History of Knives

Knives, could no longer be denied. As the oldest tool of human beings, the knife has accompanied humans since prehistoric times until now. Throughout the history of human civilization, the knife has been used and more useful. Starting from the initial function as a means of self defense from wild animals in the pre-history, gathering food, making shelter until now where the knife can be considered as art pieces of quality and have high economic value.

The process of making knife evolve as the development of human civilization. You could say knife making human tingkatperadaban describe when a knife blade was made. me through a knife can be known with modern technology i then. Starting from the initial shape pisauyang changed from time to time, the evolution of form, materials and manufacturing technologies knife abreast of technology trends of his time. 

At the time of the stone age the first knife made ​​of stone Flint stone kind of shiny and has a sharp edge. With nothing more than a form of stone chips. This stone can be easily formed with high acuity in his day. The blade of this stone which in turn increases the ability of humans to the stone age to hunt, find food and make shelter. Subsequent developments have experienced this stone knife sharpening, grinding technology early enable humans to acquire flint knife which has a smooth surface with higher acuity. Since that time the prey debarking technologies grow more rapidly. Making a simple thread of fiber trees leads man to a higher civilization.

Further in human history finally know teknologipengolahan copper, bronze, and finally iron. The entire journey of human civilization is immortalized in blade technology and manufacture.

Humans have a very special bond with the tools that accompany peradabanya. Knives and tools like that help people in hunting, gathering food and so forth, has got a touch overwhelming feeling from the manufacturer. Touch the soul of art as a sense of respect for the maker of tools that facilitate the way of civilization has been demonstrated that the cultural level of the blade can be told when a knife is made. Touch of beauty that exist on a knife illustrate the high knowledge they have learned in a particular period.

Each blade can also describe the natural condition of the blade is made. Natural conditions resulting in different needs of each blade as an example, long and slender Bolo used in the Philippine highlands is suitable for

forest jobs in the area, but Machete from South America to have a more robust and more suitable for use in the interior of the more dense Amazon forest wood harder. Another example is a curved shape that is possessed by a Ghurka knife fighter is also used as a hunting knife, knife to slaughter tetak and yak, a different kind of a big bull with a Bowie knife of Americans who used to fight but do not need to kill game animals.

At this time, the knife still remains a very useful tool. Even when high technology has penetrated every aspect of life, where the knife is still needed. Some knives have changed function, more specifically to the needs for "sport" compared to "survival" as in the past.

History of The Calculator

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of PT. Indosat

PT. Indosat Tbk was established in 1967 as a foreign investment companies that provide services International Telecommunication Indonesia. PT Indosat Tbk, formerly known as PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation Tbk, which is a provider of telecommunication lines in Indonesia. And telecommunications company Indosat is Indonesia's second largest multimedia to mobile services (Mentari, Matrix, IM3 and StarOne).

In 1980, the Indonesian government to buy all the shares of Indosat, so that when the PT. Indosat, Tbk became Joint Owned Enterprises (SOEs). In 1994 the company went public marked by registering its shares on the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX), the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX) as well as enroll in the New York Stock Exchange.

PT Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) was established in 1993 under the supervision of PT Indosat. Began operations in 1994 as a GSM operator. Establishment as a subsidiary of Indosat Satelindo make it as the first GSM operator in Indonesia. In 2001 PT. Indosat, Tbk established PT. Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and was followed by acquiring all of the shares of PT. Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) in 2002. Was followed by group as organizer makes Indosat mobile phone operator in Indonesia's second largest

In late 2002, the Indonesian government sold 41.94% stake in Indosat to Singapore Technologies Telemedia Pte. Then widened Indosat Telecommunication Company Limited (PT Indosat, Tbk) and the Foreign Investment into a company that offers a full service, integrated networks, and services of information technology and communications solutions.

