If you hear the name Dr.. (HC) Ir. Soekarno everyone would remember the proclaimer and also the first president of Indonesia. President Sukarno's birth name is actually Koesno Sosrodihardjo, he was born in Surabaya, East Java, on June 6, 1901. If the views of its history, was Indonesia's first President Sukarno, who served in the 1945-1966 period, he also plays an important role for independence of Indonesia from Dutch colonialism. In addition, Sukarno also a digger Pancasila as he who first sparked the concept of the Indonesian state and he himself also is named Pancasila. He is also a Proclaimer of Indonesian Independence (along with Mohammad Hatta) which occurred on August 17, 1945.
Soekarno signed March 11, 1966 Warrant Supersemar controversial, the contents, based on a version of the Army Headquarters issued commissioned Lieutenant-General Suharto to secure and maintain the security of the state and the institution of the presidency. Supersemar the basis Lieutenant General Suharto to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and replace the members who sit in parliament. Having rejected accountable Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) at the fourth general assembly in 1967, President Sukarno was dismissed from his post as president of the Special Session of the MPR in the same year and appointed Soeharto as acting President of the Republic of Indonesia.
Biography Childhood & Adolescent Soekarno
Sukarno was born with a father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo and his mother Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. The two met when Raden Soekemi who was an elementary school teacher was placed on Natives in Singaraja, Bali. Nyoman Rai is a descendant of a noble Hindu Bali and while Raden Soekemi themselves Muslim. They already have a daughter named Sukarmini before Soekarno was born. When small Soekarno lived with his grandfather, Prince Hardjokromo in Tulung Agung, East Java.
The first time he went to school at Great Tulung until he moved to Mojokerto, following her parents who were assigned in the city. In Mojokerto, her father Sukarno to enter Eerste inlandse School, the school where he worked. Then in June 1911 Sukarno moved to Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) to make it easier to be accepted in Hoogere Burger School (HBS). In 1915, Sukarno had completed his education at ELS and managed to continue to HBS in Surabaya, East Java. It can be accepted at HBS for the help of a friend of his father who named HOS Tjokroaminoto. Tjokroaminoto even gave shelter to Soekarno in the dormitory residence. In Surabaya, Soekarno many met with SI leaders, led Tjokroaminoto organization at the time, such as Alimin, Musso, Dharsono, Haji Agus Salim, and Abdul Muis. Soekarno then active in youth organizations Dharmo Tri Koro formed as an organization of Budi Utomo. Name of the organization then he change to Jong Java (Java Youth) in 1918. In addition, Sukarno also writes in the daily "Oetoesan Indies" led by Tjokroaminoto.
HBS graduate Soerabaja in July 1921, together with a colleague Djoko Asmo force at HBS, Sukarno continued to Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (now ITB) in Bandung majoring in civil engineering in 1921, two months after he left college, but in 1922 signed back and graduated in 1926. Soekarno passed the test engineer on May 25, 1926 and on the 6th Anniversary of TH Bandung on July 3, 1926 she graduated with eighteen other engineers. Prof. Jacob Clay, chairman of the faculty at the time stated "Especially important events for us because there are 3 of them engineers Javanese people". [14] They were Sukarno, Anwari, and Soetedjo, other than that no one else from the Minahasa Alexander Johannes Henricus Ondang. When in Bandung, Sukarno lived at the residence Haji Sanusi who is a member of the SI and sidekick Tjokroaminoto. There he interacted with Ki Hajar Dewantara, Cipto Mangunkusumo, and Dr. Douwes Dekker, who was then the leader of the National Indische Partij organization.
Gait Political Biography of President Sukarno
1. Future National Movement
Soekarno for the first time became famous when he became a member of Jong Java Surabaya branch in 1915. For those organizations that Soekarno nature of Java-centric and just think kebudyaan be a challenge. In the annual plenary meeting held Sukarno Surabaya branch Jong Java tumultuous session with a speech using the Java language ngoko (rough). A month later he sparked a fierce debate by suggesting that Java Jong newspaper published in Malay only, and not in Dutch.
