History of Animation

Definition animation taken from the Oxford dictionary meaning of life as a film, made ​​from photography, illustration, dolls, and so with the slight difference antarframes, to give the impression of movement when projected (The Little Oxford Dictionary 19). Animate is a verb of English means giving nyawa.Animasi not a new technology anymore and has been used in a variety of interesting films. However, its development in Indonesia was slow. Of the many three-dimensional animated films in circulation almost everything is made ​​overseas, even the majority of people are not aware of any local paper. Yet until now there are two three-dimensional animated film domestically-made full length of "Homeland" and "Janus Last Warrior" Actually, Indonesia also has a reliable animators, ironically the work they actually exported to other countries as was done by Castle Animation in Jakarta. The problem is that investors in Indonesia itself has not seen animation as a profitable sector (Wicaksono 25) .Memperhatikan animated films circulating the big screen, almost all of them use one technique that is generally a 3-D animation as usual studio Pixar, stop motion is usually done by Aardman, or 2-D is usually done by Disney. 

Looking at the fact that the writer here wants to try to explore a combined animation technique that is rarely used. Combining two different animation techniques was not possible at the production stage or stages of compositing penganimasian but it is possible as in the post-produksi.Cerita fairy tale titled "The Shepherd and the Chimney Sweep Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen is an interesting object to be used as a final project work in the form of films short animation with combined techniques. This story is a work of Andersen are less popular that it has never made ​​the animation at all. The reason for choosing this story lies in the storyline that has the ability to display a variety of emotional atmosphere.

Making it possible to display or visualkannya various mood (atmosphere) in a film that even only one setting. Concretely are as follows • Atmosphere neutral at the beginning of the story starts with the introduction of the character. • Tensions start of the conflict that began to peak when the girl was forced to marry a shepherd antagonist story and the scene when the two main characters escape. • The atmosphere is dark and gloomy when the two main characters included in the desk drawer to hide. • Suasna romantic in the climax when they reach the top of the chimney followed by anticlimax that scene on the roof of the house • the atmosphere is cheerful in a happy endingDengan above advantages, this story is a story that is potentially interesting and challenging to display in audio-visual format. It needs a careful design to produce a film that has the aspect of continuity as in it has a scene with a different mood.

History of Animation

Animation is a technique widely sutu once used in the film world today, both as a unified whole, part of a movie, or one with a live movie. Actually rooted in the world of film photography, while animation is rooted in the image of the world, namely illustration graphic design (visual communication design). Through the history of each, both photographic and illustrative form a clan gets a new dimension in live clan animated films. It can be said that animation is a medium that is born of a convention or two disciplines, namely clan movie images. To understand the clan wears animation techniques, both these conventions must be understood.

The film, commonly used to record a situation, or express something. The film is used to fulfill a general requirement, which communicates an idea, message or reality. Because of the uniqueness of its dimensions, the clan because of the nature of the entertainment, the film has been accepted as one of the audio-visual media are the most popular and loved. Because it is also regarded as the most effective media.

To be able to use the medium of film there are two main problems that must be faced, namely technical issues clan movie premises engineering problems presented something commonly called a movie or presentation techniques. Likewise, the things that should be known in the animated film, namely the problem of animation techniques, and engineering problems communicating something with animation techniques. Often communication techniques more familiar words to say the art of communicating.

In fact is it is very closely related to the various fields of the arts, both visual and verbal or teateral. For a communications planner, this activity is very important to understand. A filmmaker will be encountering technical problems make the film and the art of making films. All things that are written in this discussion, not a limitation, but a way of seeing and a summary of the issues that must be developed.

Origins of Film Technique AnimasiKeinginan humans to create images or santiran (image) that lives and moves as pantara of disclosure (expression) they are, is a manifestation of the basic form of animation that life evolved. The word itself is an animated adaptation of the word animation, which is derived from the basic to animate, in a general English-Indonesian dictionary means turn (Wojowasito 1997). In general, animation is an activity switch, move inanimate objects; An inanimate object is given a boost of strength, spirit and emotions to be alive and moving, or simply memorable life.

