History of Sugar Cane

At first sugar cane known by the Polynesians, then spread to India. In 510 BC, when the Indian master, King Darius of Persia find "the reed which gives honey without bees". As with many other human inventions, where sugar cane is kept secret and closely guarded, while dairy products exported and to generate huge profits.

Secrets of sugarcane finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learned how sugar. During the expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain.

 

Sugar is known by those western Europe as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries was a period of major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. For example, in a 1319 note on sugar prices in London at "two shillings a pound". This value is equivalent to several months the average wage, so that it can be said sugar is a luxury at that time.

Rich people love-making sculptures of sugar to decorate their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party held in his honor by displaying plates, silverware, and linen are all made of sugar.

Because it is expensive goods, sugar is often considered a drug. Many health instructions from the 13th century to 15 who recommend giving sugar to people with disabilities to strengthen their power.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining is generally carried out in Venice. Venice could no longer a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established a trading there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the American people who have changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

In one of his first trip, Columbus brought sugarcane to be planted in the Caribbean region. The climate is very favorable for the growth of sugarcane caused the establishment of an industry quickly. The need for a large sugar to Europe led to many forest areas in the Caribbean islands became almost completely disappeared replaced sugar cane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua and half of Tobago. Sugarcane plants cultivated in bulk. Millions of people were sent from Africa and India to work in the sugar mill. Therefore, the production of sugar is closely associated with the slave trade in the western world.

Economically sugar is very important so that all European powers to build or trying to establish colonies on the small Caribbean islands and many battles going on for control of the islands. Furthermore, sugarcane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions in the world (India, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific) to meet the needs of the European market and local.

History of Knives

Knives, could no longer be denied. As the oldest tool of human beings, the knife has accompanied humans since prehistoric times until now. Throughout the history of human civilization, the knife has been used and more useful. Starting from the initial function as a means of self defense from wild animals in the pre-history, gathering food, making shelter until now where the knife can be considered as art pieces of quality and have high economic value.

The process of making knife evolve as the development of human civilization. You could say knife making human tingkatperadaban describe when a knife blade was made. me through a knife can be known with modern technology i then. Starting from the initial shape pisauyang changed from time to time, the evolution of form, materials and manufacturing technologies knife abreast of technology trends of his time. 

At the time of the stone age the first knife made ​​of stone Flint stone kind of shiny and has a sharp edge. With nothing more than a form of stone chips. This stone can be easily formed with high acuity in his day. The blade of this stone which in turn increases the ability of humans to the stone age to hunt, find food and make shelter. Subsequent developments have experienced this stone knife sharpening, grinding technology early enable humans to acquire flint knife which has a smooth surface with higher acuity. Since that time the prey debarking technologies grow more rapidly. Making a simple thread of fiber trees leads man to a higher civilization.

Further in human history finally know teknologipengolahan copper, bronze, and finally iron. The entire journey of human civilization is immortalized in blade technology and manufacture.

Humans have a very special bond with the tools that accompany peradabanya. Knives and tools like that help people in hunting, gathering food and so forth, has got a touch overwhelming feeling from the manufacturer. Touch the soul of art as a sense of respect for the maker of tools that facilitate the way of civilization has been demonstrated that the cultural level of the blade can be told when a knife is made. Touch of beauty that exist on a knife illustrate the high knowledge they have learned in a particular period.

Each blade can also describe the natural condition of the blade is made. Natural conditions resulting in different needs of each blade as an example, long and slender Bolo used in the Philippine highlands is suitable for

forest jobs in the area, but Machete from South America to have a more robust and more suitable for use in the interior of the more dense Amazon forest wood harder. Another example is a curved shape that is possessed by a Ghurka knife fighter is also used as a hunting knife, knife to slaughter tetak and yak, a different kind of a big bull with a Bowie knife of Americans who used to fight but do not need to kill game animals.

At this time, the knife still remains a very useful tool. Even when high technology has penetrated every aspect of life, where the knife is still needed. Some knives have changed function, more specifically to the needs for "sport" compared to "survival" as in the past.

History Aquarium

On this occasion yusro will share the history and benefits Aquarium. Friend before ever know all about the history of the aquarium or not anyone is interested but has not had time to have it, with a presence in our home aquarium is not only useful as a decoration, but there are other benefits behind it . Derived from the Ocean Aquarium and rium. Ocean derived from English, which means sea or ocean, while the word rium is a fragment of a word that means place an aquarium.

Based on the large Indonesian dictionaries, Aquarium is the place to maintain ornamental fish; Where Aquarium was similar to the one tangk ecosystem contains many components interact with each other so that the whole system running. Originally aquarium use began during the Romans and Egyptians, at the time put the fish in a container which will be aimed as a store of fresh fish supplies.

Selective breeding in China began about 2000 years ago. In the Song Dynasty in China, goldfish kept in the house began in large ceramic vessels (Boediono Mismail "Coral Reef Aquarium" UB Publisher Printing Press I, 2010).

At this time, Aquarium benefit right to decorate the room in which the presence of Aquariums can provide satisfaction and peace of mind as well as decorative home furnishings. Here are some benefits of aquariums in everyday life:

• Inspiring. because the aquarium in order to calm the mind with good people who see it, so that will increase the imagination and passion to create something.
• Optimizing hobby. In general, people keep the fish in a container in the aquarium hobby is because utilizing spare time or after doing the routine, but if in your field this hobby can provide income opportunities sideline.
• Regenerate naturally developed affection on us.
• Clear the mind, where the beauty of the aquarium with fish in it can neutralize the feeling that anything to do with health. Beauty and fish movement often gives away the main attraction capable of hearts and minds at peace.

Well from away to refresh our minds by going to a distant place and sometimes crowded we'd better set aside some money we are to have the aquarium, because then we can refresh our minds anytime without travel far away.

For yusro friends who are interested in having aquarium can find more information about the aquarium and ornamental fish in the market place nearby ornamental fish sales in the area around you, there is guaranteed we will get a lot of information about the aquarium and ornamental fish species. And friends all need to remember that life in the aquarium can provide valuable lessons that we still need a touch of nature to make life more beautiful and meaningful.

History of the Wedding Cake

Ritual presents a wedding cake at the wedding began in Britain in the Middle Ages or the 15th century . When the wedding cake made ​​of wheat , and oddly enough , the cake was thrown to bride as a symbol of fertility . At that time , the wedding cake is also served as dessert .

Not only wedding cakes but also all of the baked goods , which includes scones and biscuits , stacked high and the couple tried to kiss cake topper . The higher the pile , the better and if successful kissed the top of the cake without dropping it believed all marriages will have prosperity .

In the 1600s, a French chef who came to visit the UK quite surprised with a cake piling ritual is considered less neat . He recommends using a broom handle as a milestone that hold the cake . But this does not last long.

In the 17th century , " bride pie " is a popular wedding cake . Start of sweet pie to pie contains minced mutton . At that time , imitation ring inserted into the pie into the eagerly awaited for the invitation is still flunky . If they got in the ring in the pie , they mean next bride .

The Modern Age

Wedding cakes like this start to be made since the 18th century in London . The story begins when William Rich intern falls in love with the daughter of his boss . William inspired by the beauty of the church of St. peaks . Bride and trying to impress his hero by making a big cake and beautiful . The women were impressed with the form of cakes served William as different from general pastries shaped flat at that time .

Even so , the wedding cake is not a popular multilevel served until 1840. Magnificent wedding cake and filled with ornate eventually become compulsory served as served at the wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert ( London ) . Splendor symbolized by the many wedding cake decoration of sugar and fondant , which used to be a luxury item because the sugar price is expensive .

