History of Calculator

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of Sugar Cane

At first sugar cane known by the Polynesians, then spread to India. In 510 BC, when the Indian master, King Darius of Persia find "the reed which gives honey without bees". As with many other human inventions, where sugar cane is kept secret and closely guarded, while dairy products exported and to generate huge profits.

Secrets of sugarcane finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learned how sugar. During the expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain.

 

Sugar is known by those western Europe as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries was a period of major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. For example, in a 1319 note on sugar prices in London at "two shillings a pound". This value is equivalent to several months the average wage, so that it can be said sugar is a luxury at that time.

Rich people love-making sculptures of sugar to decorate their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party held in his honor by displaying plates, silverware, and linen are all made of sugar.

Because it is expensive goods, sugar is often considered a drug. Many health instructions from the 13th century to 15 who recommend giving sugar to people with disabilities to strengthen their power.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining is generally carried out in Venice. Venice could no longer a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established a trading there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the American people who have changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

In one of his first trip, Columbus brought sugarcane to be planted in the Caribbean region. The climate is very favorable for the growth of sugarcane caused the establishment of an industry quickly. The need for a large sugar to Europe led to many forest areas in the Caribbean islands became almost completely disappeared replaced sugar cane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua and half of Tobago. Sugarcane plants cultivated in bulk. Millions of people were sent from Africa and India to work in the sugar mill. Therefore, the production of sugar is closely associated with the slave trade in the western world.

Economically sugar is very important so that all European powers to build or trying to establish colonies on the small Caribbean islands and many battles going on for control of the islands. Furthermore, sugarcane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions in the world (India, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific) to meet the needs of the European market and local.

History of Mermaids

Mermaid is a water creature that has a body like a woman from the waist to the head, while the body from the waist down to resemble a fish. Mermaid is a mythological creature that belonged to the half-man half-animal creatures. Mermaids are often associated with adverse events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other traditions (or sometimes in the same tradition), the mermaid is described as having a good and merciful nature, bestowing gifts or fall in love with a human.

The story of the mermaid appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Story first appeared at the time of the Ancient Assyrians, about a goddess named Atargatis that transform himself into a mermaid because of shame had killed her accidentally. Babylonian society is also worshiped as the god of the sea mermaid known as Ea or Oannes; Oannes is described as a male mermaid.

In Greek mythology, the mermaid is said to always tease the sailors were negligent; anyone who is tempted to be doomed. Mermaids are also associated with siren creatures in Greek mythology, as well sirenian, order of marine mammals consisting of dugongs and sea ox. Some notes testimony encounter with mermaids by ancient sailors are most likely a mistake on the marine mammal observation form. Christopher Columbus claimed that he had seen a mermaid while browsing the Caribbean Sea, and report sightings also exist in the 20th century and the 21st in Canada, Israel, and Zimbabwe. In 2012, the National Ocean Service United States stated that the evidence of the existence of mermaids were never found.

Mermaids also become one of the popular subject in the field of art and literature in the modern age, for example in the works of the famous Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" (1836). Berungkali literary works have been adapted as an opera, painting, books, movies, and comics.


History
The story of the mermaid was first found in Assyrian. The story is about a goddess Atargatis, the mother of Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Goddess Atargatis fell in love with a shepherd, who then killed him. Embarrassed, he plunged into the lake to transform themselves into fish. However, water can not change him completely because of her beauty as a goddess. Finally, only half of his body that become fish from the waist up human form, from the waist down intangible fish although the depiction in ancient times, Atargatis described as fish heads and handed man, much like the god Ea of Babylon. The Greeks recognized Atargatis as Derketo.

In Greek legend is told that Alexander the Great's sister, Thessalonike, turn into a mermaid after her death, and wander in the Aegean Sea. He would always ask one question to sailors on every vessel he encountered: "Did Alexander still alive?" (Greek: "Ζει ο Βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος"), and the correct answer is: "He is still alive and in power and conquer the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμο κυριεύει"). The answer will make her happy, so he will make the waters became calm and menyelemati passing ship. Another answer would upset him, so that he will bring storms and cursed sailors and their ships in it

Discovery
Some legendary creatures like mermaids character is also found in some countries, such as: Mami Wata of west and central Africa; Russalki (Rusalka) from Russia and Ukraine; Merrow of Ireland and Scotland; Oceanid, Nereid, and Naiad from Greece, all four water nymphs. In fairy tales and folklore of Europe, there are creatures that its form resembles a mermaid called Melusine, tangible women from head to waist, while intangible fish from the waist down, with two forked tail or sometimes like a snake. According to Japanese folklore, if humans eat the flesh of a mermaid, it will gain immortality. In some European folklore, mermaids can be granted.

