Entering the beginning of 1944, the position of Japan in the Pacific war increasingly desperate. U.S. Navy Adm. Nimitz led successfully occupy important positions such as Saipan Mariana Islands, and Guan Tidian providing opportunities for Allied direct attacks to the islands of Japan. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army, led by General Douglas Mac Arthur frog managed to jump through the stratagem Guinea coast and build a headquarters in Hollandia (Jayapura). From Mac Arthur Holland is going to attack the Philippines to fulfill his promise. On the other side of the Allied naval forces based in Biak and Morotai successfully rained bombs on the center of Japan's military defense in Maluku, Sulawesi, Surabaya and Semarang. These conditions led to the fall of the center of Japan's defense and declining morale of the Japanese army. The strength of the Japanese army who originally offensive (attacking) turned into defensive (defensive). To the people of Indonesia, the Japanese military government still touting heralding (convincingly) that Japan will win the Pacific war.
On July 18, 1944, Prime Minister Hideki Tojo was forced to resign and was replaced by Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso. In order to attract the sympathy of Indonesia in order to further enhance its assistance both morally and materially, then the special session of the 85th Parliament of Japan (Teikoku Ginkai) on 7 September 1944 (there is a mention of 19 September 1944), Prime Minister Koiso announced that the States those under Japanese rule allowed independent "later in life". The promise of independence is often referred to as the Declaration of Kaiso. At that time, Koiso considered making peace with the Allies, but he could not find a solution that would appease the Japanese or American.
Since then the Japanese government gave a chance to the people of Indonesia to the red and white flag side by side with the Hinomaru (Japanese flag), as well as the national anthem Indonesia Raya song be sung after Kimigayo. On the one hand there is a bit of freedom, but on the other hand the Japanese government further increased the number of youth on defense tenga. Apart from the existing defense organizations coupled with other organizations such as: Barisan Student (Suishintai), Barisan Dare Dead (Jikakutai) consists of 50,000 people who were inspired by a Japanese Kamikaze troops number 50,000 people (death squads during the attack on Pearl Harbour) .
At the end of 1944, Japan's position increasingly squeezed in the Greater East Asia War the Allies occupied territories under Japanese, such as Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Marshall Islands, Saipan and even islands are located very close to Japan has been successfully occupied by the U.S. in July , 1944. Allied then attacked Ambon, Makassar, Manado, Tarakan, Balikpapan and Surabaya.
Faced with a critical situation, then on March 1, 1945 the government of the Japanese occupation of Java, led by army commander Lt. Gen. 16th Kumakici Harada announced the formation Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai or Investigation Agency Efforts Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). The purpose of establishing the agency is investigating and gathering essential materials on economics, politics and governance in preparation for Indonesia's independence.
Despite long-standing membership in the preparation due to bargaining between the Indonesia and Japan, but eventually BPUPKI successfully inaugurated May 28, 1945 to coincide with the birthday of the Emperor of Japan, the Emperor Hirohito. The membership numbered 67 people formed by chairman Dr. K.R.T. Radjiman Widiodiningrat and R. Suroso and Japan as a representative Ichi Japanese Bangase plus 7 members who do not have a voice. Ir. Sukarno, who at the time was also nominated as chairman, rejected his nomination because they want to gain greater freedom in the debate, because it is usually the role of a moderator or chairman menegahi parties in a decision is not absolute.
On May 28, 1945 dilangsungkanlah BPUPKI inauguration ceremony held at the House of Cuo Sangi In, Jalan Pejambon Jakarta, attended by the Commander of the Japanese Seventh Area Army Commander General Itagaki and the Six Twelve in Java Lieutenant General Nagano. BPUPKI begin his duties by doing trials to formulate the constitution for Indonesia in the future. The main thing to be discussed is the basis for Indonesia's independence.
During his tenure BPUPKI only hold court twice. The first hearing took place on May 29 through June 1, 1945 in a building in Jalan Chou Sang In Pejambon 6 Jakarta is now known as Pancasila Building. In the first trial, Dr. KRT. Rajiman Widyodiningrat as chairman in his opening address the problem of fundamental concern to the Indonesian state which was formed on May 29, 1945.
There are three people who gave his views on the basis of the Indonesian state, namely Mr. Muhammad Yamin, Prof.. Dr. Supomo and Ir. Sukarno.