In fact, since ancient times, man has tried meng¬animasi motion pictures of their animals, as found by archaeologists in the Lascaux caves of Northern Spain, has lived two hundred thousand years; They tried to capture fast motion running animals, such as wild boar, bison or a horse, described by eight feet in different positions and stacked (Hallas and Manvell 1973: 23). The ancient Egyptians turn their image with a sequence of images of the wrestlers who are struggling, as a wall decoration. Created around 2000 BC (Thomas 1958: 8)

Ancient Japanese painting exhibits a life storyline, with deploying scrolls, made ​​in the Heian period (794-1192) (Cyclopedia Americana volume 19, 1976). Then came the toy called thaumatrope around the 19th century in Europe, in the form of a thick sheet of cardboard discs, illustrated bird in a cage, which is both the left rope tied to his right, when twisted by hand will give a picture of the bird moving santir (Laybourne 1978: 18) .

Until the 1880s, Jean Marey using a straight portrait continuous recording of motion flying bird, human activities and other animals. A tool that became the forerunner of the movie camera life growing up today. And in 1892, Emile Reynauld develop animated images ayng toy called praxinoscope, in the form of a series played hundreds of images and animations projected on a mirror into a motion movie, a device the forerunner to the projector at the cinema (Laybourne 1978: 23).

Both novice filmmaker cinema, comes from the French, dianggapsebagai initial opening of the development of the animated film technique (Encyclopedia AmericanavoLV1,1976: 740) Ten years later, after the movie of life ahead with his fast at the end of the 19th century In 1908, Emile Cohl beginners of the French animated film simplest form matchstick figures. The series of pictures blabar black (black line) is created on top of a white sheet, was photographed with a film negative so that the figure looks to be white and the background black.

While in the United States Winsor McCay (see picture beside) animated film "Gertie the Dinosaur" in 1909. The figure is drawn blabar black on a white background. Following in the years following the American animators began to develop the technique of animated film around 1913 to the early 1920s; Max Fleischer develop "Ko Ko The Clown" and Pat Sullivan made "Felix The Cat". The series of drawings made ​​as simple as possible, in which the figure is drawn blabar black or black shadow background blabar united with a black base or made otherwise. McCay made ​​a movie with the calculation formula of the time, 16 times per second in motion pictures.

Fleischer and Sullivan have taken advantage of the sell animation techniques, namely transparent sheets of celluloid material (celluloid) called "cell". Other Beginners in Germany, Lotte Reineger, in 1919 developed the animated film shadows, and Bertosch of France, in the 1930 animated film experiment with figure pieces derived from pieces of wood. The following image is a character "Gertie The Dinosaurs", and "Felix the Cat"

George Pal start using dolls as a figure in his short animated film, in 1934 in the Netherlands. And Alexsander Ptushko of Russian dolls length animated film "The New Gulliver" in 1935. In 1935 Len Lye from Canada, began drawing directly on the film after entering renewal in color film through the film "Color of Box". The development of the most important animation film technique, namely around 1930. Where emerged pioneered animated film voiced by Walt Disney from the United States, through the movie "Mickey Mouse", "Donald Duck" and "Silly Symphony" which was made during 1928 to 1940.

In the 1931 Disney animated film in the first color film "Flower and Trees". And the length of the first animated film made ​​Disney cartoons in 1938, the movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Thus the origin of the development of the animated film technique that continues to grow with the style and characteristics of each maker in various countries in Europe, America and Asia negara¬negara creep up. Especially in Japan, a cartoon developed rapidly there, up in the decade of this master cartoon animation film market here with the characteristics and unique style.

Attitude Principle AnimasiFilm animated film comes from two disciplines, the film is rooted in the world of photography and animation is rooted in the world picture. The word is derived from the English language films that have been in Indonesianising, meaning we can see the general Indonesian dictionary:

"1 thin stuff like membrane made ​​of celluloid four negative portrait image (which will be made portraits or played in cinema); 2 plays (story) live images; "(Poerwadarminfa 1984) Basically a thorough understanding of the film is difficult to explain. Can only be interpreted if viewed out of context; for example, be used for portrait negatives or printing plates, films implies a celluloid sheet chemically processed before it can be seen the results; or related to the story or play, the film implies a series of images of living or moving images into a storyline to watch people, forms the basis of films that contain elements of light, sound and time.

While understanding the special animation we can see in an encyclopedia "Americana": "Animated, motion picture consisting of a series of hand-drawn sketches invidual, in the which the positions or gestures of the figures are varied slightly from one sketch to another. Generally, the series is the movie and, when projected on a screen, suggest that figures are moving "(Encyclopedia Americana vol. V1,1976).

