History of Sugar Cane

At first sugar cane known by the Polynesians, then spread to India. In 510 BC, when the Indian master, King Darius of Persia find "the reed which gives honey without bees". As with many other human inventions, where sugar cane is kept secret and closely guarded, while dairy products exported and to generate huge profits.

Secrets of sugarcane finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learned how sugar. During the expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain.

 

Sugar is known by those western Europe as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries was a period of major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. For example, in a 1319 note on sugar prices in London at "two shillings a pound". This value is equivalent to several months the average wage, so that it can be said sugar is a luxury at that time.

Rich people love-making sculptures of sugar to decorate their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party held in his honor by displaying plates, silverware, and linen are all made of sugar.

Because it is expensive goods, sugar is often considered a drug. Many health instructions from the 13th century to 15 who recommend giving sugar to people with disabilities to strengthen their power.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining is generally carried out in Venice. Venice could no longer a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established a trading there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the American people who have changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

In one of his first trip, Columbus brought sugarcane to be planted in the Caribbean region. The climate is very favorable for the growth of sugarcane caused the establishment of an industry quickly. The need for a large sugar to Europe led to many forest areas in the Caribbean islands became almost completely disappeared replaced sugar cane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua and half of Tobago. Sugarcane plants cultivated in bulk. Millions of people were sent from Africa and India to work in the sugar mill. Therefore, the production of sugar is closely associated with the slave trade in the western world.

Economically sugar is very important so that all European powers to build or trying to establish colonies on the small Caribbean islands and many battles going on for control of the islands. Furthermore, sugarcane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions in the world (India, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific) to meet the needs of the European market and local.

History of Mermaids

Mermaid is a water creature that has a body like a woman from the waist to the head, while the body from the waist down to resemble a fish. Mermaid is a mythological creature that belonged to the half-man half-animal creatures. Mermaids are often associated with adverse events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other traditions (or sometimes in the same tradition), the mermaid is described as having a good and merciful nature, bestowing gifts or fall in love with a human.

The story of the mermaid appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Story first appeared at the time of the Ancient Assyrians, about a goddess named Atargatis that transform himself into a mermaid because of shame had killed her accidentally. Babylonian society is also worshiped as the god of the sea mermaid known as Ea or Oannes; Oannes is described as a male mermaid.

In Greek mythology, the mermaid is said to always tease the sailors were negligent; anyone who is tempted to be doomed. Mermaids are also associated with siren creatures in Greek mythology, as well sirenian, order of marine mammals consisting of dugongs and sea ox. Some notes testimony encounter with mermaids by ancient sailors are most likely a mistake on the marine mammal observation form. Christopher Columbus claimed that he had seen a mermaid while browsing the Caribbean Sea, and report sightings also exist in the 20th century and the 21st in Canada, Israel, and Zimbabwe. In 2012, the National Ocean Service United States stated that the evidence of the existence of mermaids were never found.

Mermaids also become one of the popular subject in the field of art and literature in the modern age, for example in the works of the famous Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" (1836). Berungkali literary works have been adapted as an opera, painting, books, movies, and comics.


History
The story of the mermaid was first found in Assyrian. The story is about a goddess Atargatis, the mother of Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Goddess Atargatis fell in love with a shepherd, who then killed him. Embarrassed, he plunged into the lake to transform themselves into fish. However, water can not change him completely because of her beauty as a goddess. Finally, only half of his body that become fish from the waist up human form, from the waist down intangible fish although the depiction in ancient times, Atargatis described as fish heads and handed man, much like the god Ea of Babylon. The Greeks recognized Atargatis as Derketo.

In Greek legend is told that Alexander the Great's sister, Thessalonike, turn into a mermaid after her death, and wander in the Aegean Sea. He would always ask one question to sailors on every vessel he encountered: "Did Alexander still alive?" (Greek: "Ζει ο Βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος"), and the correct answer is: "He is still alive and in power and conquer the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμο κυριεύει"). The answer will make her happy, so he will make the waters became calm and menyelemati passing ship. Another answer would upset him, so that he will bring storms and cursed sailors and their ships in it

Discovery
Some legendary creatures like mermaids character is also found in some countries, such as: Mami Wata of west and central Africa; Russalki (Rusalka) from Russia and Ukraine; Merrow of Ireland and Scotland; Oceanid, Nereid, and Naiad from Greece, all four water nymphs. In fairy tales and folklore of Europe, there are creatures that its form resembles a mermaid called Melusine, tangible women from head to waist, while intangible fish from the waist down, with two forked tail or sometimes like a snake. According to Japanese folklore, if humans eat the flesh of a mermaid, it will gain immortality. In some European folklore, mermaids can be granted.