History of Beatbox

Beat boxing is one art form that focuses in producing rhythmic sounds and drum beats , musical instruments , and imitation of other sounds , especially the sound of turntables , through the human vocal organs such as the mouth , tongue , lips , and cavity - said another cavity . Players beatbox or better known as beatboxer , able to demonstrate any form of sounds with the powerful . Beat box is always associated with vocal percussion and with multi vocalism. Although basically the same , but in general the difference lies in its association with the beat box culture and Hip Hop music . However , in practice beatbox also applied to other musical genres such as Rock , Pop , R & B , and so on .

Traditional

Imitation is already known to the public voice of the world since time immemorial . Although there is no direct relationship with Hip Hop culture , arts like music vocal percussion Bol in India , Kouji in China , as well as techniques of African percussion vokla also form the basis for beatboxing . In Indonesia alone there Kecak dance which background music is a blend of sounds from a particular vocabulary .

Era of Hip Hop

Beatbox in the world of Hip Hop became known in the 1980s . The word " beat box " literally refers to the first generation of drum machines , therefore the beatboxer in that era often referred to as " the Human Beat Box " . Musicians who became a pioneer Doug E. diataranya Fresh , Darren " Buffy " Robinson of the group The Fatboys , and Leonardo " Wise " Roman of Stetsasonic . Each musician pioneered the distinctive features and different styles and inspire generations berikunya beatboxer . In addition to generating knocking sound and rhythm , in this era of musicians Biz Markie also memperknalkan MCing and singing techniques combined with percussive sounds .

Modern era

In the 1990s, many musicians beatbox berkonstibusi and also in the spread beatbox all over the world. Beatboxer is quite famous among other Vaughan Chadderton , Rahzel , Kenny Muhammad , and Matisyahu. The development of the Internet is also a positive impact on the development beatbox all over the world .

In 2005 , for the first time beatboxing world championship was held in Leipzig , Germany . This championship was followed by a beatboxer from all over the world such as Tom Thumb and Joel Turner from Australia , White Noise of Ireland , Roxorloops of Belgiua ) , Poizunus of Canada , as well as Faith SFX from England . At the end of the championship , dinobatkanlah Joel Turner from Australia as the winner pertamannya . While the runner - up was given to Roxorloop of Belgium .

History of Aquarium

On this occasion yusro will share the history and benefits Aquarium. Friend before ever know all about the history of the aquarium or not anyone is interested but has not had time to have it, with a presence in our home aquarium is not only useful as a decoration, but there are other benefits behind it . Derived from the Ocean Aquarium and rium. Ocean derived from English, which means sea or ocean, while the word rium is a fragment of a word that means place an aquarium.

Based on the large Indonesian dictionaries, Aquarium is the place to maintain ornamental fish; Where Aquarium was similar to the one tangk ecosystem contains many components interact with each other so that the whole system running. Originally aquarium use began during the Romans and Egyptians, at the time put the fish in a container which will be aimed as a store of fresh fish supplies.

Selective breeding in China began about 2000 years ago. In the Song Dynasty in China, goldfish kept in the house began in large ceramic vessels (Boediono Mismail "Coral Reef Aquarium" UB Publisher Printing Press I, 2010).

At this time, Aquarium benefit right to decorate the room in which the presence of Aquariums can provide satisfaction and peace of mind as well as decorative home furnishings. Here are some benefits of aquariums in everyday life:

• Inspiring. because the aquarium in order to calm the mind with good people who see it, so that will increase the imagination and passion to create something.
• Optimizing hobby. In general, people keep the fish in a container in the aquarium hobby is because utilizing spare time or after doing the routine, but if in your field this hobby can provide income opportunities sideline.
• Regenerate naturally developed affection on us.
• Clear the mind, where the beauty of the aquarium with fish in it can neutralize the feeling that anything to do with health. Beauty and fish movement often gives away the main attraction capable of hearts and minds at peace.

Well from away to refresh our minds by going to a distant place and sometimes crowded we'd better set aside some money we are to have the aquarium, because then we can refresh our minds anytime without travel far away.

For yusro friends who are interested in having aquarium can find more information about the aquarium and ornamental fish in the market place nearby ornamental fish sales in the area around you, there is guaranteed we will get a lot of information about the aquarium and ornamental fish species. And friends all need to remember that life in the aquarium can provide valuable lessons that we still need a touch of nature to make life more beautiful and meaningful.

History of Perfume in the world

The beginning of the use of perfume can be traced back thousands of years to early Egypt. The first fragrance of incense in fact, which explains the true origin of the "perfume" he said. It is derived from the Latin word "to" and "prime", meaning "through" and "smoke". Similarly, burning resin and woody fragrance that has been achieved. And they are used for religious ceremonies.

Aroma was developed in collaboration with the cosmetics first, but they were not made to attract the opposite sex, they are designed to appeal to the goodwill of the gods. The Egyptians were very spiritual people. That's why they take the art of perfume making so seriously - they thought that the gods smile on them if they feel good, and if they are surrounded by these scents. In fact, they took the idea with them after their death. Many perfume containers buried in mass graves. They are also used for embalming. Perfume much they are used, and the perfume, the more likely they will have to go to heaven.

For example, when the tomb of Tutankhamun was discovered there, the whole body, it's a pot of oil and perfume. When the grave was opened, there was a strong scent trail detected. And it was 3,300 years ago! Now that the strong aroma! Use Perfume starts to become more personal Over the years, the use of perfume is limited to priests who perform religious ceremonies, and also for the very wealthy. Those who are wealthy enough and powerful enough to have a perfume, from him for more personal reasons. Consistent with the idea of being spiritually clean, they think they can please the gods even if they are not just filling the air with perfume, but they themselves are also covered.

This led to the practice of soaking fragrant wood and resins in water and oil, and rub the liquid all over his body. As this practice continues, the priests gave up their grip on the precious perfume, to give others the right to use it. In an effort to create a perfect society clean, the people are commanded to perfume themselves at least once a week.

The next logical step for this is for people to start using perfume in their bathrooms. The idea of luxury bath Greeks and Romans came to Egypt. They swim with enthusiasm. Oil has helped to protect their skin from drying out in the hot weather. It was also the beginning of creams and ointments to pelembab.Wadah perfume is always interesting The Egyptian perfume treat them with respect, and believe that only the best was good enough containers to hold them. Every effort is made to produce a beautiful special container. They use exotic materials such as alabaster, ebony wood and porcelain. When the glass was first made in Egypt, it was considered more precious than jewels, thus becoming the material of choice for their perfume container.

Have a look at perfume bottles and containers that are sold today, and you will see that this practice has not changed for thousands of years. Perfume bottles today are as attractive as they always. Now, manufacturers are very innovative with perfume bottle design mereka.Pembuatan down through the centuries When the Greeks and Romans to move to Egypt, they like perfumes and ointments, the Egyptians used. They quickly learn to produce them, and began to add their personal touch. It is said that the Greeks were the first to make a perfume liquid, although it's not something like perfume today. To create a perfume, they use scented powder mixture and heavy oil - no alcohol.

The Greeks have a high regard certain flowers, including lilies and roses. So, while similar to the perfume which is considered the best. They use oil like olive oil and almond oil, to capture the scent of flowers. Added to lilies and roses are fennel and iris root. The Greeks love to swim with the perfume, both men and women, and they are used on all parts of the body, both before and after the bath.

This practice is widespread in the Roman baths, where there will be all kinds of perfume bottles and bottles in all shapes and sizes. The Romans bathe three times a day, so they need to keep a lot of hands. They even put perfume on dogs and horses. And their parties, they put scent wings and let them fly around the room, release the scent as they go. They also put perfume on their furniture.