Techniques animated film, just as well as live-action films, made ​​possible the calculation of the film that runs sequentially keceaptan between 18 and 24 images per second. Images are projected onto the screen is not actually moving, that look is apparent movement, occurred on our senses as a result of small changes from one image to another, adanaya a phenomenon that occurs when we saw, called Persistence of Vision, so as to produce an illusion of motion from our view.

Unlike the live-action films, pictures taken from the photo shoot moving objects, then analyzed one by one into a still image on each frame of celluloid. While animated films, motion pictures are created by analyzing the picture by picture or frame-by-frame by animators, and recorded images or move forward for the sake of image motion using stop-frame camera, a camera that uses a machine tool drive frame by frame, the actuator celluloid frame by frame, with the computation time required for each one second aperture 24 frame camera to record images, the motion to celluloid.

Some Types of Animation Techniques

Based on the material or base material used animated object, generally the type of animated film techniques classified two major parts, the bi-dimensional animated film (flat animation) and the animated film tri¬matra (object animation).

Use of Animation Film

The use of animation films as a form of visual impaired pantara (audio-visual medium), quite an important role in spreading the message or idea to be conveyed to the public. The animated film is used in: 

• 1. TV commercial; The animated film is used for commercial purposes, such as movies Wan on television, as an insert in between events television program, in the form of short messages to viewers and as movie entertainment.
• 2. Cinema; The animated movie as a movie can be a long story, short films, and the film inserts for Man at the cinema.
• 3. Government Services; The animated film is used as a propaganda film, movie information and education.
• 4. Company; animated film is used as the film public relations (PR) such as: lighting films, educational films and propaganda films or film Man product introductions.

Types AnimasiAnimasi who had had a simple principle, now has developed into several types, namely:

• 2D Animation, 3D Animation, Animation ground Hat (Clay Animation), Japanese Animation (Anime).
• Animation Creator Software
• In the market today has many outstanding softwarwe animation maker, be it 2D or 3D. For more details see the list below which is based on the criteria.
• 2D Animation Software:
• Macromedia Flash, CoRETAS, Corel RAVE, After Effects, Moho, CreaToon, ToonBoom, Autodesk animaton (1990s) etc.

History Of Digital Clock

Electric clock Halmilton 1957, Halmilton Watch Co. of Lancester, Pennsylvania, produced the world's first electric clock. Hours electrically Hamilton set a time with traditional -mekanisme balance wheel has been used in parts hours for hundreds of years and hence no more accurate than another hour. However, rather than provide the mechanical strength of the spring, a battery is used to give power to the mechanics that requirement is no longer necessary rounds. Although people love the fact that they no longer use round the clock, it stops when the electrical contacts become corroded where there was not before long the life span of an hour. It makes a headache for Hamilton repair department which is continuously updated on the deal until 1961. Accutron by BulovaPada around that time, Bulove provide the next major enhancement in the timing of electrically with their Accutron watch in 1960. It comes in the form of chunks forms U of nickel alloy that vibrates in response to electrical current from the battery. 

The vibration frequency is higher than the traditional rodagaya, so for the first time an electric intercession be a neat idea which gives power to the clock by offering better accuracy anyway. Accutron is also working on the electrical contact issue further by introducing transistors, providing long hours of working time without having to wear it. This clock is also closely associated with the US space program that is used on aircraft angakasa Mercury and Apollo were used by NASA to go to the moon. Smooth the movement JamInovasi SwissBagaimanapun, Bulova frightening success of the Swiss watchmaker, who saw the potential challenges to their dominance in terms of the quality of the timer. Bereka united to fund research lab CEH (Center Electonique Horloger). CEH targeting their research to find oslilator more accurate than sepatukuda nickel. Quartz movement has been used for the first time in hours in the 1930s; until the early 60s they even have used it in naval chronometer (although there is no denying the accuracy can not be predicted). CEH set about increasing the accuracy and up to the mid 60s and Bernard Golary Longines has created a pocket watch that has an accuracy up to 0:01 seconds a day. In 1967, CEH produce watches with quartz movements first. 

