mysticism, among them the mysticism adage "give stick to the blind / feed to the hungry / give clothes to the naked '.

Sunan Drajat also known as an unpretentious who likes to help. In the lodge pesantren, he maintains many children orphaned and indigent miskin.n

Sunan Kudus

Sadiq Jaffar his first name. He was the couple's son and Syarifah Ngudung Sunan (Sunan Bonang sister), son Nyi Ageng Maloka. Ngudung mentioned that Sunan is one of the sons of Sultan of Egypt to wander in Java. In the Sultanate of Demak, he was appointed Commander of War

Sunan Kudus much studied at Sunan Kalijaga. Then he ventured into various areas barren Sragen in Central Java, Simo up Gunungkidul. How berdakwahnya also replicate Sunan Kalijaga: very tolerant culture. The mode of delivery even smoother. That is why the saints are having trouble finding the Holy preachers to which the majority of followers of firm-appointed.

How to approach the Holy Ghost Sunan is to utilize the symbols of Hinduism and Buddhism. This is evident from the Holy mosque architecture. Its towers, gates and shower / ablution Padasan representing eight Buddhist path. A form of compromise between Sunan Kudus.

One time, he was fishing communities to go to the mosque to listen to his sermons. To that end, he deliberately tether the cow, named Kebo Gumarang in the courtyard. Hindus who glorify cattle, be sympathetic. Especially after hearing the explanation of Sunan Kudus of Surat al-Baqara, which means "cow". Until now, most traditional societies Ghost, still refusing to slaughter a cow.

Sunan Kudus also composed stories monotheism. The story is drawn up in series, so that people interested in following the rest. An approach that seems to adopt the 1001 Nights story of the Abbasid Caliphate. With so Sunan Kudus bind society.

Not only preaching as it is done Sunan Kudus. As his father, he also served as Chief of the War of the Sultanate of Demak. He fought at Demak, under the leadership of Sultan Prawata, fought against Duke Jipang, Arya Penangsang.n

Sunan Muria

He is the son of Goddess Saroh-Sunan Giri younger brother Maulana Sheikh son Isaac as well, with Sunan Kalijaga. His given name is Raden Prawoto. Muria name is taken from the last residence on the slopes of Mount Moriah, 18 kilometers to the north of the city of Holy

Style berdakwahnya much took his father's ways, Sunan Kalijaga. But unlike his father, Sunan Muria would rather live in a very remote and far away from the city center to spread Islam.

Mingling with the common people, while teaching farming skills, trade and at sea is his favorite.

Sunan Muria is often used also as a mediator in internal conflicts in the Sultanate of Demak (1518-1530), he is known as a person that is able to solve various problems no matter how complicated the issue. The solution is always the solution acceptable to all parties at loggerheads. Sunan Muria preaching from Jepara, Tayu, Juana to about Ghost and Starch. One result is preaching through art and song Sinom Kinanti.

History of Bandung Sea of ​​Fire in Indonesia

In March 1946, within seven days, approximately 200,000 inhabitants made history by burning homes and their possessions, leaving the city of Bandung, toward the mountains in the south. A few years later, the song "Halo-Halo Bandung" was written to symbolize their emotions, as the promise of going back to his beloved city, which has become a sea of ​​fire.

The incidence of tearing Flag

After the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945, Indonesia has not fully independent. Independence must be achieved gradually through the struggle of the people who are willing to sacrifice everything. After Japan's defeat, the British army troops arrive to disarm the Japanese. They conspired with the Dutch (NICA army) and manipulated Japan to colonize Indonesia again.

News reading of the text of the Declaration of Independence received in Bandung Jakarta through Domei news agency on Friday morning, August 17, 1945. The next day, August 18, 1945, printed text has spread. Printed in red ink by printing Siliwangi. In DENIS Building, Jalan Braga (now Bank Building Jabar), tearing incidents blue flag of the Netherlands, so the red and white colors stay the Indonesian flag. Tearing the bayonet was carried by a young man named Mohammad Indonesia Endang karmas, assisted by Moeljono.

Dated August 27, 1945, formed the People's Security Agency (BKR), followed by the formation of the Indonesian Women Warriors (Laswi) on October 12, 1945. Number of members 300 people, consisting of the combat troops, Red Cross, investigations and supplies.