In 1926, Sukarno founded the Algemene Studie Club in London which is the result of inspiration from Dr. Indonesische Study Club. Atopic Dermatitis. This organization became the forerunner of the National Party of Indonesia was established in 1927. Sukarno's PNI activity in causing arrested Netherlands on December 29, 1929 in Yogyakarta and the next day moved to London, was sent to prison for Banceuy. In 1930 he moved to Sukamiskin and in that year he raised a phenomenal pledoi Indonesia Sues (plea), to be released again on December 31, 1931.
In July 1932, Sukarno joined the Party of Indonesia (Partindo), which is a fraction of the PNI. Sukarno was re-arrested in August 1933, and was exiled to Flores. Here, Soekarno almost forgotten by the national figures. But his spirit still burning as implied in every letter to a teacher named Ahmad Hasan Islamic Union.
In 1938 until 1942 Sukarno was exiled to Bengkulu province. Soekarno new free returns during the Japanese occupation in 1942.
2. The Japanese Occupation
At the beginning of the Japanese colonial period (1942-1945), the Japanese government had not noticed the movement of Indonesian figures mainly to "secure" its presence in Indonesia. It looks at the Movement 3A with characters and Mr. Shimizu. Shamsuddin is less popular. But ultimately, the Japanese occupation government attention and at the same time utilizing Indonesian figures such as Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and other organizations within each agency and institution to attract the hearts of the Indonesian population. Mentioned in various organizations such as Hokokai Java, Central People's Power (Putera), BPUPKI and PPKI, prominent figures such as Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansour, and others mentioned and look so active. And finally national leaders to work together with the government to reach the Japanese occupation of Indonesia's independence, even though some are doing underground movement like Sutan Syahrir and Amir Sjarifoeddin because they think Japan is a dangerous fascist.
President Sukarno himself, during a speech before the opening of the reading of the text of the proclamation of independence, saying that even though we are cooperating with Japan in fact we believe and believe and rely on their own strength. He was active in the preparation of business independence Indonesia, among which are formulated Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and the fundamental basis of the Indonesian government, including formulating the text of the proclamation of Independence. He was persuaded to step aside to Rengasdengklok.
In 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo invited the Indonesian leader Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Ki Bagus Hadikoesoemo to Japan and received by Emperor Hirohito. Even the emperor gave imperial star (Holy Ratna) for the three Indonesian leaders. The awarding of the star makes the Japanese occupation government was surprised, because it means that the three Indonesian leaders was considered the Japanese imperial family itself. In August 1945, he was invited by Marshal Terauchi, the Army leadership in the Southeast Asian region Dalat Vietnam who later stated that the proclamation of Indonesian independence is a matter for the Indonesian people. But his involvement in the organization of agencies established by the Japanese to make Sukarno was accused by the Netherlands in collaboration with Japan, among others, in the case of romusha.
3. Revolutionary War period
Soekarno with national figures begin to prepare themselves before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing Investigation Agency Business BPUPKI Preparation of Indonesian Independence, Small Committee consisting of eight people (official), Small Committee consisting of nine / nine committee (which produces the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia State founded based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
After seeing Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, Rengasdengklok events happened on the date August 16, 1945; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta were persuaded by the youth to go away to boarding troops Map Rengasdengklok Defenders of the Homeland. Youth leaders who persuaded among others Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youths demanded that Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence immediately, because in Indonesia happened vacuum of power. This is because the Japanese had surrendered and Allied troops had not arrived. But Sukarno, Hatta and the figure declined on the grounds waiting for clarity about the Japanese surrender. Another reason is that developing the right moment to Soekarno establish the independence of the Republic of Indonesia which is chosen on August 17, 1945 when it coincided with Ramadan, the Muslim holy month which is believed to be the first month of the revelation of the Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad, Al Qur-an. On 18 August 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 29, 1945 on the appointment of a president and vice-president confirmed by KNIP. On 19 September 1945 at Soekarno authority to settle without bloodshed Ikada Field event where 200,000 people of Jakarta will clash with Japanese troops were still armed to the teeth.
On arrival Allies (AFNEI) led by Lieutenant General. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognized Indonesian sovereignty de facto, after a meeting with President Soekarno. President Soekarno also try to resolve the crisis in Surabaya. However, due to provocation launched by troops NICA (Netherlands) to hitchhike Allies (under the British), burst events 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and the death of Brigadier General AWS Mallaby. Because many provocations in Jakarta at the time, President Sukarno eventually move the capital of the Republic of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by the vice president and other senior state officials.
