Historical eruption of Mount Krakatau in Indonesia

Krakatoa is a volcano is still active and located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. This volcano has erupted on August 26, 1883. Very powerful eruptions and resulting tsunami killed about 36,000 people. Until December 26, 2004, this is the terdahsyat tsunami. Krakatau eruption voice to be heard in Alice Springs, Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Africa, 4653 miles. Yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.

But the explosion that occurred around 416 AD It was destroyed three-quarters of the body mounts and leaves three big islands, namely Sertung Island, Rakata Island, and Long Island, as well as a third caldera in the center of the island. before 1883 came the two mountain chains and mountain named Mount Danan lam deeds which then gradually united with rakata Island and commonly referred to as Mount Krakatoa alone.

In 1880, the so-called period of strombolian, volcanic activity lasted for several months, and Mount Deeds active lava issued. After that period, there is no volcanic activity until eventually emerge will mark the eruption in May 1883.

Then on August 27, 1883 Mount Krakatoa erupted. According to historical records, which until now has always promoted the ranks of Lampung tourism, Mount Krakatoa erupted very powerful, earth-shattering. bursts of lava and ash reached an altitude of 80 km. While the ash around the earth for several years. emergency visits North America and Europe, as it appears in blue in the sun and the moon appears orange (orange).

This eruption produced great dust that can penetrate up to 90 km distance. The eruption also impacted the ocean waves up to 40 m vertically and has killed around 36,000 people in 165 villages in both South Lampung or the west of West Java. And because it has eliminated the eruption of Mount Danan and deeds from the earth and leaving the three islands of Long Island, Sertung Island, and a large and sebuahkaldera Rakata Island located in the middle third of the island with a diameter of 7 km.

Forty years later the birth of new wonders. Around 1927 fishermen who go to sea in the middle of the Sunda Strait suddenly surprised. Black smoke at sea level immediately poking among three islands, namely in the former caldera eruption was so terrible before. Then on the 29th december 1929 a crater wall appears to the sea surface as well as the source of the eruption. Only two years after the mystery cloud of smoke in the sea, and then came the strange object. "Faces" that monstrosity original increasingly apparent and it turns out that the latter is called Mount Anak Krakatau.

But the mystery of Mount Anak Krakatau not stop there. This mountain is unique, because it is always adding mountain altitude of about one inch per day. Mount Anak Krakatau that originally only a few meters away, now can reach 230 meters above sea level, and since the advent in 1927. This mountain has erupted recorded about 16 times since December 1927 until August 1930 and 43 times since 1931 to 1960 and 13 times since 1961-the year 2000.

History of Indonesian Currency

2 November 1949 is the date of the enactment of the rupiah as the official currency of the Indonesian rupiah and printed as well as its use is set by Bank Indonesia. Although at that time the Riau Islands and West Irian rupiah has their own variation, but their use was disbanded in 1964 in 1974 in Riau and West Irian.

Indonesian money. Government deems it necessary issuing its own currency in addition to functioning as legal tender is also used as the main symbol of which is an independent state. Word "dollars" is derived from the words "rupees", the currency of India. Indonesia has been using the currency of the Dutch Gulden 1610 to 1817. After 1817, the currency was introduced Gulden Netherlands Indies.

Rupiah currency was first introduced officially at the time of Japanese occupation during World War 2, with the name of the Dutch East Indies dollars. After the end of the war, the Bank of Java (Javaans Bank, later to become Bank Indonesia) introduced the Java rupiah currency as a substitute. NICA gulden currency created by the Allies and a collection of printed currency guerrilla also apply at that time. Rupiah is the currency that may be exchanged for free, but traded with the penalty due to the high levels of inflation. New Currency in the history of money and function of money as well as the types of manufacturing was experiencing a lot of stories and a long history in the country of Indonesia

Economic situation in Indonesia at the beginning of independence was marked by hyperinflation caused by the circulation of a currency that is not controlled, while the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not have a currency. There are three currencies were declared valid by the government of the Republic of Indonesia on October 1, 1945, the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies, and currency De Javasche Bank.

Among the three currencies that exchange rate experienced a sharp decline is Japan's currency. Its circulation reached four billion so that the Japanese currency is the source of hyperinflation. Society who suffer most are farmers, because they are the most widely store the Japanese currency.

Economic chaos caused by the hyperinflation exacerbated by policies AFNEI Commander (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford is on March 6, 1946 announced the implementation of NICA currency in all parts of Indonesia that has been occupied by troops AFNEI. This policy was protested loudly by the government of the Republic of Indonesia, for violating the agreement that each party shall not issue a new currency for the absence of a political settlement. But the protest was ignored by AFNEI. NICA AFNEI currency used to finance military operations in Indonesia and also disrupt the national economy, so it would appear people's confidence crisis on the ability of the Indonesian government to address national economic problems. Because the protest is not addressed, then the government of the Republic of Indonesia issued a policy that banned all Indonesian people using NICA currency as a medium of exchange. This step is very important because NICA currency in circulation outside the control of the government of Indonesia, making it difficult for national economic recovery.