In regard to the increase in microelectronics, the integration of electronic circuits has increased which makes it more energy efficient, thus making it able diminaturisasi quartz movement can fit in a wristwatch. However, the Swiss manufacturers continue to refine their mechanical engineering and then equaled Bolova through traditional means. After years damapenelitian, Switzerland saw quartz as a fad that will pass, taking into account the mechanical advantage of their error which will show them to survive as king of the heap; it is poor judgment which will sometimes lead to death in some companies. 

While the Japanese interpretation of the Europeans play one-upmanship with their various techniques, Seiko has continually take a fresh look at quartz and it is a Japanese company that issued the first quartz watches in the world - Clock Astron 25SQ - in Japan on December 25, 1969 . Valuable expensive, with a price of 450,000 yen ($ 1,250 in 1969 exchange rates). Having a flat face, clumping (unlike the Swiss mechanical watch is thin) and also painful with so many technical difficulties that made Seiko end by pulling it after producing only 100 hours. However, despite the apparent failure, it also marks a new stage in the technology of hours where we will never turn. Quartz technology has been at a new step forward in the year 1970; many Japanese watchmaker Seiko follow the path, also made ​​the Americans, until sometimes when Switzerland climb to join - though not until some other manufacturer collapsed. This competition leads to thinness, the hours are more hungry accuracy. Even with the addition of more features such as the progress of the 70s, the next leap was just going nowhere.

History of Indonesian Currency

Dated 2 November 1949 is the day of the enactment of dollars as the official currency of the Indonesian rupiah and printed as well as its use is governed by Bank Indonesia. Although at that time the Riau Islands and West Irian rupiah has their own variation, but their use was dissolved in 1964 in Riau and 1974 in West Irian.

The government sees the need to spend their own currencies in addition to functioning as a legal tender is also used as the main symbol of which is already independent state. The words "dollars" is derived from the word "rupee", the currency of India. Indonesia has been using Dutch guilders currency from 1610 until 1817 After 1817, introduced the Netherlands Indies Gulden currency.

Rupiah was first officially introduced at the time of Japanese occupation during World War 2, with the name of the Dutch East Indies dollars. After the end of the war, the Bank of Java (Javaans Bank, next to Bank Indonesia) introduced the Java rupiah currency as a substitute. NICA gulden currency created by the Allies and some currencies were printed collection of guerrilla also apply at that time.

Currency is the currency may be exchanged for free, but traded with the penalty due to the high levels of inflation. New Currency in the history of the value of money functions and the types of money and making turns through many stories and long history in the country of Indonesia

Economic situation in Indonesia at the beginning of independence marked by hyperinflation due to the circulation of several currencies that are not controlled, while the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not have a currency. There are three currencies were declared valid by the government of the Republic of Indonesia on October 1, 1945, the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies, and currency De Javasche Bank.

Among the three currencies that exchange rate experienced a sharp decline is Japan's currency. Its circulation reached four billion so that the Japanese currency is the source of hyperinflation. Society that suffer most are farmers, because they are the most widely store the Japanese currency.

Economic chaos caused by hyperinflation exacerbated by policy AFNEI Commander (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford is on March 6, 1946 declaring the NICA currency in all parts of Indonesia that has been occupied by troops AFNEI. This policy was protested by the Indonesian government, for violating the agreement that each party shall not issue a new currency for the absence of a political settlement. But the outcry was ignored by AFNEI. AFNEI NICA currency used to finance military operations in Indonesia and simultaneously disrupt the national economy, so it would appear the crisis of people's faith in the ability of the Indonesian government to overcome problems of national economy.

Because the protest is not addressed, then the Indonesian government issued a policy that banned all Indonesian people using NICA currency as a medium of exchange. This step is very important because NICA currency in circulation outside the control of the government of Indonesia, making it difficult for national economic recovery.

Therefore AFNEI not revoke the application of the NICA currency, then on October 26, 1946 the Indonesian government imposed a new currency ORI (Oeang Republic of Indonesia) as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Since that time the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies and De Javasche Bank currency is no longer valid. Thus there are only two valid currency that ORI and NICA. Each currency is only recognized by the issuing. So ORI is only recognized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the NICA only currency recognized by AFNEI. People turned out to give more support to the ORI. It has a political impact that more people favor the Indonesian government of the interim government who only supported AFNEI NICA.