History of Boat, Sailboats and Steam Ship

A. History of Boat

Did you know that the man knew the boat since the stone age? Noted that the first boat made by humans is canoe-shaped vessel. Kano was created in the stone age, especially indigenous Americans were said to have been skilled wood carving make canoes.

For vessels that have a decent early used at sea may have been developed in the past 45,000 years. they also began to recognize the system in a way whaling drove them to the ground with a scare with sound noise, trik2, and use deadly weapons not for, like an arrow. This is usually used in small spesies2 such as pilot whales, beluga whales and narwhals. this time it was noted that the initial navigation system in the world comes from the ancient Indian maurya empire around 4th century BC.

The ancient Egyptians have sufficient knowledge in this konstruksi.Hal screen regulated by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent an expedition of the Phoenicians, who in three years sailing around Africa from the Red Sea to the mouth of the Nile. Some historians believe that Herodotus has reached this science.

for development and will be in a pillowcase tokoh2 gob on other blogs. Now we try to go about peristiwa2 important, namely the discovery of the ship that is used before the motor ship (MS) for humans even to this day.

B. History  of Sailboats

Ship sailing ship is driven by using screens that utilize wind power as a pusher. Ship construction is generally made of wood and old enough to use as a bone backs are shipping both civilian and military, until the invention of the steam engine and ship iron / steel in the 19th century along with the height of the Industrial Revolution, led by Britain through the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.

At first, the ship sails driven by human power as a rower and screen. Models of ships of this type can be seen in the viking ship, vessel Ancient Egypt, Ancient Roman ship, vessel Ancient India until the Borobudur Ship already using sailboats. Along with the development, then used kapa bercadik screen as seen in Indonesia, using a triangular sail ship as seen in the Middle East and rectangular sailing ship used by the European Nations ahead of entering the exploration century, As well as a folding screen with a model ship encountered in Japan or China. In today generally sailboats equipped with outboard engine for a possible no wind blows in certain areas local to continue their journey

C. History of Steam ship

After making a sailing ship sailing is growing and needs, which is faster begin to be felt, while the sailing ship has various limitations then later the steamer then be excellent new transport. Steamer or also called a steamer, is a ship driven by steam that drives the propeller or paddle wheel. Steamer or Steamships shortened to SS, SS or S.

Steamships began to be used after the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in England which led to the industrial revolution which is also a fuel revolution because at that time began to use coal with a wider scale replace firewood.

On the voyage, was found by John Fitch in 1787 on the River Delaware, United States, then Robert Fulton in 1802. Initially due to lack of confidence in shipbuilders and sailors, ships steamer still using poles tiggi and equipped with screens up to anticipate when the fuel in the furnace runs out of steam. Such a model can be found in the Pre Dreadnought battleships before 1906. For example warship type Asahi (Japan) or Borodino (Russia) involved in the naval war Tsushima in 1902.

History of Motorcycles~First Motorcycles in the World

First motorcycle made by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 when he put up a machine with complete combustion in a wood bike he designed himself. The bike has four wheels, including two additional wheels (like a bicycle wheel in children).

Son Daimler became the first to ride a motorcycle when he tried his father's creations on November 10, 1885 with the speed of approaching 10Kpj. Some motorcycle model then introduced in Germany, France and the UK with a focus on the development of its practicality as a means of transportation.

In 1903, Arthur Davidson and his brother Walter along with his neighbor William Harley Harley-Davidson made the first one. A year later they began producing motorcycles for sale. 1909 Harley-Davidson V-Twin engine introduces the first, which has two cylinders with configuration like the letter "V".

The machine has a great sound, rumble and impressed males, shortly engine into a classic American machines. During 1914, forms the basis of modern motorcycle began to form. The form includes the laying of the engine between the front and rear wheels and a chain to mentransger power from the engine to the rear wheels.

