Showing posts with label History of Animals. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History of Animals. Show all posts

Sunday, November 23, 2014

History of Mermaids

Mermaid
Mermaid is a water creature that has a body like a woman from the waist to the head, while the body from the waist down to resemble a fish. Mermaid is a mythological creature that belonged to the half-man half-animal creatures. Mermaids are often associated with adverse events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other traditions (or sometimes in the same tradition), the mermaid is described as having a good and merciful nature, bestowing gifts or fall in love with a human.

The story of the mermaid appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Story first appeared at the time of the Ancient Assyrians, about a goddess named Atargatis that transform himself into a mermaid because of shame had killed her accidentally. Babylonian society is also worshiped as the god of the sea mermaid known as Ea or Oannes; Oannes is described as a male mermaid.

In Greek mythology, the mermaid is said to always tease the sailors were negligent; anyone who is tempted to be doomed. Mermaids are also associated with siren creatures in Greek mythology, as well sirenian, order of marine mammals consisting of dugongs and sea ox. Some notes testimony encounter with mermaids by ancient sailors are most likely a mistake on the marine mammal observation form. Christopher Columbus claimed that he had seen a mermaid while browsing the Caribbean Sea, and report sightings also exist in the 20th century and the 21st in Canada, Israel, and Zimbabwe. In 2012, the National Ocean Service United States stated that the evidence of the existence of mermaids were never found.

Mermaids also become one of the popular subject in the field of art and literature in the modern age, for example in the works of the famous Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" (1836). Berungkali literary works have been adapted as an opera, painting, books, movies, and comics.


History
The story of the mermaid was first found in Assyrian. The story is about a goddess Atargatis, the mother of Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Goddess Atargatis fell in love with a shepherd, who then killed him. Embarrassed, he plunged into the lake to transform themselves into fish. However, water can not change him completely because of her beauty as a goddess. Finally, only half of his body that become fish from the waist up human form, from the waist down intangible fish although the depiction in ancient times, Atargatis described as fish heads and handed man, much like the god Ea of Babylon. The Greeks recognized Atargatis as Derketo.

In Greek legend is told that Alexander the Great's sister, Thessalonike, turn into a mermaid after her death, and wander in the Aegean Sea. He would always ask one question to sailors on every vessel he encountered: "Did Alexander still alive?" (Greek: "Ζει ο Βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος"), and the correct answer is: "He is still alive and in power and conquer the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμο κυριεύει"). The answer will make her happy, so he will make the waters became calm and menyelemati passing ship. Another answer would upset him, so that he will bring storms and cursed sailors and their ships in it

Discovery
Some legendary creatures like mermaids character is also found in some countries, such as: Mami Wata of west and central Africa; Russalki (Rusalka) from Russia and Ukraine; Merrow of Ireland and Scotland; Oceanid, Nereid, and Naiad from Greece, all four water nymphs. In fairy tales and folklore of Europe, there are creatures that its form resembles a mermaid called Melusine, tangible women from head to waist, while intangible fish from the waist down, with two forked tail or sometimes like a snake. According to Japanese folklore, if humans eat the flesh of a mermaid, it will gain immortality. In some European folklore, mermaids can be granted.

Tuesday, May 7, 2013

History Giraffe

Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) or giraffes are even-toed mammals endemic to Africa and is the tallest animal species that live on land. Male giraffe can reach 4.8 to 5.5 meters high and has a weight that can reach 1,360 pounds. Giraffes females usually slightly shorter and lighter. Giraffes are related to deer and cattle, but from different tribes, namely Giraffidae, which includes its own giraffe and its closest relatives, okapi. Natural habitat surrounding the area of ​​Chad to South Africa Camelopardalis species name is taken from the Latin name, as it is considered as a hybrid camel (camel) and leopard (leopard). Camelopardalis name used by the senior Pliny wrote in the encyclopedia. This name is also used as the name of one of the constellations. The name "giraffe" itself borrowed from the name of this animal in Arabic (الزرافة, giraffe).