On November 20, 2003 signing of the merger agreement merger of Satelindo, Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and Bima Graha into PT. Indosat, Tbk. This was followed by the emergence of PT. Indosat, Tbk, a company that focuses on the cellular signal (network) strong or Full Network Service Provider (FNSP). By combining the company's mobile, fixed telecommunications and MIDI his services into a single company. PT. Indosat Tbk is positioning itself into a provider of telecommunications services to a broad range of products in Indonesia.

Over the above program, followed by a thorough transformation program that began in 2004. Transformation includes the fields of human resources, technology, culture and values ​​of the company. These efforts are beginning to show encouraging results acquisition, the success of the company's record company revenue exceeded 10 billion Euro and an increase in margins in its 10th year as a public company.

Currently PT. Indosat, Tbk has opened a branch office in 5 regions of Sumatra Regional Office, Regional Office Greater Jakarta and Banten, Bali Nusa & Sulampapua Regional Office, East Java and Kalimantan Regional Office and West & Central Java Regional Office.

History of Photography

Understanding and Definition of Photography

Photography ( from English : photography , which is derived from the Greek word is " Photos " : light and " Grafo " : Painting ) is the process of painting / writing using light media .

Photography means a process or method to produce an image or images of an object by recording the reflection of light on the objects on light sensitive media . The most popular tool for capturing this light is the camera . Without light , there is no photograph that can be made .

To generate proper light intensity to produce an image , use the help of a measuring instrument lightmeter . After obtaining the proper size of the lighting , a photographer can adjust the light intensity by changing the combination of ISO / ASA ( ISO Speed ​​) , diaphragm ( aperture ) and shutter speed ( Speed) . The combination of ISO , Diaphragm & Speed ​​referred to as Exposure ( Exposure ) . In the era of digital photography in which the film is not used , then the speed of the film that was in use evolved into Digital ISO .

history of Photography

History of Photography started in the 19th century . 1839 is the year of the birth of photography . At that time , in France officially declared that photography is a technological breakthrough . At that time , recording two- dimensional as the eye can be made permanent .

History of photography began long before the AD . In the 5th century BCE (BCE ) , a man named Mo Ti observes a phenomenon . If the wall of a dark room there is a small hole ( pinhole ) , then on the inside of the chamber will be reflected in the view of the outside of the room in reverse through the hole . Mo Ti was the first to realize the phenomenon of the camera obscura .

Centuries later , many are aware of and admire this phenomenon , namely Aristotle in the 3rd century BC and an Arab scientist Ibn al Haitam ( Al Hazen ) in the 10th century BC , which seeks to create and develop a tool that is now known as a camera . In 1558 , an Italian scientist , Giambattista della Porta called the " camera obscura " in a box that helps artists capture shadows image .

Name of camera obscura was invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611 . Johannes Kepler makes the camera portable design that is made like a tent , and gave the name of the device camera obscura . Inside the tent was very dark except for a bit of light captured by the lens , the image formed in the state outside of the tent on a piece of paper .

Various studies conducted starting in the early 17th century , the Italian scientist - Angelo Sala use sunlight to record a series of words on a plate of silver chloride . But he failed to maintain a permanent image . Around the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood , a British experiment to record a positive image of the image in the camera obscura lens , the results are very disappointing . Humphrey Davy conduct further experiments with silver chloride , but also meet the same fate , despite being caught by the camera obscura images without lens .

Finally , in 1824 , a French artist lithography , Joseph - Nicéphore Niepce ( 1765-1833 ) , after eight hours of clicking - exposed view from his bedroom window , through a process called heliogravure ( process works similar lithograph ) on top of a metal plate coated with bitumen , successfully gave birth to a somewhat blurred image , also managed to maintain a permanent image . He continued his experiments until 1826 , is what eventually became the actual early history of photography . The resulting image is now stored at the University of Texas at Austin , USA .