Therefore AFNEI not revoke the application of the NICA currency, then on October 26, 1946 the Indonesian government imposed a new currency ORI (Oeang Republic of Indonesia) as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Since that time the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies and De Javasche Bank currency is no longer valid. Thus there are only two currencies in force the ORI and NICA. Each of these currencies is only recognized by the issuing. So ORI is only recognized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the only currency recognized by AFNEI NICA. The people turned out to give more support to the ORI. This has political implications that more people siding with the government of the Republic of Indonesia of the interim government that is supported AFNEI NICA.

To set the exchange rate with a foreign currency ORI in Indonesia, the government of the Republic of Indonesia on November 1, 1946 to change the leadership of the Foundation Center Margono Djojohadikusomo Bank to Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A few months earlier the government has also changed the Japanese occupation government bank Shomin Ginko to Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Tyokin Me a Post Office Savings (KTP), which changed its name in June 1949 a Post Bank savings and finally in 1950 to the State Savings Bank ( BTN). All this serves as a bank commercial bank which is run by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Its main function is to collect and distribute funds or public money as well as service providers in the payment traffic.

Long before the arrival of the western nations, the archipelago has been the center of international trade. While in mainland Europe appears simple banking institutions, such as Bank van Leening in the Netherlands. The banking system was then taken by a western nation that expands the archipelago at the same time. VOC in Java in 1746 founded the Bank van De Leening which later became De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening in 1752. The bank is the first bank that was born in the archipelago, the precursor of the banking sector in the future. On January 24, 1828, the Dutch established the circulation by the name of De Javasche Bank (DJB). Over the decades, the bank operated and developed by an Exclusive Right of the ruler of the Netherlands, DJB Wet enacted until 1922.

During the Japanese occupation has stopped DJB and Dutch banking for a while. Then the revolution came, the Dutch East Indies experiencing duality of power, between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Banking was divided into two, DJB and Dutch banks in the region whereas NICA "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" and Bank Negara Indonesia in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 ended the conflict Indonesia and the Netherlands, then DJB defined as the central bank for the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). This status continued to survive until the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Next as a sovereign nation, the Republic of Indonesia nationalized central bank. So since July 1, 1953 DJB transformed into Bank Indonesia, the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia. The Asian economic crisis of 1998 led to the exchange rate of the rupiah fell to 35% and the weakening rupiah economic situation in Indonesia is lowered.

History of Tea

Tea in the world with all its variations in spelling and pronunciation comes from a single source. 'Te', meaning 'tea' in the Amoy dialect of China. Chinese national from the tea, 'cha', also produced several derivatives words in the world. Tea into Europe in the early seventeenth century. Compared excess tea in terms of treatment, the Europeans prefer the aroma of coffee. Only among a small group of some of the nobility, who popularized tea.

First Discovery Tea History Historically, tea is expected to be found by a Chinese emperor named Shen Nung Empire who lived about 2737 years before Christ. Emperor Shen Nung was not only known as an emperor, but also as The Divine Healer (Healer of the Divine). Story of the discovery of tea by the emperor was not intentional when the first tea leaves of the tea plant in the garden of Emperor Shen Nung falls into the hot water that is being cooked by the Emperor.

When the tea leaves terseduh with hot water, aroma appear immediately made the Emperor very tempted to drink it. Not only savory aroma, flavor and bitterness Sepat caused by leaf tea is also very favored by the emperor because it is believed to make the body more refreshed and according to research Emperor Shen Nung, drinks tea can cure some diseases. Since then, the Emperor Shen Nung often drank tea and tea since it became very popular all over China.

For the first time in the year 780 AD a scholar named Lu Yu collect and record the findings of the benefits and uses of tea into a tea literature, namely Ch'a Ching or The Classic of Tea. The book describes the "Tea is a beverage that makes us more excited when drank, reassurance, open minds and prevents drowsiness, makes the body feel light and fresh as well as improve the ability to think". At the time of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the Chinese began to brew tea with boiling water. With a little adaptation, where traditional wine pourer of Chinese who use the cover to be a perfect pot of tea.

History of Laser Printers

Laser printer is a type of printer that uses toner (powdered ink) as a medium for the print data, a portion of the machine resembles a laserjet printer photocopier. With power enough print that can reach more than 10 pieces per minute. And the print quality that resembles the original. Color laser printers have a way of working that is more complex because in addition to having more than one photoreceptor scheme, also to be precise alignment between the colors.