Position of President Soekarno in 1945 is the position of the President as head of government and head of state (presidential / single executive). During the revolution, the system of government changed to semipresidensiil / double executive. President Sukarno as head of state and Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. It happened because of the vice president's edict No. X, and the government announcement in November 1945 of a political party. It is taken to the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.
Although the system of government changed, at the time of the revolution, the position of President Sukarno remains the most important, especially in the face of the Madiun Affair in 1948 and when the Dutch Military Aggression II that led to President Soekarno, Vice President Mohammad Hatta and several senior government officials detained the Netherlands. Although existing Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Emergency Government) with the chairman Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in fact the international and domestic situation still acknowledge that Soekarno-Hatta is the real leader of Indonesia, only policies that can resolve the dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands.
4. Indonesian Independence period
After Sovereignty Recognition (Government of the Netherlands mentioned as delivery Sovereignty), President Sukarno was appointed as the President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed as prime minister of RIS. Office of President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted to Mr. Assaat, which became known as the Java-Yogyakarta Indonesia. However, due to the demands of the people of Indonesia who want to return to the unity of the country, then on August 17, 1950, RIS again changed to the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno became President. Mr Assaat mandate as acting President handed back to Ir. Sukarno. Official position of President Sukarno was president of the constitutional, but in fact government policy after consulting him.
Soekarno-Hatta Duet myth is quite popular and more powerful among the people compared to the prime minister head of government. Rise and fall of the cabinet which is famous as "fledgling cabinet" led President Soekarno less trusting multiparty system, even calling it a "disease of the party". Not infrequently, he also intervene to mediate conflicts within the military which also affected the rise and fall of the cabinet. October 17, 1952 such events and events in the Air Force. Sukarno and John F. Kennedy
President Soekarno also provides many ideas in the international world. Concern over the fate of the peoples of Asia and Africa, still not independent, yet have the right to self-determination, causing the president Sukarno, in 1955, took the initiative to hold the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, which produced Dasa Sila. Known as the Bandung Asian-African Capital. Inequality and conflict due to a "time bomb" that left the western countries are still concerned that branded imperialism and colonialism, inequality and fears of the emergence of a nuclear war that changed civilization, injustice international agencies in conflict resolution is also a concern. With President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan), U Nu, (Burma) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India) he held Asian-African Conference that led to the Non-Aligned Movement. Thanks to the services, many Asian and African countries that gained independence. But unfortunately, there are still many who experience prolonged conflict until today because of the injustice in problem solving, which is still controlled by powerful states or superpowers. Thanks to this addition, many people from the African region will not be forgotten when Soekarno remember or know about Indonesia. To carry out an independent foreign policy-active in the international world, President Sukarno visited many countries and met with leaders of the country. Among them was Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union), John Fitzgerald Kennedy (United States), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Mao Tse Tung (PRC).
End of Life Biography of President Sukarno
Soekarno health has begun to decline since August 1965. [26] Previously, he was declared suffering from kidney problems and had undergone treatment in Vienna, Austria in 1961 and 1964. [26] Prof. Dr.. K. Fellinger of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Vienna suggests that Sukarno left kidney removed, but he rejected it and prefer traditional medicine. He still survive for 5 years before finally died on Sunday, June 21, 1970 at Army Hospital (Central Army Hospital) Gatot Subroto, Jakarta with status as political prisoners. Soekarno's body was moved from the guesthouse to the Army Hospital Yasso owned by Ratna Sari Dewi. Stated before his death, a routine inspection of Sukarno was performed by Dr. Mahar Mardjono which is a member of the presidential medical team. Not long later issued a communiqué signed by the Chairman of the Medical Prof. Dr.. Mahar Mardjono along with Vice Chairman Major General Dr. (TNI AD) Rubiono Kertopati.
Although Sukarno had requested that he be buried in the Palace Slate, Bogor, but the government of President Soeharto chose Blitar, East Java, as the burial place of Sukarno. It was established by Presidential Decree No.. 44 in 1970. The bodies were taken to Blitar Soekarno day after his death and was buried the next day next to her mother's grave. Soekarno funeral led by armed forces commander Gen. M. Panggabean as inspector of the ceremony. The government then set a seven-day mourning period.
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