During World War I (1914-1918), the motorcycle is proven as a means of transportation for American and European military, was able to reduce the burden on the highway and was able to bring much more to the communication device front lines of battle. After the war, the use of motorcycles spread to Europe and America. Until the 1950s, most North American motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson or by British companies such as Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, and Triumph.

The period 1960 and 1970, Japanese companies such as Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha, began to introduce a motorcycle with the engine and suspension development, and they can compete with the motor manufacturer Sudak first there. Later, a motorcycle with a 750 4 stroke engines up to 1200 cc that powered their production will dominate the motorcycle market highway, while the second machine measures 250 cc to 500 will dominate the market of off-road motorcycles.

History of Animation

Definition animation taken from the Oxford dictionary meaning of life as a film, made ​​from photography, illustration, dolls, and so with the slight difference antarframes, to give the impression of movement when projected (The Little Oxford Dictionary 19). Animate is a verb of English means giving nyawa.Animasi not a new technology anymore and has been used in a variety of interesting films. However, its development in Indonesia was slow. Of the many three-dimensional animated films in circulation almost everything is made ​​overseas, even the majority of people are not aware of any local paper. Yet until now there are two three-dimensional animated film domestically-made full length of "Homeland" and "Janus Last Warrior" Actually, Indonesia also has a reliable animators, ironically the work they actually exported to other countries as was done by Castle Animation in Jakarta. The problem is that investors in Indonesia itself has not seen animation as a profitable sector (Wicaksono 25) .Memperhatikan animated films circulating the big screen, almost all of them use one technique that is generally a 3-D animation as usual studio Pixar, stop motion is usually done by Aardman, or 2-D is usually done by Disney. 

Looking at the fact that the writer here wants to try to explore a combined animation technique that is rarely used. Combining two different animation techniques was not possible at the production stage or stages of compositing penganimasian but it is possible as in the post-produksi.Cerita fairy tale titled "The Shepherd and the Chimney Sweep Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen is an interesting object to be used as a final project work in the form of films short animation with combined techniques. This story is a work of Andersen are less popular that it has never made ​​the animation at all. The reason for choosing this story lies in the storyline that has the ability to display a variety of emotional atmosphere.

Making it possible to display or visualkannya various mood (atmosphere) in a film that even only one setting. Concretely are as follows • Atmosphere neutral at the beginning of the story starts with the introduction of the character. • Tensions start of the conflict that began to peak when the girl was forced to marry a shepherd antagonist story and the scene when the two main characters escape. • The atmosphere is dark and gloomy when the two main characters included in the desk drawer to hide. • Suasna romantic in the climax when they reach the top of the chimney followed by anticlimax that scene on the roof of the house • the atmosphere is cheerful in a happy endingDengan above advantages, this story is a story that is potentially interesting and challenging to display in audio-visual format. It needs a careful design to produce a film that has the aspect of continuity as in it has a scene with a different mood.

History of Animation

Animation is a technique widely sutu once used in the film world today, both as a unified whole, part of a movie, or one with a live movie. Actually rooted in the world of film photography, while animation is rooted in the image of the world, namely illustration graphic design (visual communication design). Through the history of each, both photographic and illustrative form a clan gets a new dimension in live clan animated films. It can be said that animation is a medium that is born of a convention or two disciplines, namely clan movie images. To understand the clan wears animation techniques, both these conventions must be understood.

The film, commonly used to record a situation, or express something. The film is used to fulfill a general requirement, which communicates an idea, message or reality. Because of the uniqueness of its dimensions, the clan because of the nature of the entertainment, the film has been accepted as one of the audio-visual media are the most popular and loved. Because it is also regarded as the most effective media.

To be able to use the medium of film there are two main problems that must be faced, namely technical issues clan movie premises engineering problems presented something commonly called a movie or presentation techniques. Likewise, the things that should be known in the animated film, namely the problem of animation techniques, and engineering problems communicating something with animation techniques. Often communication techniques more familiar words to say the art of communicating.

In fact is it is very closely related to the various fields of the arts, both visual and verbal or teateral. For a communications planner, this activity is very important to understand. A filmmaker will be encountering technical problems make the film and the art of making films. All things that are written in this discussion, not a limitation, but a way of seeing and a summary of the issues that must be developed.