Subspecies of giraffe

Giraffe habitat

There are nine generally accepted subspecies differentiated by color and pattern variations:
  • Cannibal giraffe (Gc reticulata) or Reticulated Giraffe
  • Brown patches of reddish colored stripe surrounded by white light, forming a pattern like a polygon mesh big ones. Spotting can continue to foot. Habitat: northeast Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia.
  • Angolan Giraffe (Gc angolensis) or Smoky Giraffe
  • Large and small patches irregularly. Spotting continues to below the knee. Habitat: Angola, Zambia.
  • Giraffe Kordofan (G.c. Antiquorum)
  • Small patches, more irregular and also found on the inner leg. Habitat: Sudan's western and southwestern parts.
  • Masai Giraffe or Kilimanjaro Giraffe (Gc tippelskirchi)
  • Patches shaped like grape leaves, dark brown with uneven edges, surrounded by yellow lines. Habitat: central and southern Kenya, Tanzania.
  • Nubian giraffe (Camelopardalis G.c.)
  • Spotting almost rectangular shaped, light brown over a cream-colored base. Foot and lower part of the knee free of spots. Habitat: eastern Sudan, northeastern Congo.
  • Rothschild giraffe, also known as Baringo Giraffe or Ugandan Giraffe (Gc Rothschildi)
  • Rectangular patches with a cream-colored gradient background color on the edges. Spotting can get to the bottom of the knee. Habitat: Uganda, Kenya to the middle east.
  • South African giraffe (Giraffa G.c.)
  • Circular patches or leopard-spotted, some of which form a star-like pattern. Background spots are light brown color. Leopard spots or get to the soles of the feet. Habitat: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.
  • Thornicroft Giraffe or Rhodesian Giraffe (Gc thornicrofti)
  • Spotting or star-shaped leaves, extend to the lower leg. Habitat: eastern Zambia

History of Dinosaurs

Dinosaur Discovery History

Their bones are very large when it was discovered in 1677 by Dr. Robert Plot. The bones are thought to be a giant elephant bones. The first name given to this beast is Humanum scrotum. This happened two centuries before the name "dinosaur" is raised. In 1822, Mary Anne Mantell a walk on a highway in Sussex. By tradition, he found a bone overwritten sparkling sunshine, and took the bones home to show to her husband Dr. Gideon Mantell, English physician and amateur fossil hunters. Dr. Mantell announces that the bones have a greater teeth of modern reptiles. I A concluded that this bone is bone-eating reptiles that became extinct with teeth like an iguana. In 1825, Dr. Mantell named the fossil Iguanodon (iguana tooth). Dr.. Mantelllah who popularized era reptiles. 1841 anatomical and paleontological English, Sir Richard Owen, who incidentally is the strongest opponent of Charles Darwin, found the word "dinosaur". Technically, referring to dinosaurs that resemble gigantic reptilian creatures that live on land rather than in water. This word means "terrible lizard". Tyrannosaurus rex jawbone, with teeth a length of 6 feet 6 inches in length, must match the name of "terrible lizards".


Dinosaurs - Created or Evolved?

Since the invention of Dr. Mantell, dinosaur fossils have been found in several continents of the world, from far north as Alaska and as far south as Antarctica. Dinosaurs that exist in various sizes, shapes, and types. Dinosaur fossils is an interesting case study to prove the theory of evolution or creation. There are different types of dinosaurs. Some are small like the chicken and the others there that are so large that it weighs about 8 tons.

Many of these dinosaurs have different bone structure than usual. Therefore, if dinosaurs evolved about 230 million years ago, the beginning of a kind of reptile (according to the beliefs of evolutionists), then there must be thousands of intermediate beings. During this period, millions of dinosaurs lived and died. If the theory of evolution is true, museums can display thousands of transitional forms-dinosaur reptiles undeniable. If creation is true, every kind of dinosaur appears in the form of ready-made from the very beginning created, there is no intermediate fossil species suggests that these dinosaurs evolved from a single ancestor. Dinosaur fossils show very clearly that any one type of dinosaur that was found was in the form of intact, there is no evidence that these animals evolved from earlier creatures.