The waiters various aromatic compounds, as well. It was quite the fragrance! Parfum makes its way around the world There was a slight decrease in the use of perfume during a time when Christianity began to spread. Christian thought he was too soft. And then when the Roman Empire fell, the use of perfume really downhill. But because they do not believe in Christianity, Islam community use of perfume lingers.

With aging focused on international trade routes open, the art of making perfumes spread throughout the known world. This has led to a renaissance around the 12th century. As some of the countries involved in the arts, various aromatic found to make new fragrances. Ownership and use of perfume has become a status symbol, a sign of prestige. Only those who have money to spare afford expensive perfume. European buy-rich aromatic gum that had been sent from China. Those with a large amount of perfume has been honored.

Arabs have played an important role in the development of the perfume industry. Arab doctor / chemist named Avicenna, developed the distillation process that extracts of sunflower oil. Flowers first, he tried his process is a rose. Until then, the liquid perfume made from a mixture of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a very strong perfume. Avicenna process produces water grows much lighter, and it quickly became very populer. Farpum developed in France In the 17th century, perfume made in France. Be romantic them, perfume is natural to add a sensual touch. French perfume used on their clothing, such as gloves perfumed. They also put their furniture to make their rooms smell fragrant.

However, major advances in the fragrance came in the 18th century with the creation of cologne, which is a mixture of rosemary, neroli, bergamot and lemon. The use of perfume cologne do not stop - French use in their drinks in their food as medicine taken orally or by injection, and even as an enema.

Another part of the heritage of French perfume that has been adopted is the ancient Egyptian art of perfume-making container. France made all kinds of fancy perfume bottles, driven by the opening of the Baccarat glassworks in 1765. As the 19th century rolled around, the evolution of science and chemistry has opened up a whole new world for the perfume industry. And no leaves France to prevent their widespread use perfume, even the French Revolution. In fact, they are actually used for an excuse to introduce a new fragrance called "Parfum a la Guillotine."

Sounds like the smell of "intoxicating", is not it? Town Grasse created their own French Revolution There is a small town in the southern region of Provence called Grasse France. This is where a revolution in the perfume industry began. Grasse has become the largest global provider of raw materials for the perfume industry. Here's how they do it.

Every year in May, the people of Grasse harvest their "crop". You can see dozens of people in the field, carefully hand-picking the flowers pale pink Centifolia Rosa, or Rose of May, when he came to be known. Petals of their most sought after ingredient in the manufacture of perfumes as well. But the petals are needed to produce a small amount of perfume. Just to produce one kilogram of rose absolute, which is what they call a concentrate made from flower petals are thin, they need 300 000 Roses in May The process of making an absolute increase take some time, the use of solvents for the extraction of the long-term. The result of this process is, blood-colored wax substance which, when treated with alcohol and distilled, leaving a pale yellow rose absolute. Due to long and elegant, rose absolute is very expensive - cost more than $ 9000 USD kg, and is enough to make a few hundred bottles of perfume.

This extract has become very popular around the world. However, countries such as China, India, South Africa and Morocco, to use their best work and large farms, produce copies rose absolute that they sell to manufacturers of perfumes in the world, underestimated the price of the original product Grasse. But France continues to produce the world's finest perfumes. A pioneer of French perfume Jean Patou, who presented the famous perfume, Joy, now known as "the most expensive perfume in the world." Joy is made exclusively with roses and jasmine absolute, and cost about $ 120USD for 50ml. Joy was originally created in 1930 for Jean Patou is a wealthy American clients who lost money and heart, following the Wall Street crash.

Two other perfumes are made with either rose absolute Guerlain's Shalimar, Chanel No. 5. It is a leader in authentic, high fashion perfume, like most French perfume perfume mahal.Industri off For forty years, the perfume industry has exploded. To give you an idea of how fast to grow, in 1993, there were about a new fragrance launched every week. Now there is one every day, every company is trying to score a point in their rivalry with the cost of launching new, innovative and glamorous.

During the second half of the 20th century, there were many changes in style and scent of perfume. Looks like they changed according to the dominant lifestyle today. For example, in the 70's, white flowers and floriental (floral and oriental combination) are popular perfume. Then at 80 a taste of power takes over. And in 90 notes environmentally friendly, fresh and sweet is Ozonic preference. Now, in the new millennium in free style rocked tema.Parfum launched 70 We will talk about some of the leaders in the race for the perfume, as the years passed. One of the first major launch in 1970, when Yves Saint Laurent was introduced in France. But it was the U.S. that really started the launch explosion. Women are more independent, and buy fragrance to wear all day, and not just for evening events. They started creating clothes from aroma, with a variety of flavors, one for every occasion.

A U.S. launched the first in 1973, when Revlon introduced Charlie. Women love it! And that was the beginning of a strong American influence in the perfume industry. All the big designers have adopted a fragrance that suits their own style. Then other countries follow the example of America. In England, Mary Quant Havoc was introduced in 1974. Havoc is scented body spray that has been adapted to the younger generation who do not have much disposable income to spend on expensive perfume. It was also light because the spray was spread over a wide area. And if they wanted to, she could spray a little into the air, then walk in it, giving full coverage.

Japan also entered the fragrance market with their own creation, a new green floral scent. Shiseido has been used in the launch of Inoue. The green flower quickly won, and has been used in perfume launches like Chanel No. 19 in 1971, Alloy Estee Lauder in 1972, private collection in 1973, Amazone Hermes in 1974. Do not be left out of the lucrative business of perfume, jewelry began to introduce their own perfume, such as Van Cleef and Arpels, which was first launched in 1976.

Perfume and men began to emerge. Christian Dior Eau Sauvage introduced, which encourages women's perfume wild! And spear wild, too. In 1977, YSL (Yves Saint Laurent) launched the opium, which was so controversial, virtually banned in the United States. Estee Lauder responded with cinnabar soon.

In 1978, made a little turn in the trend perfume, Anais Anais Cacharel when launched, was the white flowers, as opposed to Green Day populer.Flamboyan and the effect is the trend of the 80 fragrances The 80 comes with a flourishing economy and a tendency to blind creativity. Strong and powerful fragrances designed for yuppies. All kinds of big names have developed their own fragrances, conducted in 1981 by Giorgio Beverly Hills by Giorgio.

And Christian Dior have outdone themselves with Poison, a perfume that was announced to create the feeling of love-hate. It floriental perfume was so strong (37%) that some of the restaurants in New York because he was forbidden to overcome the smell of food. This trend continues in a strong perfume scent by Calvin Klein Obsession introduction of the East in 1985. This was followed in 1989 by Samsara by Guerlain, was overdosed with sandalwood.

Some other striking floriental introduced in 80 it is illegal by Guy Laroche, Panthere by Cartier, Lou Lou by Cacharel, Happy Diamonds Chopard and Boucheron. Some of the less powerful scent was introduced in the 80's was in Paris by YSL, Jardins de Bagatelle by Guerlain, and Beautiful by Estee Lauder.90 degrees of success led to smooth, quiet perfume One of the first fragrance launched in the 90's proved to be most successful. Within four years of its introduction, Tresor, by Lancome, has become one of the five best-selling perfumes in Europe. Another perfume which became a worldwide hit was Amarige by Givenchy.