Origins of Film Technique AnimasiKeinginan humans to create images or santiran (image) that lives and moves as pantara of disclosure (expression) they are, is a manifestation of the basic form of animation that life evolved. The word itself is an animated adaptation of the word animation, which is derived from the basic to animate, in a general English-Indonesian dictionary means turn (Wojowasito 1997). In general, animation is an activity switch, move inanimate objects; An inanimate object is given a boost of strength, spirit and emotions to be alive and moving, or simply memorable life.

In fact, since ancient times, man has tried meng¬animasi motion pictures of their animals, as found by archaeologists in the Lascaux caves of Northern Spain, has lived two hundred thousand years; They tried to capture fast motion running animals, such as wild boar, bison or a horse, described by eight feet in different positions and stacked (Hallas and Manvell 1973: 23). The ancient Egyptians turn their image with a sequence of images of the wrestlers who are struggling, as a wall decoration. Created around 2000 BC (Thomas 1958: 8)

Ancient Japanese painting exhibits a life storyline, with deploying scrolls, made ​​in the Heian period (794-1192) (Cyclopedia Americana volume 19, 1976). Then came the toy called thaumatrope around the 19th century in Europe, in the form of a thick sheet of cardboard discs, illustrated bird in a cage, which is both the left rope tied to his right, when twisted by hand will give a picture of the bird moving santir (Laybourne 1978: 18) .

Until the 1880s, Jean Marey using a straight portrait continuous recording of motion flying bird, human activities and other animals. A tool that became the forerunner of the movie camera life growing up today. And in 1892, Emile Reynauld develop animated images ayng toy called praxinoscope, in the form of a series played hundreds of images and animations projected on a mirror into a motion movie, a device the forerunner to the projector at the cinema (Laybourne 1978: 23).

Both novice filmmaker cinema, comes from the French, dianggapsebagai initial opening of the development of the animated film technique (Encyclopedia AmericanavoLV1,1976: 740) Ten years later, after the movie of life ahead with his fast at the end of the 19th century In 1908, Emile Cohl beginners of the French animated film simplest form matchstick figures. The series of pictures blabar black (black line) is created on top of a white sheet, was photographed with a film negative so that the figure looks to be white and the background black.

While in the United States Winsor McCay (see picture beside) animated film "Gertie the Dinosaur" in 1909. The figure is drawn blabar black on a white background. Following in the years following the American animators began to develop the technique of animated film around 1913 to the early 1920s; Max Fleischer develop "Ko Ko The Clown" and Pat Sullivan made "Felix The Cat". The series of drawings made ​​as simple as possible, in which the figure is drawn blabar black or black shadow background blabar united with a black base or made otherwise. McCay made ​​a movie with the calculation formula of the time, 16 times per second in motion pictures.

Fleischer and Sullivan have taken advantage of the sell animation techniques, namely transparent sheets of celluloid material (celluloid) called "cell". Other Beginners in Germany, Lotte Reineger, in 1919 developed the animated film shadows, and Bertosch of France, in the 1930 animated film experiment with figure pieces derived from pieces of wood. The following image is a character "Gertie The Dinosaurs", and "Felix the Cat"

George Pal start using dolls as a figure in his short animated film, in 1934 in the Netherlands. And Alexsander Ptushko of Russian dolls length animated film "The New Gulliver" in 1935. In 1935 Len Lye from Canada, began drawing directly on the film after entering renewal in color film through the film "Color of Box". The development of the most important animation film technique, namely around 1930. Where emerged pioneered animated film voiced by Walt Disney from the United States, through the movie "Mickey Mouse", "Donald Duck" and "Silly Symphony" which was made during 1928 to 1940.

In the 1931 Disney animated film in the first color film "Flower and Trees". And the length of the first animated film made ​​Disney cartoons in 1938, the movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Thus the origin of the development of the animated film technique that continues to grow with the style and characteristics of each maker in various countries in Europe, America and Asia negara¬negara creep up. Especially in Japan, a cartoon developed rapidly there, up in the decade of this master cartoon animation film market here with the characteristics and unique style.

Attitude Principle AnimasiFilm animated film comes from two disciplines, the film is rooted in the world of photography and animation is rooted in the world picture. The word is derived from the English language films that have been in Indonesianising, meaning we can see the general Indonesian dictionary:

"1 thin stuff like membrane made ​​of celluloid four negative portrait image (which will be made portraits or played in cinema); 2 plays (story) live images; "(Poerwadarminfa 1984) Basically a thorough understanding of the film is difficult to explain. Can only be interpreted if viewed out of context; for example, be used for portrait negatives or printing plates, films implies a celluloid sheet chemically processed before it can be seen the results; or related to the story or play, the film implies a series of images of living or moving images into a storyline to watch people, forms the basis of films that contain elements of light, sound and time.