Brontosaurus, reconstruction errors

If we visit the world-class season, we will find a lot of evidence about dinosaurs. The bones and skulls have been dug from the earth and all of them showed a very large creatures that have ever lived on earth. But when the bones are arranged, scientists do not always make an accurate reconstruction. Everyone has heard or seen pictures Brontosaurus with a long neck, but not many people know that it is a mistake Brontosaurus. Scientists have found fossils that they had put the wrong head on the wrong body fossils anyway. Two researchers from the Carnegie Institution has been proved that the Brontosaurus bones in 5 major museums, including the Carnegie museum itself, has put the wrong head. The two men, in 1979, the print media have been informed that the description given by Dr. O.C. Marsh, a famous paleontologist from Yale, according to the head of one bone.

In the article "Scientist Claim Brontosaurus Given Wrong Head" (Pittsburgh: Associated Press, October 10, 1979), Berman explained that Marsh actually found the skull using 3 or 4 miles away from his bones. But no one knows. Marsh did not explain in his article. There is no evidence that the skull has something to do with the Brontosaurus. You can check this in Marsh's Dinosaurs written by John H. Ostrom and John S. McIntosh (New Have, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1966), page 244. Then after being given a new head on Brontosaurus then the creature more like Diplodocus. Head which actually belongs to one of the dinosaurs that have been discovered before the Apatosaurus. The conclusion is Brontosaurus never existed. For that reason it is not called a Brontosaurus in The New Dinosaur Dictionary bouquet of Donald. F. Glut (Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1982).


Reconstruction Dinosaurs

It's important to note that when multiplying a number of scientists bones, they found the bones with flesh. Although they found all the bones in full (and usually more often found only some parts of the course), they only have 40 percent of the data to explain how such a creature is. The bones were not told how the animal's color or what he ate. Little evidence of the fossil dinosaur food. But Komsognatus, Barioniks, and hadrosaurs is an exception because his stomach was found in the fossil record that is still intact. Evidence that preys Deinonikhus Tenontosaurus also found. The food is mostly dinosaurs just can unexpectedly be based on data obtained by researchers from dinosaur teeth that have become fossilized.

Sharp teeth that possessed only explain how he tore his food but not food what is torn off. When reconstructing large dinosaur bones from the remains, scientists make assumptions. Like, some of what dinosaurs pernyataaan doing or where they live is full of mere allegations. In the film The Lost World Dinosaurs talk about behavior. The cloned wild creatures can smell cigarette smoke from a distance of several miles, have high intelligence, maintain and nurture her baby, can revenge, etc.. None of these things can be known from fossilized dinosaur bones.

As an example let us examine the fossil Unenlagia comahuensis found by paleontologist Fernando Novas published in Kompas, Monday, May 26, 1997. Of existing bone so he tried to construct a dinosaur creature who later evolved into birds. In the above picture explains how bone reconstruction so that it becomes a form of dinosaurs. White color depict bones were found while the picture shows a black image reconstruction. You can discover how very little bone was reconstructed into a complete dinosaur. How he could describe dinosaur head complete with sharp teeth, while not found the skull and its teeth.

How long he guesses his neck while her neck bone was not found. How long he guesses his tail while the tail bone was not found. Maybe he short-tailed, while the long-tailed creature was reconstructed. How he reconstructs forearm complete with his fingers while he finds the upper arm bone. Clear here that scientists use imagination (which may be wrong) to reconstruct the bones he found. The only form of dinosaurs still need us to question, especially if it is suspected that dinosaurs evolved into birds.


Archaeopteryx was a true bird ancestor?

Archaeopteryx / Arkheopteriks are birds. He has the legs that can be gripped, like bird wings, feathers like a modern bird feathers, like a bird cranium, and a furcula (bird collarbone). In addition, he flew! Furthermore, although the first Archaeopteryx fossil was found in 1861, other fossils found since then none of which showed transitional forms between reptiles and Archaeopteryx or between Archaeopteryx and the birds. If reptiles evolved into birds will find thousands of transitional creatures that lived and died, which left its mark in the form of fossils. Although the evidence is damning and there are conflicting but many evolutionists maintain that the Archaeopteryx is a transitional form between reptiles and birds. They point to evidence that these birds have claws on both wings, teeth, and some characteristic that seems like reptiles. Some people claim that this characteristic indicates that Archaeopteryx evolved from reptiles. However, some ancient birds had teeth.