American inventor who inspires a young researcher from Xerox Webster Research Center, Rochester named Gary Starkweather. At that time Gary was sitting in his lab thinks suppose if the printing is done on the computer??. Based on the idea then was born the Laser Printer. But this idea was opposed by Xerox management and requested that Gary stop trying. But do not break the spirit of Gary got there, he then tried another way secretly he continued researching and finally in 1969 the prototype was ready constructed by modifying an existing xerographic. Starkweather finally managed to create a form of laser printer copier with a system that already dimodikasi prncitraan removed and introduced spinning drum with 8 opposite side.

Laser printer behavior

Actual workings similar to a laser printer copier, which uses photographic drum. It works like this:

• First Wire corona discharge of static electricity that makes drum (photo conductor) are positively charged.
• Then, highlighted rays from the laser unit (exposition) on the surface of a rotating drum according to the information obtained from the computer. In this way, the laser drawing letters or images to be printed as a pattern of electrical charges-an image of a negatively charged static electricity.
• Furthermore, toner or ink powder form sprinkled on drums. Because toner is positively charged, it will stick to the negatively charged area on the drum, the area that had been highlighted by the laser beam.
• Insert a piece of paper in the paper tray so that the ground by the drum. Previously, paper given by the negative charge corona wire. Charge is greater than the negative charge of static electricity image so the paper can pull the toner powder is positively charged. Because spinning at the same speed with the rotation of the drum, the paper copy existing image on the drum.
• The paper has been copied image was passed to the fuser, which is a pair of heated rollers. As it passes through the fuser, toner powder melts and hold tightly to the paper fibers. Then the paper was issued to the output tray.
•  After the static image on the drum transferred to the paper, the drum through the light of liberation. Bright spotlight on the entire surface of the photoconductor and remove static electricity image. Then, the drum through the corona wire which gave positive charge back.
• And the process is repeated again for the next printing

History of Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printer system introduced in tahun1984. with inkjet printers and printer ink cartridges, document printing tasks and replacement ink cartridges more frequently used, the more reliable the results are cleaner than on tape or charging the toner cartridge.

In 1984, revenue is not a dependency system as it is today. Inkjet printer system replaces the dot matrix printer, which resulted in the replacement of the ribbon. Shortly thereafter, the factories began to conceptualize printer inkjet technology, in accordance with the demands of progress. Some companies began to control the progress of inkjet behind. And in the 90s, such methods are widespread.

Technological developments Inkjet printers expand personal choice, and be proud, because of its ability to produce prints on different paper types and sizes, factory, films and others as well as inkjet technology is evolving faster than other types of printers technology. This is evidenced by the more frequent emerging inkjet printer compared to other printers. Inkjet technology still provides a wider development opportunities, such as increased speed, color and high resolution, so that the inkjet printer is identical to the personal printer. Inkjet printers are used for networking, but is dominated by a personal printer inkjet printer. Inkjet printers also have new abilities, like the ability to print on a variety of sizes and media (paper, cards, T-shirts). This printer is also used for schools, homes and millions of people around the world. Current methods cartridges needed to print both black and white or color images and pictures.

The workings of Inkjet Printer

When the OK button is clicked, there are some actions by the printer.

• Application software that is used to send data to be printed to the printer driver.
• Drivers translate transmitted data into data that can be understood by the printer and check if the printer is ready to print.
• The data is then sent by the driver from the computer to the printer using a parallel interface connection / USB.
• Printer receives data from the computer and the amount of data stored in the buffer. Buffers can be sized from 512 KB of RAM and 16 MB of RAM depending on the model. Buffering is very useful because it allows the computer to the printing faster than having to wait for the actual page to print.
• If the printer is in idle status for a long time, usually will do the print head cleaning process first. After the cleaning is completed, the printer is ready to print.
• Control Circuit activates feed stepper motor to take the paper. This motor activates roll and take Kerta that exist on paper tray. There is little mechanism to check the paper tray. If no paper is detected, the printing is done. But if no paper is detected, the LED on the printer will turn on and the printer sends alerts printer is out of paper on the computer.
• After the paper has been loaded, the print head using the belt to move around the position paper. Motor stops every fraction of a second to give time for the print head to squirt ink dots on the paper before moving again. This movement occurs so quickly that it looks like continuous.
• Several points were made in a single spray. Head print CMYK color spraying in order to get the exact value desired color.
• After reaching the limit of the paper, the print head back to the beginning of the paper (or on some printers print head spin / turn around) and re-print.
• The above process is repeated until printed a full page. Time taken to print one halamann also vary, depending on the complexity of printed pages or images.
• Once printing is complete, the print head is positioned on the other side outside the paper area. Feed stepper motors then pushed the paper back into the tray up and printing is complete. Nowadays, most printers use ink that is fast drying so that the document prints can be used directly without having to first wait for smudging.