The 90's also brought a freshness in the perfume, driven by environmental awareness. Fragrance has notes of marine and Ozonic, for example, for Him by Aramis New West, followed immediately by Calvin Klein Escape, and Dune by Christian Dior. As the world shrinks, more and more countries joined the perfume industry. Middle East and East Asia has created a sense of many great designers, but they also come with what they call "me-toos" or have helped to expand the "copy-cat perfume." perfume market to include those who have a budget kecil.Parfum today for men and women Although the fragrance market for women was most industries, has entered the men's. Some examples today in Cologne for men by Givenchy Pi available, Hugo Boss Baldessarini, Pleasure for Men by Estee Lauder, Lancome Miracle Man, Eternity by Calvin Klein and. Men are more aware of fashion these days, as evidenced by the increased use of cosmetics for men.

Now counter perfume is a favorite place to go buy a gift, either for men or women. And speaking of gifts, keep in touch with all the fragrance launch - many of them come with gifts to buy, which means that you spend a certain amount on the counter, and you get a free gift. And these gifts are usually quite large.

History of Glasses in the world

Just imagine if you or a friend who has a visual impairment (minus / plus) does not use glasses. Well, yeah it would be difficult to see objects that are far away / close. Glasses is one of the most important discoveries in the history of human life. Like what the heck, the origin  glasses? Let's find out ...

Islamic civilization has come to know and find the lens over three hundred years earlier than the European society. The lens is also known in some civilizations such as the Roman, Greek, Hellenistic and Islamic. At that time, the lenses are not used for magnification, but for burning. You do this by focusing sunlight on a focal lens / lens focal.

Glasses were first discovered around 3000 years ago by the people in the old city of Nineveh, which at that time was as a magnifying glass function. The materials used are also not a stone but a crystal glass lens. Development of new glasses then bolted the XII century in China and Europe. At that time, the ancient Greeks use glass ball filled with water as a magnifying glass.

Then in 1268 Roger Bacon, a British scientist, find reading glasses. And in the 1300s eyewear began to be produced with the manufacture center in Venice. But it's not like the glasses while now. Simple lens quality, and its use is also troublesome.

Various kinds of experiments were conducted to find the best and safest way to wear glasses. There were installing metal plates mounted long from nose to goto the middle and then head down to the neck. There is a small chain installed on both sides of the goggles and strapped on the back of the head, such as goggles, there's another tie on hat sunglasses.

There are affixed to the bridge of the nose so that the wearer should continue to hold him. Until finally in 1727, the idea to put the stalk so that the glasses can be attributed to the ear. Subsequent developments, in 1784 Benjamin Franklin managed to find glasses bifokus, which has a convex lens and a concave lens in a single frame. Until 1884 was also produced bifokus lenses are made from the pieces, though it was sticky. It was only in 1908 and 1910 known convex and concave lenses are completely fused in one lens.

Glasses 18th century

Lens material was also developed, which first of quartz, glass lens made subsequently. In 1970 found a plastic lens material as other materials for the manufacture of spectacle lenses. Eventually more and more people using glasses and growing glasses frame with different types of models.

History of fuel oil

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the discovery of petroleum is expected the first time around 5000 BC by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians and ancient. But they are not mine as of today. They take from petroleum seepage at ground level.

Function of the time oil as a cure wounds, laxatives, or lice repellent. Along with the development of civilization, then petroleum used for war. First century AD, the Arabs and the Persians managed to find a simple distillation of petroleum technology. This distillation produces a flammable oil. This oil is used for military purposes.

Arabs expansion into Spain is at the earlier distillation technology among Western European society in the 12th century. But up here yet oil is the main fuel. At that time there is no technology that can drive the motor engine.

Several centuries later, the Spanish petroleum exploration in the place we now know as Cuba, Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru. Mid-19th century, European and North American societies began to use kerosene or coal oil for lighting.

Initially, the engine is used to drive the muscle power of human, animal, or fuel wood. After James Watt invented the steam engine triggered the industrial revolution, the world is constantly looking for energy sources that are cheaper and practical.

Then the liquefied petroleum found in the bowels of the earth. This oil comes from the fossilized remains of centuries buried in the bowels of the earth. This oil meets the criteria of fuel that is easy to wear. The first recorded oil drilling is done in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859, at the mine owned by Edwin L. Drake, the pioneer of the world petroleum industry.

With the development of technology motor vehicle, type of fuel even more diverse. Crude oil (crude oil) from the mining distilled into several fractions fuels such as kerosene, diesel, and gasoline.

This fuel contains hydrocarbon chain (hydrogen and carbon). When burned with oxygen, the hydrocarbon chains produce energy and carbon dioxide. This energy is used to drive machinery for a variety of purposes, from motor vehicles, industry, until the kitchen stuffs. While carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution of the 19th century is now scapegoated as the source of global warming.

History of Valentine's Day

Association mid-February with love and fertility has existed since eternity. According to the chronicles of ancient Athens calendar, the period between mid-January to mid-February is the month of Gamelion, dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera.

In ancient Rome, February 15th was the feast of Lupercalia, a celebration of Lupercus, the god of fertility, which represented half naked and dressed in goat skins. As part of a purification ritual, the priest Lupercus would sacrifice a goat to the god, and after drinking wine, they would run in jejalanan of Rome holding pieces of sheepskin touching anyone they met. Especially young women voluntarily going ahead with it because they believe that they will be blessed with fertility and can give birth easily.

Feast of the Church

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (Catholic Encyclopaedia 1908), the name may refer Valentinus least three martyr or saint (saints) are different:

* A priest in Rome
* A bishop Interamna (modern Terni)
* A martyr in the Roman province of Africa.

The connection between the three martyrs with the feast of romantic love is not clear. Even Pope Gelasius I, in the year 496, stating that in fact nothing is known about these martyrs but the set February 14 as the feast day of saint Valentine warning. Some say that Pope Gelasius I accidentally set it to outperform the feast of Lupercalia which was celebrated on February 15.

Skeletal remains unearthed from the tomb of Saint Hyppolytus she Via Tibertinus near Rome, identified as the body of St. Valentinus. Then placed in a gold coffin and sent to the church Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. The body has been given to them by Pope Gregory XVI in 1836. Many travelers now make pilgrimages to this church on Valentine's Day, in which the gold coffin-procession paraded in a solemn procession and brought to a high altar. On that day a special Mass was held and presented to the young people and those who are in a relationship of love.

This feast of the ecclesiastical calendar removed in 1969 as part of a broader effort to remove saints whose origins can be questionable and based just a legend. But this feast is still celebrated in certain parishes.

Valentinius

Gnosticism influential science teacher Valentinus, was a candidate bishop of Rome in 143. In his teachings, wedding bed has a prominent place in a version of her Christian Charity. The emphasis is much different from the concept ... common in the Christian religion. Stephan A. Hoeller, an expert, had this to say about Valentinius on this subject: "In addition to the sacrament of baptism, the strengthening, the Eucharist, the priesthood and petroleum, as well as the flow of gnosis Valentinius two prominent emphasize the great and mysterious sacraments called" penance "(apolytrosis) and" place aisle "..." [1].

Medieval era

First recorded association of St. Valentine's feast day with romantic love is in the 14th century in England and France, where it is believed that 14 February is the day when the birds looking for a partner for mating. This belief is mentioned in the works of renowned Middle English poet Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. He wrote in the Parlement of Foules story ("The Birds Conversation") that For this was sent on Seynt Valentyne's day ("That is sent on the day of St. Valentine") Whan every foul cometh ther to choose his mate ("When all the birds come there to pick her partner")

In those days it was common for lovers to exchange notes on this day and call their pasanagan "Valentine" them. A Valentine card from the 14th century is said to be part of the collection pernaskahan British Library in London. Most likely a lot of legends about the saint Valentine created in this era. Some of them told me that:

* The evening before Valentine was a saint would fall as martyrs (dead martyr), he wrote a small confession he gave to the prison warden who says "From Valentinusmu".
* When the Roman soldiers were forbidden to marry by Emperor Claudius II, St. Valentine secretly helped marry them.