By the same token also turned many an ancient bird that has no teeth. The point is that no fossils were found to express the loss of teeth terus-menerus/perlahan-lahan lost on the birds. They have no teeth and some do not! This is not surprising because it also occurs in some other vertebrates. Some fish have teeth, some amphibians have teeth, and some reptiles have teeth. But there are fish, and amphibians, and reptiles that have no teeth! Most mammals have teeth, but some do not. Presence or absence of teeth does not confirm or deny the theory of evolution or creation.

Are the claws on the wing proved transition reptiles and birds? No, because there are at least 3 birds living today who also has claws on its wings. Hoatzin, a bird that lives in South America, has claws on its wings when I was young. It also happens to touraco, birds that live in Africa. Ostrich has three claws on its wings, but no one dared to suggest that these three birds are reptiles and birds animal intermediaries because they live in the moment. Several years ago, paleontological (fossil expert) found fossils of modern birds and concluded, from the evidence, that modern birds that live at the same time as Archaeopteryx. Archaeopteryx could not be the ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx if the bird life at the same time.

Recently, paleontologists have found fossils of a bird in Texas who allegedly lived 75 million years before Archaeopteryx. If we follow the evolutionist mindset that this bird should have been more like reptiles than Archaeopteryx. But these creatures are more birdlike than Archaeopteryx! Scientists who believe in creation theory concluded that Archaeopteryx is not an animal intermediary reptiles and birds, but it is a bird, specially created by God and preserved for us in the form of the fossil record.

History of Crocodiles

Crocodiles are large-bodied reptiles that live in water. Scientifically, covering all species of crocodile Crocodylidae tribal members, including the crocodile fish (Tomistoma schlegelii). However this name can also be worn loosely to refer to 'crocodile' alligators, caimans and gavial; crocodile relatives that different tribes. Crocodiles generally inhabit freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, swamps and other wetlands, but there also live in brackish water such as the estuarine crocodile. The main food crocodiles are animals with backbones such as the nation's fish, reptiles and mammals, sometimes also prey on mollusks and crustaceans depend on the species. Crocodiles are ancient animals, which have changed little since the time because of the evolution of dinosaurs.

Also known as a local name to refer to crocodiles, such as buhaya (Sd.); buhaya (bjn); aged or pickpocket (Jw.); bicokok (btw.), bekatak, or aloe vera frogs to mention smallish fat; False, crocodile-weaned weaned (Mly.), or fated to be unlucky crocodile-fated to be unlucky to mention crocodile fish; crocodile pandanus, which crocodiles are greenish; copper alligator, crocodile brownish yellow, and others.


Distrubition of crocodiles

In English crocodile known as crocodile. The name is derived from the Greek for crocodile mention they have seen in the River Nile, krokodilos; said formation rooted kroko word, which means 'pebble', and deilos which means 'worm' or 'people'. They call it 'worm stone' because watching habits of crocodiles basking on the banks of the river rocky.


Behaviour

Outside the ancient form, the crocodile is actually a complex reptiles. Unlike the usual reptiles, crocodiles have four bears heart, diaphragm (the diaphragm) and the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, clearly shows the outer morphology of living aquatic predators. Her body is "streamlined" allows for a quick swim. Crocodile folding legs attached to the back of the body, to reduce drag and allow the water to pick up speed while swimming. Toes webbed hind pool, which although not used as a driving force when swimming fast, the membrane is very useful when he had to suddenly turn around or make sudden moves in the water, or to start the swim. Webbed feet is also an advantage when the alligator need to move or walk in shallow water.

Crocodiles can move very quickly over short distances, even out of water. These animals have very strong jaws that can bite with incredible power, making it an animal with the biggest bite force. Pressure bites crocodile is not less than 5,000 psi (pounds per square inch; equivalent to 315 kg / cm ²), compared with the bite force rottweiler that only 335 psi, great white shark of 400 psi, or hyena (hyena) approximately 800-1000 psi. Crocodile pointy teeth and sharp, very useful for holding prey. Crocodile attacks its prey by pouncing on its prey at once biting it, then pull firmly and suddenly into the water. Therefore, the muscles around the jaw so well developed that can be shut with very strong. Shut the mouth that has been so very difficult to open, similar to the gecko bite. But instead, the muscles which serve to open the crocodile's mouth is very weak. The researchers crocodile large enough wrapping adhesive tape (duct tape) a few times, or tie strap rubber inner tube at the muzzle end closing, for keeping his mouth shut while it remained observation and measurement, or when want to safely transport the animal. Alligator claws and nails were strong and sharp, but the neck is very stiff so it is not so easy to attack the crocodile to the side or to the rear.