Study after study continues to pata dated dated August 19, 1839 , the opera stage designer who is also a painter , Louis - Jacques Mande ' Daguerre ( 1787-1851 ) was crowned as the first to successfully create photo real : a permanent image on a sheet of copper plate silver coated with a solution of iodine were exposed for one and a half hours of light directly heated mercury ( fluorescent ) . This process is called the daguerreotype . To make the image permanent , washable plates salt solution and distilled asir . January 1839 , Daguerre actually want to patent it . However , the French government thinks that the findings should be shared around the world for free .

Photography then develop very quickly . Eastman Kodak company through , George Eastman developed the photography by creating and selling a roll of film and the camera box is practical , in line with developments in the world of photography through improved lens , shutter , film and photographic paper .

1950, to facilitate shooting on a Single Lens Reflex camera then start to use the prism ( SLR ) , and Japan also began to enter the world of photography with a Nikon camera production was followed by Canon . 1972 Edwin Land Polaroid camera findings began to be marketed . Polaroid camera capable of producing images without going through the process of developing and printing film.

History Copy Machines | Technology

Flood Chester Carlson inventor of a photocopy machine was born on February 8, 1906 in Seattle, Washington, USA father contracted tuberculosis forced him to work hard to get the cost of treatment. By the time 17-year-old mother died, and four years after his mother died following Carlson's father. This does not make Carlson discouraged to learn. He could finish his education up to the college at the California Institute of Technology. after completing his studies, Carlson and then worked at a manufacturer of electronic goods. Chester Carlson began her work as a copyist in a patent document peruahaan patent analysis, Carlson thought to accelerate job is to create a tool that can print documents repeatedly. He also read the various references to the printing press. Finally, he found the concept of electrophotographic, which we now know as a copier.

In 1938, Chester Carlson made a small experiment that utilizes powder soot (carbon) and light exposure and move a post from a medium to another medium. He also uses a concept called photo-conductivity, an electron change when exposed to the light. In essence, with this process, the image can be coupled with process changes the electron. Most of the available literature, the findings of Carlson creates a copy process using electrostatic energy, ie xenography.

Xenography name comes from the Greek, radical Xeros (dry) and graphos (write). Because, in the process does not involve chemicals, unlike previous technology. Through this technique, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates author a document, which later would be called the photocopying process. This technique is then patented in October 6, 1942. For several years, Chester Carlson trying to perfect his invention. Although very useful, electrophotographic machine is not

interest many people, because the machine is considered to have a promising future. Chester who managed to make a tool that must sell the concept for many years that the copier can be sold on the market. Large companies like Kodak is selling the equipment and the process of shooting, IBM and General Electric, rejected the findings. After almost desperate, Chester got the first Batelle Memorial Institute partners who are willing to capitalize the fund and then with the same effort and managed to persuade Haloid, a medium-sized company Haloid Corporation, New York that sells photo paper would be its partner to develop its findings later changed the name Haloid Company The first electrophotographic copying machines because they lack commercial value, then been proposed name with the name of xerography. Xerography became commercial after adopted by Xerox Corporation.

One of the initial product is a Xerox Xerox 914, the first automatic copier that uses xenography process. Named Xerox 914 to refer to the ability of the machine to copy paper with a size of 9 inches x 14 inches (229 mm x 356 mm). Xerox 914, which can copy up to 100 thousand papers per month, is very popular among people at that time. This product revenues accounted for up to 60 million U.S. dollars. The success made the company decided to change its name from Haloid became Xerox in 1958. Until now the company Xerox is a copier and printer in the world.

The resulting product companies are now headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, USA in 2006 and recorded a 15.9 billion U.S. dollar revenue. The number of employees reached 53,700 people, spread across the world. Chester Carlson died on 9 September 1968, in Rochester, New York, due to chronic liver disease. Thanks to its findings through a copy machine, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates a document writer. Until now, this process can hardly be left in modern life. By Chester Carlson's invention also present us with an easy, cheap and quick to duplicate a document.