In most versions of these legends, February 14 linked to miscarriage as a martyr.

Valentine's Day in the modern era

Valentine's Day was probably imported into North America from Great Britain, a country that colonized the region. In the United States the first Valentine cards are mass produced printed after 1847 by Esther A. Howland (1828 - 1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts. His father owned a bookstore and office supply stores are great and he got the inspiration to produce the card from an English valentine she received. (Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association annually awards issued "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".)

History of Glass

The art of making glass or glass is one achievement ever etched in the golden era of Islamic civilization. However, the achievement of the Muslims is so high it seemed annihilated civilization glass or glass expert Barat.Para West never count the success and heritage of the Muslims who have donated in the manufacture of glass and glassware.

As if to cover up the success I have ever achieved Muslims, glass experts in the West have always accentuate the luxury of making glass art in Europe. In fact, the technology and techniques of making glass or glass-ruled West, this time, is the result of the transfer of knowledge and technology from the Islamic world.

"What do the experts glass or glassware West is not fair, because it hides the values ​​of Islamic art glass as well as nullify a real achievement," said Norman A Rubin in his article titled "Islamic Glass Treasure: The Art of Glass Making in the Islamic World ".

Talking about the history of the art of glass-making or, said Rubin, who has been brilliant achievements inscribed Islamic world can not be forgotten. Muslim artists has contributed so much in making glass or glassware. According to Rubin, the Muslim artists have created new shapes and patterns in the glass or glass-making techniques. "The Muslim artist has given birth to new artistic spirit and the spirit and approach of Islamic art," he said.

Indeed, the art of making glass or cup is already growing before Islam was revealed. When Muslims began to spread on the territory of the 7th century AD, the manufacture of glass or the glass has grown in Egypt and western Asia.

However, since the Islamic Caliphate controlled territory centers glass or glass-making, technology, engineering and manufacture of the crockery was growing very rapidly. Stefano Carboni and Qamar ADAMJEE of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in his essay titled "Glass from Islamic Lands" explained, from the 7th century until 14 AD, glass or glass production is dominated by Islamic countries ..

Not only that, innovation and technology used to manufacture glass or glass in the era of the Caliphate is so very high. "This is a glorious phase in the manufacture of glass and glass art," said Stefano and Qamar ADAMJEE.

 Engineering and technology manufacture of glass or glass created Islamic civilization can be studied with better techniques based on manipulation. Variety of techniques in the manufacture of glass or glass that is easy to learn the Islamic world was so influential on the Western world. In the 17th century AD, western civilization absorbing various glass making techniques of Islamic civilization.

Unfortunately, after mastering the technique and technology of glass or glass-making, then tried to hide the Western civilization achievements ditotehkan Muslims. History records, since the 9th century AD, the art of glass making in the Islamic world has found its form and begin to dare to be different.

Like the manufacture of ceramics, architecture and decoration items from wood, glass or glass-making art era of Abbasid power began to manifest sense and values ​​of Islamic art. Although the process of imitation of Roman glass is still ongoing, but the Muslim artists began to develop the manufacture of glass and glass with style and distinctive artistic style, the highlight Islamic values.

Elif Gokcidge in his article titled "Islamic Glass Fragile Beauty" explained, the main technical characteristics of glass in the manufacture of glass or the period is relief-cut glass decoration with cold-cut technique. Muslim artists tried to show the effect of a cameo (precious stone which the background is the other).

In addition, glass is made also already has two layers of different colors. Corning Ewer is one very beautiful cameo glass created by Muslim artists. Entering the 11th century AD, glassware coated colorful and ornate started a trend in the Islamic world. Ornaments in glass or glass in that era not only print but also carved. Motifs of flowers and pictures of animals and humans is characteristic decoration on glass or glass in the century.


One of the most important achievements in the history of the manufacture of glass or glass in the Islamic world occurred in the 13th century AD At that time, surprisingly glassmaker artists in Egypt and Syria had mempu made with glass or coated colors polychromeuntuk first time.

Techniques to create glass or glass is done by painting the glass with a brush and then burn it for several times. Combustion repeatedly performed to obtain the desired color. Kind of color that will appear on the glass determined the chemical structure of the pigments used.

In the 14th century, a change in artistic taste of glass or glass Islam. Patterns of flowers and the style and geometry is more prominent. It was very evident from a variety of furnishing crockery produced in the reign of the Mamluk dynasty that ruled parts of Egypt and Syria. Artistic taste and glass cups that further highlight the flora and geometric patterns that appear on the chandelier, flower vases, and bottles were produced at that time.

Western civilization began enamored with glass and glass products Islam when the Crusades. Army soldiers and officials crusade is proud to bring porcelain cups of Jerusalem as a souvenir to his native country. They keep the glass and glass products made by artists in the church and the Islamic special places.

Start the 14th century AD, the Western artists, particularly in Venicia started learning to make their own cup or glass. Variety of glassware products produced artists to inspire Muslims of Western artists. In addition, the artists in Venicia also benefited from the ease of getting raw material for making quality glass imported from Egypt and Syria ..

Industrial quality glassware produced the Islamic world can only last until the 17th century AD Along overcast glory Islamic government, the art of making glassware began taken over Western civilization.

History of the Pillow

cushion is a soft bag of some ornamental material, stuffed with wool, hair, feathers, polyester staple fiber, non-woven material, or even paper torn into fragments. It can be used for sitting or kneeling upon, or to soften the hardness or angularity of a chair or sofa. Pillows and rugs can be used temporarily outside, to soften the hard ground. They can be placed on sunloungers and used to prevent interference from moist grass and biting insects. Some dialects of English that uses this word to refer to the pillow as well.

cushion is a very ancient article of furniture, inventory the contents of palaces and mansions in the early Middle Ages constantly made mention of them. Pillow then often large size, covered with leather, and strong enough to serve as a seat, but the steady trend of furniture all have grown smaller with time.

Pillow was, indeed, used as seats in all the events in France and Spain in the past and in many cases extremely, and Saint-Simon's time 'we find that the court in Spain they are still considered as a substitute for the special honorable seat. In France, the right to kneel on cushions in the church behind the king guarded and tightly regulated, as we learn again from Saint-Simon. Type of bearing is called Carreau, or square. As rough and hard chairs, cushions may have been a necessity, they are now one of the small luxuries of life.

Formerly the wealthy Greeks and their feet rested her head on the cushion and support that met embroidery. Ancient Egyptians regard the head as the lives of those places, so they are willing to spend more money for a fancy pillows. Chinese society considers a soft pillow can be lowered vitality, because it cushions China was originally made of wood, leather, and ceramics. Some cushion in China was once filled with drugs obta herbs to cure diseases, to change gray hair so black, and beautiful dreams.

At first cushion made ornate and opulent embroidery, pillow is a work of art. Pillows have a valuable trade commodity in China and Persia, and is only used by the wealthy Chinese population. Pillow then get to medieval Europe and rapidly adopted in the UK. But the pillow sata only used by women giving birth or a weak man. Entered the industrial revolution in terms of business start ogled pillow. Ornate pillows were entered mass production in factories.

In the development of the pillow used by all people and spread to Europe, China and even Indonesia. European society like a pillow of feathers, the chinese think pillows are soft and tender can damage the vitality of the body so choose materials from wood / leather / porcelain, while the Indonesian people use kapok fiber to fill pillow.