History of Boat, Sailboats and Steam Ship

A. History of Boat

Did you know that the man knew the boat since the stone age? Noted that the first boat made by humans is canoe-shaped vessel. Kano was created in the stone age, especially indigenous Americans were said to have been skilled wood carving make canoes.

For vessels that have a decent early used at sea may have been developed in the past 45,000 years. they also began to recognize the system in a way whaling drove them to the ground with a scare with sound noise, trik2, and use deadly weapons not for, like an arrow. This is usually used in small spesies2 such as pilot whales, beluga whales and narwhals. this time it was noted that the initial navigation system in the world comes from the ancient Indian maurya empire around 4th century BC.

The ancient Egyptians have sufficient knowledge in this konstruksi.Hal screen regulated by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent an expedition of the Phoenicians, who in three years sailing around Africa from the Red Sea to the mouth of the Nile. Some historians believe that Herodotus has reached this science.

for development and will be in a pillowcase tokoh2 gob on other blogs. Now we try to go about peristiwa2 important, namely the discovery of the ship that is used before the motor ship (MS) for humans even to this day.

B. History  of Sailboats

Ship sailing ship is driven by using screens that utilize wind power as a pusher. Ship construction is generally made of wood and old enough to use as a bone backs are shipping both civilian and military, until the invention of the steam engine and ship iron / steel in the 19th century along with the height of the Industrial Revolution, led by Britain through the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.

At first, the ship sails driven by human power as a rower and screen. Models of ships of this type can be seen in the viking ship, vessel Ancient Egypt, Ancient Roman ship, vessel Ancient India until the Borobudur Ship already using sailboats. Along with the development, then used kapa bercadik screen as seen in Indonesia, using a triangular sail ship as seen in the Middle East and rectangular sailing ship used by the European Nations ahead of entering the exploration century, As well as a folding screen with a model ship encountered in Japan or China. In today generally sailboats equipped with outboard engine for a possible no wind blows in certain areas local to continue their journey

C. History of Steam ship

After making a sailing ship sailing is growing and needs, which is faster begin to be felt, while the sailing ship has various limitations then later the steamer then be excellent new transport. Steamer or also called a steamer, is a ship driven by steam that drives the propeller or paddle wheel. Steamer or Steamships shortened to SS, SS or S.

Steamships began to be used after the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in England which led to the industrial revolution which is also a fuel revolution because at that time began to use coal with a wider scale replace firewood.

On the voyage, was found by John Fitch in 1787 on the River Delaware, United States, then Robert Fulton in 1802. Initially due to lack of confidence in shipbuilders and sailors, ships steamer still using poles tiggi and equipped with screens up to anticipate when the fuel in the furnace runs out of steam. Such a model can be found in the Pre Dreadnought battleships before 1906. For example warship type Asahi (Japan) or Borodino (Russia) involved in the naval war Tsushima in 1902.

History of Motorcycles~First Motorcycles in the World

First motorcycle made by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 when he put up a machine with complete combustion in a wood bike he designed himself. The bike has four wheels, including two additional wheels (like a bicycle wheel in children).

Son Daimler became the first to ride a motorcycle when he tried his father's creations on November 10, 1885 with the speed of approaching 10Kpj. Some motorcycle model then introduced in Germany, France and the UK with a focus on the development of its practicality as a means of transportation.

In 1903, Arthur Davidson and his brother Walter along with his neighbor William Harley Harley-Davidson made the first one. A year later they began producing motorcycles for sale. 1909 Harley-Davidson V-Twin engine introduces the first, which has two cylinders with configuration like the letter "V".

The machine has a great sound, rumble and impressed males, shortly engine into a classic American machines. During 1914, forms the basis of modern motorcycle began to form. The form includes the laying of the engine between the front and rear wheels and a chain to mentransger power from the engine to the rear wheels.

During World War I (1914-1918), the motorcycle is proven as a means of transportation for American and European military, was able to reduce the burden on the highway and was able to bring much more to the communication device front lines of battle. After the war, the use of motorcycles spread to Europe and America. Until the 1950s, most North American motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson or by British companies such as Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, and Triumph.

The period 1960 and 1970, Japanese companies such as Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha, began to introduce a motorcycle with the engine and suspension development, and they can compete with the motor manufacturer Sudak first there. Later, a motorcycle with a 750 4 stroke engines up to 1200 cc that powered their production will dominate the motorcycle market highway, while the second machine measures 250 cc to 500 will dominate the market of off-road motorcycles.