Egyptian hieroglyphs (pronounced / haɪərəʊɡlɪf /, from Greek ἱερογλύφος "sacred carving", in English hieroglyphic = τὰ ἱερογλυφικά [γράμματα]) is a formal writing system used by the people of ancient Egypt consisting of a combination of elements logograf and alphabet. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system is one of the oldest known to man. Some of the posts are from the year 3000 BC and has been used by the Egyptians for more than 3000 years. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. There is also a variety of smaller formal writing, called hieratik and demotic, but technically it is not a hieroglyphic inscription.
Etymological
According to the dictionary, the meaning of the hieroglyphs are ancient Egyptian writing and alphabet, which consists of 700 images and a symbol in the form of humans, animals, or objects, and a symbol of posts (images resemble spikes) that is confidential or puzzle that is difficult to read or understand the meaning . Hieroglyphics called because when the Greeks first saw the title, they believe that writing is writing that pastors have a sacred meaning and purpose. The word hieroglyphics comes from the Greek adjective ἱερογλυφικός (hieroglyphikos), a combination of ἱερός (Hieros 'sacred' or 'holy') and γλύφω (glýphō 'carving', 'sculpture', or glyphs). The word itself refers glyphs τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ γράμματα (TA hieroglyphikà grámmata 'literature carving chisel'). Hieroglyph word in the English language be a noun, replacing the actual meaning of the word hieroglyphics. That should have been in the previous sentence, the word is an adjective hieroglyphic, but it is often a mistake in using the word as a noun hieroglyph.
History and Development
Hieroglyphics has emerged from prior literature artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on pottery Gerzean from 4000 BC resemble hieroglyphic writing. For several years, the first hieroglyphic inscriptions are known Narmer Palette, found in excavations at Hierakonpolis (now Kawm al-Ahmar) in the 1890s, who predicted the year 3200 BC. However, in 1998, the German archaeological team under Günter Dreyer on excavations at Abydos (now Umm el-Qa'ab) discovered a tomb of a Predynastic ruler, and found the names of three hundred clay sculpture with proto-hieroglyphs, dated the Naqada IIIA period of the 33rd century BC. The first full sentence written with hieroglyphs so far discovered were seal impressions found in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen located in Umm el-Qa'ab, dated from the second dynasty. At the time of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom, there are about 800 hieroglyphs.
When the Greco-Roman era, they numbered more than 5,000 hieroglyphs. In the fourth century, some Egyptian people finally able to read hieroglyphics. The use of hieroglyphics and then stopped after the closure of all non-Christian church in 391 AD by the Roman Emperor, Theodosius I; were written in the last inscription from Philae, known as The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, in 396 AD. Hieroglyphs of the most shocking discoveries in modern history was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in the years around 1799. People who receive an award from interpreting the text is Jean Francois Champollion. At first, the Egyptians used a form of picture writing the rough, like those used by primitive tribes around the world. Hieroglyphs are pictures that each represent a natural object. The sun was described as a plate, illustrated with a crescent moon, the water is described by the wave line, people with the people, and so forth.
However, writing this image can not represent words or objects that are not visible to the eyes such as thoughts, light and day. So that hieroglyphs were more regarded as a symbol of an idea rather than an image of the object. The dish can also mean 'day', not simply mean the sun. These ideas are called 'ideogram'. Developments subsequent hieroglyphics are using pictures, more to represent sounds rather than to represent actual objects. For example, a picture of a bee can not mean insects, but rather refers to the word 'bee'. The leaves can have a sense of 'trust' (we use the word in the Indonesian language to make it easier to show how it works). Such hieroglyphs, which is used as a sound, known as the 'phonogram'. Later, the Egyptians can write any word they know, whether the word means something they can draw or not. Of these phonograms they develop a series of signs, each representing one letter. In writing, the Egyptians were using only consonants (consonants) only. For example, the word 'drink' will only be written 'mnm' (of course, using the writings of Egypt). The Egyptians also continue to use the old symbols in their writings as ideograms, phonograms, and picturegram (ideogram) all combined. Over time, the text menjadisangat complex that is not easily understood by the layman.
Writing Systems
Hieroglyphic writing can start from right to left, left to right, or from top to bottom and from bottom to top, but it usually starts from right to left (as in Arabic writing, although in formal writing nowadays using left to right).
Type Hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs are phonetic glyphs, including single consonant characters that function like the alphabet, logographs, and semagram (symbols that determine the semantic meaning), which limits the meaning of logographic or phonetic words.
Visually, the whole hieroglyphic less figurative: they represent real or ilusional elements, sometimes adjusting the mode and simplified, but in general is really well known in the sign. However, the same symbol or mark, based on the context, can be interpreted in various ways: as a phonogram (phonetic reading), as a logogram, or as an ideogram (semagram; determinative, semantic reading).
Most of the symbols or hieroglyphics form a phonetic nature, which means that the symbol is read and made according to visual characteristics. Images of the eye to explain the word 'eye' itself, and the word 'me' in English ('eye' and 'I'). Drawing the eye is called the phonogram of the word 'I'. Shape with a single consonant phonograms called mono-or sign uniliteral; with two consonants, sign biliteral; with three consonants called triliteral signs. Twenty-four marks uniliteral called hieroglyphic alphabet. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels such as A, I, U, E, O.
Egyptian writing is often redundant or redundant. This often happens in a word that should be followed by a number of writing characters that have the same pronunciation. For example, the word nfr, dating back which means' beautiful, good, perfect ", was written in a unique triliteral.
However, it is most commonly added in triliteral, uniliteral for f and r. The word can be written as NFR + f + r but still readable by the NFR. Two alphabetic characters added for the sake of clarity the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyphs. Exaggerated characters that follow biliteral or triliteral signs are called phonetic complements or complementary phonetic. Can be placed in front of the sign (rarely), after signs (such as general provisions), or even dikeduanya.
In addition to the phonetic interpretation, characters or symbols can also be interpreted by reading, in this case logogram spoken (or ideograms) and semagram (often also called determinative).
Logogram
Hieroglyphics used as a logogram to assert an object which is an image. For that logogram an ordinary objects are often used. In theory, all hieroglyphs has the ability to be used as a logogram. Logogram be accompanied by phonetic complements.
Determinatives or semagram (which determines the semantic meaning of the symbol) is placed at the end of a word. The character is intended to clarify whether a word, like homofonik glyphs. (Anehdidunia)