While understanding the special animation we can see in an encyclopedia "Americana": "Animated, motion picture consisting of a series of hand-drawn sketches invidual, in the which the positions or gestures of the figures are varied slightly from one sketch to another. Generally, the series is the movie and, when projected on a screen, suggest that figures are moving "(Encyclopedia Americana vol. V1,1976).

Techniques animated film, just as well as live-action films, made ​​possible the calculation of the film that runs sequentially keceaptan between 18 and 24 images per second. Images are projected onto the screen is not actually moving, that look is apparent movement, occurred on our senses as a result of small changes from one image to another, adanaya a phenomenon that occurs when we saw, called Persistence of Vision, so as to produce an illusion of motion from our view.

Unlike the live-action films, pictures taken from the photo shoot moving objects, then analyzed one by one into a still image on each frame of celluloid. While animated films, motion pictures are created by analyzing the picture by picture or frame-by-frame by animators, and recorded images or move forward for the sake of image motion using stop-frame camera, a camera that uses a machine tool drive frame by frame, the actuator celluloid frame by frame, with the computation time required for each one second aperture 24 frame camera to record images, the motion to celluloid.

Some Types of Animation Techniques

Based on the material or base material used animated object, generally the type of animated film techniques classified two major parts, the bi-dimensional animated film (flat animation) and the animated film tri¬matra (object animation).

Use of Animation Film

The use of animation films as a form of visual impaired pantara (audio-visual medium), quite an important role in spreading the message or idea to be conveyed to the public. The animated film is used in: 

• 1. TV commercial; The animated film is used for commercial purposes, such as movies Wan on television, as an insert in between events television program, in the form of short messages to viewers and as movie entertainment.
• 2. Cinema; The animated movie as a movie can be a long story, short films, and the film inserts for Man at the cinema.
• 3. Government Services; The animated film is used as a propaganda film, movie information and education.
• 4. Company; animated film is used as the film public relations (PR) such as: lighting films, educational films and propaganda films or film Man product introductions.

Types AnimasiAnimasi who had had a simple principle, now has developed into several types, namely:

• 2D Animation, 3D Animation, Animation ground Hat (Clay Animation), Japanese Animation (Anime).
• Animation Creator Software
• In the market today has many outstanding softwarwe animation maker, be it 2D or 3D. For more details see the list below which is based on the criteria.
• 2D Animation Software:
• Macromedia Flash, CoRETAS, Corel RAVE, After Effects, Moho, CreaToon, ToonBoom, Autodesk animaton (1990s) etc.

History Of Digital Clock

Electric clock Halmilton 1957, Halmilton Watch Co. of Lancester, Pennsylvania, produced the world's first electric clock. Hours electrically Hamilton set a time with traditional -mekanisme balance wheel has been used in parts hours for hundreds of years and hence no more accurate than another hour. However, rather than provide the mechanical strength of the spring, a battery is used to give power to the mechanics that requirement is no longer necessary rounds. Although people love the fact that they no longer use round the clock, it stops when the electrical contacts become corroded where there was not before long the life span of an hour. It makes a headache for Hamilton repair department which is continuously updated on the deal until 1961. Accutron by BulovaPada around that time, Bulove provide the next major enhancement in the timing of electrically with their Accutron watch in 1960. It comes in the form of chunks forms U of nickel alloy that vibrates in response to electrical current from the battery. 

The vibration frequency is higher than the traditional rodagaya, so for the first time an electric intercession be a neat idea which gives power to the clock by offering better accuracy anyway. Accutron is also working on the electrical contact issue further by introducing transistors, providing long hours of working time without having to wear it. This clock is also closely associated with the US space program that is used on aircraft angakasa Mercury and Apollo were used by NASA to go to the moon. Smooth the movement JamInovasi SwissBagaimanapun, Bulova frightening success of the Swiss watchmaker, who saw the potential challenges to their dominance in terms of the quality of the timer. Bereka united to fund research lab CEH (Center Electonique Horloger). CEH targeting their research to find oslilator more accurate than sepatukuda nickel. Quartz movement has been used for the first time in hours in the 1930s; until the early 60s they even have used it in naval chronometer (although there is no denying the accuracy can not be predicted). CEH set about increasing the accuracy and up to the mid 60s and Bernard Golary Longines has created a pocket watch that has an accuracy up to 0:01 seconds a day. In 1967, CEH produce watches with quartz movements first. 