Events that aggravate the situation occurred on 25 November 1945. In addition to facing an enemy attack, people facing major flooding Cikapundung overflowing river. Hundreds of victims washed away and thousands of people homeless. This situation used to attack enemies of the people who were facing disaster.

Various pressures and continued attacks by the British and the Dutch. Dated December 5, 1945, several British aircraft bombed the area Lengkong Large. On December 21, 1945, the British dropped bombs and gunfire blindly Cicadas. More and more fall victim.

Bandoeng Laoetan Fire

Ultimatum to the Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI) to leave the city and its people, politics spawned "bumihangus". People are not willing to be exploited by the enemy Bandung. They fled to the south with the fighters. The decision to be taken by consensus burned London Assembly Priangan United Struggle (MP3) in the presence of all the power struggles, on March 24, 1946.

Colonel Abdul Haris Nasution as Commander of Division III, announced the results of the deliberations and ordered people to leave the city of Bandung. That same day, a large group of people running the length Bandung to leave the city.

Bandung deliberately burned by TRI and the people with the intention that the Allies can not use it anymore. Here and there, billowing black smoke rose high in the air. All power failure. England began to attack so fierce fighting occurred. The most exciting battle in the Village Dayeuhkolot, south London, where there are a large munitions factory owned by Allied. TRI intends to destroy the ammunition dump. For that diutuslah youth Muhammad Toha and Ramdan. The young men blew up the warehouse with hand grenades. Large warehouse exploded and caught fire, but the two young men were burned in it. Bandung city administration staff will initially remain in the city, but for the sake of it at 21.00 was also out of town. Since then, approximately at 24.00 South London has been empty of inhabitants and TRI. But the fire still burned soar. And London was transformed into a sea of ​​fire.

Scorched Earth Bandung is the right action, because the power of TRI and the people will not be able to resist a powerful enemy. Furthermore TRI with the people to fight a guerrilla from outside Bandung. This incident gave birth to the song "Halo-Halo Bandung" eager to burn the power struggle of the Indonesian people.

Lake of Fire Bandung became famous term after the arson incident. Many wonder where the term originated. The late Major-General AH Nasution remembered during a meeting in Regentsweg (now Jalan Dewi Sartika), after returning from a meeting with Sutan Sjahrir in Jakarta, to decide what to do about the city of Bandung after receiving the British ultimatum.

So I came back from Jakarta, after talking to Sjahrir it. Indeed, in the talks on Regentsweg, at the meeting, talk to everyone. Well, there arises the opinion of Rukana, Commander of the Military Police in Bandung. He argued, "Let us make South London into a sea of ​​fire." What he calls the lake of fire, but the actual sea water "

A.H Nasution, May 1, 1997

Lake of Fire Bandung term appears also in the daily Suara Merdeka on March 26, 1946. A young reporter at the time, namely Atje Bastaman, Bandung burning sight of the hills around Mount Leutik Pameungpeuk, Garut. From the top it Atje Bastaman see a blush from Bandung to Cimindi Cicadas.

After arriving in Tasikmalaya, Atje Bastaman eagerly immediately write news and gives the title Bandoeng Thus Laoetan Fire. However, due to lack of space for writing the title, the headline shortened to Bandoeng Laoetan Fire

History of Arsenal FC

Arsenal Football Club (also known as Arsenal or The Gunners) is an English professional football club based in North London, London. The club plays in the Premier League and is one of the most successful clubs in English football. Arsenal is also a member of the G-14 which consists of the major clubs in European football.

history of the club

Era 1886-1980

Arsenal was founded in Woolwich area, southeast of the city of London in 1886 under the name Dial Square, then quickly changed their name to Royal Arsenal. In 1891 their name changed to Woolwich Arsenal. In 1913, the club moved to the north, namely the Highbury Stadium, which became their headquarters until May 2006. When moving field, the name of their club's future, namely Woolwich Arsenal removed so that only the name remains. Besides being close to the headquarters of Tottenham Hotspur, would not be surprised if the match Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur is called "North London derby".

Arsenal triumph was first initiated by Herbert Chapman coach who coached in 1925-1935 and managed to win a couple of British domestic competition (the FA Cup, the Premier League title, and the Charity Shield) once dominated. While Arsenal's best performance in Europe first time this has happened in the season 1969/70, in the event the Fairs Cup (forerunner Pala UEFA). Arsenal became champions for the first time at the event and at the same time last Fairs Cup (UEFA Cup replaced the Fairs Cup since season 1971/72) after defeating the RSC Anderlecht 4-3 on aggregate at the time that the club is coached by Mie Bertie. Throughout 1980 Arsenal Arsenal has added a collection with several domestic titles.