Crocodiles prey on fish, birds, mammals, and sometimes also other smaller crocodile carcasses even adult crocodiles. This is an ambush predator reptile; she waits for prey animals or fish approaching land, then suddenly pounce. As cold-blooded animals, this predator can survive a long time without food, and rarely really need to move to hunt their prey. Although seemingly slow, crocodiles are predators peak in the neighborhood, and some species have been observed attacking and killing sharks. Except here is the Egyptian bird kettle, which is known to have a symbiotic relationship with the crocodile. It is said that this bird used to eat animals and leftover meat parasite that dwells in the crocodile's mouth, and to the river king opened his mouth wide and let the pot go to clean it.

Age

There is no convenient way to calculate the age of the crocodile, in addition to knowing penetasannya first time, although there are some techniques that have been developed. The most common method used to estimate the animal's age by counting circle is growing in bones and teeth. Each layer of the circle illustrates the change in the growth rate, which may be caused by changes in the dry and rainy seasons are repeated every year. While mindful of the opportunities imprecision of this method, which is the oldest crocodile is probably the largest species. The estuarine crocodile (C. porosus) is expected to live on average to 70 years, with a few individuals who proved to be beyond the age of 100 years. One of the oldest crocodiles recorded, died at a zoo in Russia about 115 years old.

A male freshwater crocodile at the Australia Zoo maintained was estimated to be 130 years old. The animals rescued Bob Irwin and Steve Irwin from the wild after being shot twice by hunters. As a result of the gunfire, the crocodile (which is now dubbed as "Mr. Freshy") lost his right eye


Size

Crocodile body size varies widely from species to species, from the dwarf crocodile to the saltwater crocodile giant. Large-bodied species can grow more than 5 m long and weighs more than 1,200 kg. However, babies crocodile measuring about 20 cm only when hatched from an egg. Largest crocodile species is the saltwater crocodile, which lives in the region up to northern Australia.

The size of the largest estuarine crocodile is still debated. The largest alligator ever recorded was a giant estuarine crocodiles along 8.6 m, which was shot by a school teacher in Australia. While the crocodile is the largest living crocodile 7.1 m in estuaries along the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India. In June 2006, his record is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.

Two other notes about the size of a trusted record two biggest crocodile crocodiles along the 6.2 m. The first crocodile was shot in the Mary River, Northern Territory, Australia in 1974 by a poacher, which is then measured by a forestry officer. While the second crocodile was killed in the Fly River, Papua New Guinea. The second crocodile size is actually derived from the skin, as measured by Jerome Montague, a wildlife researcher. And because of the size of the skin is always smaller (shrinking) of the size of the original animal, believed that this second crocodile measuring at least 10 inches longer when alive.

History of Animal | Anoa

Anoa is a typical animal Sulawesi. There are two species of anoa: Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both live in the forest that are not touched by humans. Their appearance is similar to the buffalo and has a weight of 150-300 kg. Anoa child will be born once a year. Both of these species can be found in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Since the 1960s is in endangered status. It is estimated there are currently fewer than 5,000 surviving tail. Anoa often hunted for fur, horns and meat.

Anoa Mountains also known as the Mountain Anoa, Anoa de Montana, Anoa de Quarle, Anoa des Montagnes, and Quarle's Anoa. Whereas the Lowland Anoa is also known as Lowland Anoa, Anoa de Ilanura, or Anoa des Plaines. Anoa is endemic island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Population continues to shrink, plus hunting by humans, and reduce forest where they find food is the main cause of their threattened. If not treated immediately, it could be these animals will become extinct and only can be found in the history books, or just like the picture on the website you see today.

endangered and protected species composed of two (types) are: mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both of these animals live in the forest that are rarely touched by humans. Both species of anoa, found only in Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is estimated there are less than 5000 head which still survive.

In general, have similar skin color anoa buffalo horn straight back and tapered and slightly flattened. His life to move where and when facing the enemy anoa will defend themselves with a splash into the swamp or when forced to fight by using his horns.