According to the progress of technology in addition to natural materials pillows made of synthetic fibers instead of natural fibers because of limited natural resources and to improve the quality of comfort. Here is an example of a pillow that is now prevalent in the market:

1. Dacron (polyester fiber)

There are many types of dacron and the best part is siliconized polyester fiber that silicone polyester fibers. This has a Dacron fiber with a high flower power so light weight but looks fluffy (fat) so tender and soft when used. But we must be careful with low-quality dacron fiber is easily broken and dust fragments can be dangerous for people with allergies.

2. Latex (natural rubber)

Basic properties of latex is very elastic. To be a pillow, a foam rubber developed. Usually this type of cushion made to contour the head and the advantage is durable.

3. Super foam (foam super)

Is a good quality synthetic foam. Advantage of this type of pillow is dampen spring like effect caused by latex. This pillow will not immediately come back after being given the load, so it would make more comfortable to wear

4. Goose feather (down)

This pillow is now a lot of us find in the market, although originally made by goose feather pillow European society because of its superiority is warm during cold weather and cool in the heat to make this happen because it can withstand temperatures down is absorbed, in addition to the cushion material has level of tenderness that is quite good (depending on the quality and composition).

I am a person who is very concerned about the quality sleep goose down pillows choose. This pillow is very comfortable indeed proven to support the head while it is relatively expensive. However, not commonly used in Indonesia (maybe), I was a bit confused with the treatment. So far as I care to do is leave them in the sun a week or 2 weeks to avoid moisture and distinctive smell

History of Beds

Beds or bed is a furniture or place used as a bed or break. along history, beds have evolved from simple types, such as straw-filled mattresses to luxury fixtures decorated with fabric.  various other types of furniture, beds often seen as a symbol of wealth and social class. Most of the modern bed frames consist of metal or wood (bedstead). Accessories for beds are mattresses for added comfort, fabric cover (sheet), blankets, and pillows. Beds can also function as other furniture, such as a sofa when not in use. The contents of the mattress can be straw, feathers, cotton and filler made. more modern mattresses use springs, hard foam, water, or air.

At the bottom of the mattress, box spring usually is (box spring). This box is a box about the size of a mattress made from wood and springs that provide additional support and suspension for the mattress. The next layer is usually a bed frame that supports the mattress or box per above on the ground. For centuries, the bed was one of the most important manufacturers of furniture in a household

Bed

is a standing symbol. Tudor royal family and nobles showed their wealth through their large four-poster bed and curtains and draperies, advanced and many people are now coveting a wide berth and beautifully designed in their home. Differences in the quality and comfort of the beds are always separated the rich from the poor and continue to do so. While most of us enjoy the luxury of fine Egyptian cotton sheets, the other in the entire world is not ready to sleep with a single fold.

Beds in the ancient world

The first bed was a little more than piles of straw or other natural ingredients to ease the discomfort of lying on the floor, naked cold. The big change occurred when the beds were first on the ground to protect from the wind slept, dirt and parasites. More than 3600 years, Persia goatskins filled with water to create a water bed first. In ancient Egypt, the beds are made of wood and reed mats, and beds serve as a place for eating and entertaining social as well as for sleeping.

In Homer's Odyssey, a bed of Ulysses is described as being made of braided wires, while the ancient Romans had a variety of beds for different purposes. This includes cubicularis lectus, or a bed to sleep in, discubitorius lectus, bed or desk, which up to three people would lie down to eat, and a lectus funebris, where the dead are carried on a pole. In most ancient societies, however, only the rich who enjoy the luxury of sleeping in a bed.

Beds in the Middle Ages

In Saxon England, generally consists of a bed mattress on wooden boards, covered with blankets and fleece blankets. In the last Saxon period, some of the beds have been proposed wooden platform. Once again, this is only the rich who sleep in the bed, and everyone spent the night curled up on the floor around the fire in the great hall

13th century saw the arrival of a canopy or tester, which. suspended by ropes from the beams above the bed. Curtains were hung over to block drafts and light. Bed gradually become more sophisticated address, often incorporating gold fabric and decorative fringe. In the early fourteen century, feather beds were imported from France became popular in UK homes. In wealthy households feather bed placed in the beam tangles (mattress) of straw, with a layer of fabric between the two. This quilt was also at that time.

Canopy beds were first introduced in the fifteen century, probably in Austria. These beds are generally large with carved pillars supporting up to 18 inches in diameter greater than the weight of the wood-paneled testers. Statue on the bed including family crests, monsters, griffins, cupids, and knights, and the curtains and the rugs are highly embroidered with magical colors and exotic designs. When traveling between manor lord, they often take their beds with them. Portable beds known as "roadside" bed and curtains have been called

In 1600, the beds in poor households will consist of a wooden frame with straps or brackets "portable space." Skin. The mattress is a bag of sweet filling, usually straw or wool sometimes, however, a trader can have a feather bed at his home, often with carved backs and submitting.

The origins of the modern bed

In the mid-eighteen century, a wider range of materials to be available quality Bedding linen or cotton used for blankets,. while coconut fiber, cotton, wool and horsehair stuffed mattresses and pillows. At the end of the 19th century, iron and steel frame has largely replaced the traditional wooden beds.

In 1873, Sir James Paget St Bartholomew's Hospital first using water beds to treat and prevent bedsores allowed water-filled pressure evenly across the mattress to the body .. In 1895 a few air mattresses that are sold through correspondence Harrod However due to the lack of suitable materials, water mattress not gain widespread popularity until the vinyl was developed in 1960 ..

In 1900, American William Lawrence Murphy created "Murphy Bed" space-saving, which folded in the closet. 1929 saw the arrival of expensive rubber latex mattresses, and on pocket spring mattress at the same time introduced. It is the individual springs sewn into linked fabric bags.

pocket spring mattress is still sold today throughout the world, although new technology has made it possible to develop alternatives such as memory foam mattress, which is perfect for your body shape and ensure a good night's sleep. From an aesthetic point of view, the beds are made from natural materials such as pine enjoyed a rebirth in popularity.

History of Zodiac

Zodiac is a term for a cluster of stars. Zodiac numbering 12 in accordance with the number of months for 1 year. Always associated with the zodiac forecasts science or so-called science of astrology. Zodiac certainly not born as well. There is a history that accompanies the zodiac so that each month is represented by 1 zodiac. Here it is 12 Star sign symbol and history.

1. Capricorn

According to Greek mythology, the goat is used as a symbol of the zodiac is indeed a real goat. Amaltheus his name. Goat's milk is never given to the god Zeus, as the supreme god of the ancient Greeks is still a baby, and his mother were in the cave hidden for fear of predation ferocious father named Chronoos. Because of these services, the goat and then raised to the sky, equipped with light. And be a star.

2. Aquarius

Symbolized by a cross-eyed young man who was pouring water from a large jar. Who the hell is this guy cross-eyed? is called Ganimedes, most loyal servant of Zeus. His job is to bring drinks gods greatest Greek nation.

3. Pisces

Symbolized by two fish. Both of these fish has been credited with bringing the goddess Venus (goddess of beauty) and the god Mars (god of war) to the Euphrates, at the time they were chased by Typhon.

4. Aries

Symbolized by a lamb. Lamb is not just any sheep. The gold furry sheep. He sacrificed as an offering to the supreme god, Zeus apparently happy to receive it. And he also made the stars.

5. Taurus

Symbolized by the bull. Taurus comes from the word meaning Taureau bull. This cow is the incarnation of the god Zeus (Jupiter). Perhaps the most liked story of Zeus at pretty girls. He is also known as the god of the most his wife. So, when he saw European beauty princess, whose matchless beautiful, was so kesemsemnya he transformed himself into a bull in order to kidnap the daughter of Europe.