Era 1990-present

In 1991, Arsenal won with Tottenham in the Community Shield after the result of a draw position. Arsenal Achievement in Europe again improved after 1994, the hands of coach George Graham, Arsenal back champions in the European scene after beating Parma FC by a score of 1-0. Arsenal made it back to the finals the following year, 1995, this time losing olehReal Zaragoza 2-1.

The arrival of Arsene Wenger to Arsenal in 1996 managed to make Arsenal return victorious and managed to destroy the dominance of Manchester United in the Premier League at the time. Arsenal managed a runner-up in the UEFA Cup in 2000 after against Galatasaray on penalties 4-1. In the 2003-2004 season until the beginning of the 2004-2005 season, Arsenal scored a record 49-match unbeaten run and broke the record belongs to Nottingham Forest FC (42 times), which is the longest unbeaten run in English football history. In the 2005-2006 season, Arsenal achievement in the European scene with a Champions League finalists FC Barselona after losing 2-1 at the Stade de France, Paris. Hiks2 ...... And dah winning first, but applaud for Arsenal to score first through Campbell's header ..... Arsenal went ahead anyway, with your Young Gunners.

stadium

Since inception, Arsenal stadium moved a few times. Starting from wearing a named field in Woolwich Manor Ground, then moved to North London, Highbury Stadium as well as building and used first used in 1913. Arsenal Stadium was used until the 2005/06 (or aged less than 93 years). The last game that was held at Highbury Stadium is the Premier League, the Arsenal vs Wigan Athletic which was won by Arsenal with the score 4-2 with three goals from Thierry Henry.

From July 2006 until now, the club occupies its new headquarters, the Emirates Stadium with a capacity of 60 500 seats and is located at Ashburton Grove and dedication Emirates Stadium once the first match is held by the holding of a friendly match between Arsenal players with Dutch legend to farewell Dennisa Bergkamp, ​​the former Arsenal striker. Goodbye Bergkamp. Bergkamp is a legend for Arsenal. Bergkamp also brought a change of how to play the English klub2 play kick and rush method ....

achievement

Besides unbeaten record (49 times) to be the longest in England, Arsenal also have many other achievements, namely:

Premier League: 13

1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1971, 1989, 1991, 1998, 2002, 2004

FA Cup: 10

1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005

League Cup / League Cup: 2

1987, 1993, became a finalist in 1968, 1969, 1988, 2007

FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield: 11

1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991 (joint winner with Tottenham), 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004

Cup Winners' Cup: 1

1994, two-time finalist in 1980 and 1995

UEFA Cup: 1

1971 (when it was still called the Fairs Cup, renamed the UEFA Cup since 1972), once a finalist in 2000

Champions League: 0

was a finalist in 2006

Emirates Cup: 1

Indonesia arsenal soccer school

Arsenal SSI precisely in the southern city of Jakarta. Taking ISCI Chester facility, in November 2007, SSI Arsenal had to accommodate about 250 students from ages U - 8 years up to U - 18 years.

For eight training sessions, which once spent two hours training, memakang cost between Rp. 2.5 million up to Rp. 3.5 million. That means for students to practice at least once reached around Rp. 220,000.

SSI Arsenal itself came through Iman Arif idea to build a football school early childhood provider leveraging a network Arsenal as one of the leading clubs. For that, the SSI Arsenal in cooperation under Arsenal's Community Development Department, and not the Commercial Department.

As a first step to penetrate the Emirates Stadium Arsenal pride, SSI Arsenal will be involved in soccer invitational held in London, England, in July 2008. in following these invistasi, SSI Arsenal will involve players of all ages. In invitational Reach Your Goal in Singapore, the U - 12 years is ranked third out of six teams, and, among others, hit the U - 12 years Japan 3-2

Biodata

Full name

Arsenal Football Club

Epithet

The Gunners

Established

1886 with the name of Dial Square

Field

Emiates Stadium

Capacity

60,500

Chairman

Peter Hill-Wood

Manager

Arsene Wenger