The first person to give his view is Mr. Muhammad Yamin.
In a short speech, he put forward the five principles are:
a. fairy nationality
b. elf to the deity
c. welfare
d. humanity
e. popular fairy
On May 31, 1945, Prof. Dr. Soepomo in his speech also proposed five principles are:
a. unity
b. consensus and democracy
c. social justice
d. kinship
e. discussion
On the third day of the hearing date of June 1, 1945, Ir. Sukarno proposed five basic independent state of Indonesia, namely:
a. Nationality Indonesia
b. Internationalism and humanitarianism
c. Consensus or democracy
d. Social welfare
e. Belief in one God.
The five principles of Ir. Sukarno was called Pancasila which according to him can be squeezed or Three Tri Sila Sila, namely:
a. Sosionasionalisme
b. Sosiodemokrasi
c. Belief in a culturally
Even according to Ir. Soekarno Trisila above can still be squeezed into the Eka sila sila Mutual Aid.
Although there are three proposals on the basis of the state, but until June 1, 1945 hearing BPUPKI not managed to agree on the basic state. It was decided to form a special committee tasked to review and reformulate proposals from members, both verbally and in writing of the results of the first trial. This special committee known as the Committee of 9 or subcommittee consisting of:
1. Ir. Sukarno (chairman)
2. Drs. Moh. Hatta (vice-chairman)
3. KH. Wachid Hashim (members)
4. Abdoel Kahar Muzakar (members)
5. A.A. Maramis (members)
6. Abikoesno Tjokrosoeyoso (members)
7. H. Agus Salim (members)
8. Mr. Achmad Soebardjo (members)
9. Mr. Muhammad Yamin (members).
On June 22, 1945, the Committee held nine meetings. The result of the meeting, the State direkomondasikan formula known as the Jakarta Charter (Jakarta Charter) containing
1. Deity with the obligation to carry out Islamic adherents;
2. Just and civilized humanity;
3. Unity of Indonesia;
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom of representative deliberation;
5. Social justice for all Indonesian people.
You just point formula Jakarta charter first, the concept is what ultimately changed because of criticism that the Indonesian people in the religious compound. On the other hand the concept is currently being sought was keen to back the effort to carry out Islamic law for followers of Islam since the majority in Indonesia.
Having successfully prepared Jakarta Charter, the Committee established designer BPUPKI Constitution. This is the 2nd session on July 10 to 16, 1945. The committee is chaired by Ir. Sukarno and consisted of 19 people. At its meeting on July 11, 1945, the committee established designer Constitution subcommittee consisting of 7 people.
a. Prof. Dr. Mr. Soepomo (chair and member)
b. Mr. Wongsonegoro
c. Mr. Achmad Soebardjo
d. A.A. Maramis
e. Mr. R.P. Singgih
f. H. Agus Salim
g. Dr. Sukiman.
Subcommittee task is to refine and restructure the draft constitution has been agreed. In addition to the above subcommittee, those committee members Smoothing language consisting of Prof. Dr. Mr. Soepomo, Prof. Dr. P.A.A. Hoesein Djayadiningrat.
Dated July 13, 1945, chaired the Constitution Committee designer Ir. Sukarno held a hearing to discuss the work of the designer Constitution subcommittee.
On July 14, 1945 in the plenary session of the committee received a report designer BPUPKI Constitution read by Ir. Sukarno. In the report three key issues, namely:
a. Indonesia's independence declaration
b. opening the Constitution
c. the body of the Constitution.
The concept of independent Indonesia statements prepared by taking the first three charter Alenia Jakarta. While the concept of the Constitution is almost entirely drawn from the fourth paragraph of the Jakarta Charter.
The work of the committee reported designers Constitution was finally accepted by BPUPKI. This event is a very important moment because this is where the future of the nation was formed.
On August 7, 1945, BPUPKI or Dokurtsu Junbi Cosakai disbanded by the Japanese for being too quick to realize the will of Indonesia's independence, and they denied any involvement in the preparation of the leader of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia's independence.
On that date also formed PPKI or Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai, with members totaling 21 people, consisting of 12 people from Java, 3 people of Sumatra, 2 people of Sulawesi, one man from Borneo, one person from the Nusa Tenggara, one of the Moluccas, 1 of the Chinese people.
No comments:
Post a Comment