6. Gemini

Denoted by a pair of twins. They are the son of the god Zeus. Both of these twins named Castor and Polux.

7. Cancer

Symbolized by the crab. Is the incarnation of the snake named Hydra. These snakes sent by Juno, against Hercules (boy known strong and brave). Snakes sent by Juno proved to be extremely toxic and has a lot of heads. If his head slashed by Hercules will grow again. Hercules cleverly, burn the snake neck. Then drop it a history of the snake. Then the snake was made of. Killing snakes is one of the 12 tasks of Hercules are very heavy.

8. Leo

Symbolized by the lion. The lion is one of the 12 tasks of Hercules are very famous. The lion is the most ferocious lion that must be conquered.

9. Virgo

Emblem is a very beautiful princess. This princess was the daughter incarnation Astrea who live in the age of gold. At that time he came down from heaven to earth. But he did not stay on earth, because it can not bear to see the suffering and crimes committed by man on earth. Then he returned to the sky and transformed into a star. The Greeks divided the day into four, namely the time of gold, silver, bronze and iron

10. Libra

Represented by the balance or scale. Is a symbol of justice. Daughter of the master of justice is the daughter Justicia. Its origin is not known with certainty.

11. Scorpio

Symbol is a scorpion. Had its origins are very interesting. Ie, there was love in terms of 4 (not love segi3 anymore). Between Orion (handsome man), Diana (goddess of the moon), Venus (goddess of beauty) and Aurora (goddess of the dawn). Because of his good looks Orion, cross-eyed girl he once loved 3. Because the two rivals jealous, Diana sent a scorpion to Orion. Scorpion bite him to death. Diana regret for his actions. And appealed to the god Zeus in order to be a star Orion. Because he is not guilty, then the god Zeus made him a star in the constellation Scorpio.

12. Sagittarius

Symbol is a horse-bodied creatures, human heads are archery. This creature is named Centaurus. Centaurus is actually the monsters, the enemies of the gods and humans. except Centaurus named chyron was a friend and teacher of gods and humans. He teaches how to use guns and shoot well. Because of these services, he was appointed to be a star.

History of sugar

Sugar is a new food popular in the middle ages. Sugar is virtually unknown in the classical civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome. The Greeks (who have the most to all of it) does not even have a word for sugar. Arabs who had made the sugar as a popular commodity in the world, which has now become a staple of all nations, with global production exceeding 120 million tons per year.

During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution, Arab entrepreneurs adopted the techniques of sugar production from India and then refine and transform the sugar into a large-scale industry. Arabs set up factories and sugar plantations of the first and distribute to Europe and Africa. The word "sugar" in English comes from the Arabic word "Sukkar", which is derived from the Sanskrit word "sharkara". Sugar translations in several languages ?? have the same etymology, for example, "azucar" in Spanish, "sucre" in France, "zucker" in German, and "Seker" in Turkey.

Chemicals that are not natural

So formidable sugar permeates our lives, most of us do not realize that sugar is an unnatural chemicals. Nothing like sugar crystals in nature. Is the result of refining sugar (refined) sugar cane or beet juice after all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, enzymes and other beneficial nutrients removed. As a result, the sugar does not contain a variety of nutrients and fiber found in other, more complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Excess sugar is converted into fat by the body. According to the American Heart Foundation, "sugars contribute zero nutrients, but it adds a lot of calories which can lead to extra weight, or even obese, thereby reducing heart health." Sugar can also cause dental problems. Sugar residues in the teeth that are not properly brushed naturally encourage the proliferation of bacteria that produce acid, so it is easy dental cavities. Furthermore, according to some experts, the sugar slowly cause damage to the pancreas, adrenal glands and disrupt the entire endocrine system. Sugar causes large fluctuations in blood glucose.

Therefore, nutrition experts always recommend that mengsonsumsi not excessive sugar. Unfortunately, this suggestion does not seem much ignored. Indonesia's per capita consumption of sugar now reached 12 kg per year, the trend continues to rise. Per capita means every man, woman, child and infant Indonesia average consume 1 kg of sugar a month. Most people consume far above average, others below average.

Many people are addicted to sugar so eat sugar than they need. Most people also do not underestimate the intake of sugar. In fact, each 1 gram of sugar contains 4 calories. 20 grams of sugar loaf will instantly add 80 calories to your body. In fact, without us knowing our babies are also taught to addicted to sugar. According to a study by the University of Calgary, more than half of all food products targeted to toddlers and infants in Canada have too many calories from sugar. There has been no similar studies in Indonesia, but the likely outcome is not much different.

Recommended consumption

According to the American Heart Foundation, women should not consume more than 100 calories of added sugar per day and men 150 calories per day. That is, no more than 25 grams per day for women and 37.5 grams for men. The amount is already included sugar in drinks, food, snacks, sweets, chocolates and all that you consume that day.

History of Tea

Tea in the world with all its variations in spelling and pronunciation comes from a single source. 'Te', meaning 'tea' in the Amoy dialect of China. Chinese national from the tea, 'cha', also produced several derivatives words in the world. Tea into Europe in the early seventeenth century. Compared excess tea in terms of treatment, the Europeans prefer the aroma of coffee. Only among a small group of some of the nobility, who popularized tea.

First Discovery Tea History Historically, tea is expected to be found by a Chinese emperor named Shen Nung Empire who lived about 2737 years before Christ. Emperor Shen Nung was not only known as an emperor, but also as The Divine Healer (Healer of the Divine). Story of the discovery of tea by the emperor was not intentional when the first tea leaves of the tea plant in the garden of Emperor Shen Nung falls into the hot water that is being cooked by the Emperor.

When the tea leaves terseduh with hot water, aroma appear immediately made the Emperor very tempted to drink it. Not only savory aroma, flavor and bitterness Sepat caused by leaf tea is also very favored by the emperor because it is believed to make the body more refreshed and according to research Emperor Shen Nung, drinks tea can cure some diseases. Since then, the Emperor Shen Nung often drank tea and tea since it became very popular all over China.

For the first time in the year 780 AD a scholar named Lu Yu collect and record the findings of the benefits and uses of tea into a tea literature, namely Ch'a Ching or The Classic of Tea. The book describes the "Tea is a beverage that makes us more excited when drank, reassurance, open minds and prevents drowsiness, makes the body feel light and fresh as well as improve the ability to think". At the time of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the Chinese began to brew tea with boiling water. With a little adaptation, where traditional wine pourer of Chinese who use the cover to be a perfect pot of tea.

History T-Shirt

Apparel T-shirt is a simple lightweight for the upper body, usually short-sleeved. A T-shirt usually without buttons and collar, with a round neck and short sleeves. This dress can be worn by anyone, both men and women, and for all age groups, including infants, adolescents, and adults. Rebel Without a Cause: this is the movie that popularized aka T-shirt T-shirt, especially among young people in the second half of the 1950s. James Dean, the main actor in the film's production in 1955, wearing a T-shirt, blue jeans and a red jacket, of course-do not forget to also hair cowlick. T-shirts, jeans, and leather jackets became a kind of symbol of youth rebellion.

Previously, Marlon Brando shocked the fashion world with his shirt through the film A Streetcar Named Desire in 1951. In the official poster film directed by Elia Kazan looked Brando wore a white T-shirt with the sleeves rolled up to reveal a beefy arm. He was hugging Vivien Leigh, actress co-star in the film. Kaos has since become an alternative style of dress of young people. Marlon Brando and James Dean was a rebel who made the popular shirts through movies. It should be noted, they then use a plain shirt graphics without the slightest touch.