To set the exchange rate with a foreign currency ORI in Indonesia, the government of the Republic of Indonesia on 1 November 1946 to change the leadership of the Foundation Center Tanuwijaya Djojohadikusomo Bank to Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A few months earlier the government had also changed the Japanese occupation government banks Shomin Ginko into Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Tyokin Me into the Post Office Savings (KTP), which changed its name in June 1949 became Postal savings bank and finally in 1950 to the State Savings Bank (BTN). All this serves as a bank commercial bank which is run by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Its main function is to collect and distribute funds or public money as well as service providers in the payment traffic.

Long before the arrival of the western nations, the archipelago has become a center of international trade. While in mainland Europe appears simple banking institutions, such as Bank van Leening in the Netherlands. The banking system was then taken by the western nations that expands the archipelago at the same time. VOC in Java in 1746 founded the Bank van De Leening which later became De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening in 1752 the Bank was the first bank that was born in the archipelago, the precursor of the banking sector in the future. On January 24, 1828, the Dutch East Indies government established a bank circulation under the name De Javasche Bank (DJB). Over the decades, the bank operated and developed by a Oktroi of the ruler of the Netherlands, until finally enacted Wet DJB 1922.

Japanese occupation period has stopped banking DJB and the Dutch East Indies for a while. Then the revolution came, the Dutch East Indies experiencing duality of power, between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Banking was divided into two, DJB and Dutch banks in the region whereas NICA "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" and Bank Negara Indonesia in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 ended the conflict Indonesia and the Netherlands, then DJB defined as the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). This status continued to survive until the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Next as a nation and a sovereign state, the Republic of Indonesia nationalized central bank. So since July 1, 1953 DJB transformed into Bank Indonesia, the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Asian economic crisis of 1998 led to the exchange rate of the rupiah fell to 35% and the weakening rupiah economic situation in Indonesia is lowered.

History of Knives

Knives, could no longer be denied. As the oldest tool of human beings, the knife has accompanied humans since prehistoric times until now. Throughout the history of human civilization, the knife has been used and more useful. Starting from the initial function as a means of self defense from wild animals in the pre-history, gathering food, making shelter until now where the knife can be considered as art pieces of quality and have high economic value.

The process of making knife evolve as the development of human civilization. You could say knife making human tingkatperadaban describe when a knife blade was made. me through a knife can be known with modern technology i then. Starting from the initial shape pisauyang changed from time to time, the evolution of form, materials and manufacturing technologies knife abreast of technology trends of his time. 

At the time of the stone age the first knife made ​​of stone Flint stone kind of shiny and has a sharp edge. With nothing more than a form of stone chips. This stone can be easily formed with high acuity in his day. The blade of this stone which in turn increases the ability of humans to the stone age to hunt, find food and make shelter. Subsequent developments have experienced this stone knife sharpening, grinding technology early enable humans to acquire flint knife which has a smooth surface with higher acuity. Since that time the prey debarking technologies grow more rapidly. Making a simple thread of fiber trees leads man to a higher civilization.

Further in human history finally know teknologipengolahan copper, bronze, and finally iron. The entire journey of human civilization is immortalized in blade technology and manufacture.

Humans have a very special bond with the tools that accompany peradabanya. Knives and tools like that help people in hunting, gathering food and so forth, has got a touch overwhelming feeling from the manufacturer. Touch the soul of art as a sense of respect for the maker of tools that facilitate the way of civilization has been demonstrated that the cultural level of the blade can be told when a knife is made. Touch of beauty that exist on a knife illustrate the high knowledge they have learned in a particular period.

Each blade can also describe the natural condition of the blade is made. Natural conditions resulting in different needs of each blade as an example, long and slender Bolo used in the Philippine highlands is suitable for

forest jobs in the area, but Machete from South America to have a more robust and more suitable for use in the interior of the more dense Amazon forest wood harder. Another example is a curved shape that is possessed by a Ghurka knife fighter is also used as a hunting knife, knife to slaughter tetak and yak, a different kind of a big bull with a Bowie knife of Americans who used to fight but do not need to kill game animals.

At this time, the knife still remains a very useful tool. Even when high technology has penetrated every aspect of life, where the knife is still needed. Some knives have changed function, more specifically to the needs for "sport" compared to "survival" as in the past.

History of The Calculator

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.