In regard to the increase in microelectronics, the integration of electronic circuits has increased which makes it more energy efficient, thus making it able diminaturisasi quartz movement can fit in a wristwatch. However, the Swiss manufacturers continue to refine their mechanical engineering and then equaled Bolova through traditional means. After years damapenelitian, Switzerland saw quartz as a fad that will pass, taking into account the mechanical advantage of their error which will show them to survive as king of the heap; it is poor judgment which will sometimes lead to death in some companies. 

While the Japanese interpretation of the Europeans play one-upmanship with their various techniques, Seiko has continually take a fresh look at quartz and it is a Japanese company that issued the first quartz watches in the world - Clock Astron 25SQ - in Japan on December 25, 1969 . Valuable expensive, with a price of 450,000 yen ($ 1,250 in 1969 exchange rates). Having a flat face, clumping (unlike the Swiss mechanical watch is thin) and also painful with so many technical difficulties that made Seiko end by pulling it after producing only 100 hours. However, despite the apparent failure, it also marks a new stage in the technology of hours where we will never turn. Quartz technology has been at a new step forward in the year 1970; many Japanese watchmaker Seiko follow the path, also made ​​the Americans, until sometimes when Switzerland climb to join - though not until some other manufacturer collapsed. This competition leads to thinness, the hours are more hungry accuracy. Even with the addition of more features such as the progress of the 70s, the next leap was just going nowhere.

History of Indonesian Currency

Dated 2 November 1949 is the day of the enactment of dollars as the official currency of the Indonesian rupiah and printed as well as its use is governed by Bank Indonesia. Although at that time the Riau Islands and West Irian rupiah has their own variation, but their use was dissolved in 1964 in Riau and 1974 in West Irian.

The government sees the need to spend their own currencies in addition to functioning as a legal tender is also used as the main symbol of which is already independent state. The words "dollars" is derived from the word "rupee", the currency of India. Indonesia has been using Dutch guilders currency from 1610 until 1817 After 1817, introduced the Netherlands Indies Gulden currency.

Rupiah was first officially introduced at the time of Japanese occupation during World War 2, with the name of the Dutch East Indies dollars. After the end of the war, the Bank of Java (Javaans Bank, next to Bank Indonesia) introduced the Java rupiah currency as a substitute. NICA gulden currency created by the Allies and some currencies were printed collection of guerrilla also apply at that time.

Currency is the currency may be exchanged for free, but traded with the penalty due to the high levels of inflation. New Currency in the history of the value of money functions and the types of money and making turns through many stories and long history in the country of Indonesia

Economic situation in Indonesia at the beginning of independence marked by hyperinflation due to the circulation of several currencies that are not controlled, while the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not have a currency. There are three currencies were declared valid by the government of the Republic of Indonesia on October 1, 1945, the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies, and currency De Javasche Bank.

Among the three currencies that exchange rate experienced a sharp decline is Japan's currency. Its circulation reached four billion so that the Japanese currency is the source of hyperinflation. Society that suffer most are farmers, because they are the most widely store the Japanese currency.

Economic chaos caused by hyperinflation exacerbated by policy AFNEI Commander (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford is on March 6, 1946 declaring the NICA currency in all parts of Indonesia that has been occupied by troops AFNEI. This policy was protested by the Indonesian government, for violating the agreement that each party shall not issue a new currency for the absence of a political settlement. But the outcry was ignored by AFNEI. AFNEI NICA currency used to finance military operations in Indonesia and simultaneously disrupt the national economy, so it would appear the crisis of people's faith in the ability of the Indonesian government to overcome problems of national economy.

Because the protest is not addressed, then the Indonesian government issued a policy that banned all Indonesian people using NICA currency as a medium of exchange. This step is very important because NICA currency in circulation outside the control of the government of Indonesia, making it difficult for national economic recovery.