Flowers generation with his hippie tie-dye T-shirt using the identity of his people. This model spread to Indonesia up to the level of the villages. Came the shirts are dyed into the liquid dye wantek. Previously, shirts tied with string-like techniques jumputan.

Youth protest at the Vietnam war policy in the late 1960s with shirts protesting peacefully "Make Love Not War" and "Give Peace a Chance". One of the wearer is John Lennon, composer "Give Peace a Chance". Symbol of peace, peace, Gerald Holtom design shaped like the steering wheel and printed on T-shirts worn people everywhere, including Indonesia.

Since the shirt was never out of their youth culture and young hearted. T-shirts into the transmitter all forms of "ideology" of music, tastes, to politics. This is an "evolution" because previous shirt undershirts alias is passing underwear became outerwear long process and a part of pop culture. In 1913 the U.S. Navy made the T-shirts as the official coat dress. Soldiers stationed in hot temperate areas often only wearing a T-shirt. Since then, precisely in 1920, T-shirts come in an entry in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.

History of Dress Shirts

Clothing Shirt comes from the Portuguese, Camisa is a shirt or dress up, especially for men. Clothing to cover arms, shoulders, chest down to the stomach. In general, collared and buttoned front, made of cotton, linen, etc. (some long-sleeved, short-sleeved some) Another name is, kamisa, which is still close to its original form, blouse, from the French language, especially for women and the hem of the Dutch language.

Until the early renaissance Europe, classified shirt garment inside. Status trustworthy man to declare shirt. But the white linen covering to be very difficult with a fondness for the renaissance to the shoulder, chest and forearm. In 1530 and later received a shirt mybe modern look at the neck and wrists, which can be bent collar clothes. At the end of the 19th century shirts are acceptable. Now time high collared shirt. But in 1917, found the pressure of the collar and the neck does not look good to the eye, and the collar then bent, which is seen in today.

Type of shirt

• Camp shirt - short sleeve shirt or a simple blouse with front pocket and collar kamping
• Dress shirt - shirt with collar formal (somewhat stiff), generally with a full opening from the bottom up and save a buttoned collar and sleeves with cuffs
• Dinner shirt - a shirt specifically made to be worn with male evening wear, eg black tie or white tie
• Winchester Shirt - a colored shirt or a striped shirt with a collar, but white and cuffs
• Guayabera - an embroidered shirt (embroidered) with four pockets
• Poet shirt - a loose shirt or blouse with sleeves bishop full, usually with big frills on the front and on the cuffs.
• T-shirt - see definitions and history of t-shirts in another page dacostume.com
• Polo SHIRT - see definitions and history of the shirt in another page dacostume.com
• Baseball shirt - usually distinguished by a three quarters sleeve, team insignia, and flat waistline seam
• Tunic - This name comes from the Latin, tunica, typically worn by men and women in Ancient Rome, distinguished by two-piece construction.
• Shirtwaist - the general term for the bodice of the dress or blouse or shirt for women of the early 19th century through the Edwardian period
• Night shirt - Clothing mild to sleep.
• Sleeveless Shirt - A sleeveless shirt. Referred to as a tank top
• Halter top - a sleeveless, sleeveless garment products for women. Typically using a strap at the back of the neck and lower back, wearing apron bleak

History of Mother's Day

History of Mother's Day started from the convergence of female fighters to Indonesia I hold a Congress of Women at 22 to 25 December 1928 in Yogyakarta, in the building that later became known as the Road Mandalabhakti Wanitatama Adisucipto. Attended by about 30 women's organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. Results from one of the Congress is to establish the Women's Congress is now known as the Indonesian Women's Congress (Kowani).

Women's organization itself has been around since 1912, inspired by the struggles of the heroine of the 19th century such as M. Christina Tiahahu, his Dien Cut, Cut Mutiah, R.A. Kartini, Walanda Maramis

Dewi Sartika, Nyai Achmad Dahlan, Rangkayo Rasuna Said and others.

The event is considered as one of the important milestones of the history of the struggle of women in Indonesia. Leaders of women's organizations from different areas of a archipelago gather their thoughts and passion to strive for independence and improvement of women's lot. Various issues when it is thought to work on the archipelago female unity; inclusion of women in the struggle for independence; inclusion of women in various aspects of nation-building; trafficking of children and women; improved nutrition and health care for mothers and infants; early marriage for women , and so on. Without fanfare colored gender equality, women fighters do critical thinking and various efforts are critical to the progress of the nation.

Determination dated December 22 as the celebration of Mother's Day was decided in the third Indonesian Women Congress in 1938. 25-year commemoration of Mother's Day in 1953 was celebrated festive in no fewer than 85 cities in Indonesia, ranging from Meulaboh to Ternate.

President Sukarno set by Presidential Decree. 316 in 1959 that December 22 is Mother's Day and is celebrated nationally today.

Diperingatinya Mission Mother's Day was originally more to commemorate the spirit and struggles of women in order to improve the quality of this nation. From there also reflected the spirit of the women of diverse backgrounds to come together and work together. In Solo, for example, 25 years Mother's Day is celebrated by making a charitable market outcome Workers Welfare Foundation to fund scholarships for women and girls. At the time of Mother's Day Solo committee also held a public meeting passed a resolution asking the government to control prices, especially staple ingredients. In the 1950's, Mother's Day takes the form of a march and rally to voice the interests of women directly.

A pivotal moment for women is the first time a woman is Maria Ulfah minister in 1950. Before independence the Congress Women are involved in the international movement and the struggle for independence itself. In 1973 Kowani become a full member of the International Council of Women (ICW). ICW serves as one of the categories of consultative council of the United Nations.

Today, Mother's Day in Indonesia celebrated to express love and gratitude to his mother, praised the mother's mothers. Various activities at the memorial was a special gift, flower editing, a surprise party for mothers, various cooking competitions and kebaya, or free the mother from the burden of daily domestic activities.

History of oil palm plantations

Oil palm was brought to Indonesia by the Dutch government in 1848. Some seeds are planted in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, while the rest of the seeds planted at the edges of the road as an ornamental plant in the Deli, North Sumatra in the 1870s. At the same time meningkatlah vegetable oil demand due to the Industrial Revolution the middle of the 19th century. From here then came the idea to make palm oil based plant selection from Bogor and Deli, the type of oil dikenallah "Deli Dura".

In 1911, plantations were cultivated and grown commercially by pioneering in the Dutch East Indies was Adrien Hallet, a Belgian, who then followed by K. Schadt. The first oil palm plantations are located on the East Coast of Sumatra (Deli) and Aceh. Plantation area reached 5123 ha. Captive breeding center and then incorporated in Marihat (known as AVROS), North Sumatra and in Rantau Panjang, Kuala Selangor, Malaya 1911-1912. In Malaya, the first plantation was opened in 1917 in the field Tenmaran, Kuala Selangor use of Deli dura seed Rantau Panjang. In West Africa alone planting of large-scale oil palm started in 1911.

Until the Japanese occupation, the Dutch East Indies is a major supplier of palm oil. Since the Japanese occupation, the production declined to only one-fifth of the number in 1940. [2]

Efforts to increase the period of the Republic carried out with the program Bumil (labor-military) were not successful in improving results, and then taken over by a major supplier of Malaya (then Malaysia).

New since the New Order era encouraged the expansion of planting area, combined with PIR plantation system. The expansion of oil palm plantations continue due to rising oil prices so that the role of rising vegetable oil as an alternative energy.

Some palm trees planted in the Bogor Botanical Gardens until now still alive, with a height of about 12m, and is the oldest oil palm in Southeast Asia from Africa.