Therefore AFNEI not revoke the application of the NICA currency, then on October 26, 1946 the Indonesian government imposed a new currency ORI (Oeang Republic of Indonesia) as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Since that time the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies and De Javasche Bank currency is no longer valid. Thus there are only two valid currency that ORI and NICA. Each currency is only recognized by the issuing. So ORI is only recognized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the NICA only currency recognized by AFNEI. People turned out to give more support to the ORI. It has a political impact that more people favor the Indonesian government of the interim government who only supported AFNEI NICA.

To set the exchange rate with a foreign currency ORI in Indonesia, the government of the Republic of Indonesia on 1 November 1946 to change the leadership of the Foundation Center Tanuwijaya Djojohadikusomo Bank to Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A few months earlier the government had also changed the Japanese occupation government banks Shomin Ginko into Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Tyokin Me into the Post Office Savings (KTP), which changed its name in June 1949 became Postal savings bank and finally in 1950 to the State Savings Bank (BTN). All this serves as a bank commercial bank which is run by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Its main function is to collect and distribute funds or public money as well as service providers in the payment traffic.

Long before the arrival of the western nations, the archipelago has become a center of international trade. While in mainland Europe appears simple banking institutions, such as Bank van Leening in the Netherlands. The banking system was then taken by the western nations that expands the archipelago at the same time. VOC in Java in 1746 founded the Bank van De Leening which later became De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening in 1752 the Bank was the first bank that was born in the archipelago, the precursor of the banking sector in the future. On January 24, 1828, the Dutch East Indies government established a bank circulation under the name De Javasche Bank (DJB). Over the decades, the bank operated and developed by a Oktroi of the ruler of the Netherlands, until finally enacted Wet DJB 1922.

Japanese occupation period has stopped banking DJB and the Dutch East Indies for a while. Then the revolution came, the Dutch East Indies experiencing duality of power, between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Banking was divided into two, DJB and Dutch banks in the region whereas NICA "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" and Bank Negara Indonesia in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 ended the conflict Indonesia and the Netherlands, then DJB defined as the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). This status continued to survive until the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Next as a nation and a sovereign state, the Republic of Indonesia nationalized central bank. So since July 1, 1953 DJB transformed into Bank Indonesia, the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Asian economic crisis of 1998 led to the exchange rate of the rupiah fell to 35% and the weakening rupiah economic situation in Indonesia is lowered.

History of Knives

Knives, could no longer be denied. As the oldest tool of human beings, the knife has accompanied humans since prehistoric times until now. Throughout the history of human civilization, the knife has been used and more useful. Starting from the initial function as a means of self defense from wild animals in the pre-history, gathering food, making shelter until now where the knife can be considered as art pieces of quality and have high economic value.

The process of making knife evolve as the development of human civilization. You could say knife making human tingkatperadaban describe when a knife blade was made. me through a knife can be known with modern technology i then. Starting from the initial shape pisauyang changed from time to time, the evolution of form, materials and manufacturing technologies knife abreast of technology trends of his time. 

At the time of the stone age the first knife made ​​of stone Flint stone kind of shiny and has a sharp edge. With nothing more than a form of stone chips. This stone can be easily formed with high acuity in his day. The blade of this stone which in turn increases the ability of humans to the stone age to hunt, find food and make shelter. Subsequent developments have experienced this stone knife sharpening, grinding technology early enable humans to acquire flint knife which has a smooth surface with higher acuity. Since that time the prey debarking technologies grow more rapidly. Making a simple thread of fiber trees leads man to a higher civilization.

Further in human history finally know teknologipengolahan copper, bronze, and finally iron. The entire journey of human civilization is immortalized in blade technology and manufacture.

Humans have a very special bond with the tools that accompany peradabanya. Knives and tools like that help people in hunting, gathering food and so forth, has got a touch overwhelming feeling from the manufacturer. Touch the soul of art as a sense of respect for the maker of tools that facilitate the way of civilization has been demonstrated that the cultural level of the blade can be told when a knife is made. Touch of beauty that exist on a knife illustrate the high knowledge they have learned in a particular period.

Each blade can also describe the natural condition of the blade is made. Natural conditions resulting in different needs of each blade as an example, long and slender Bolo used in the Philippine highlands is suitable for

forest jobs in the area, but Machete from South America to have a more robust and more suitable for use in the interior of the more dense Amazon forest wood harder. Another example is a curved shape that is possessed by a Ghurka knife fighter is also used as a hunting knife, knife to slaughter tetak and yak, a different kind of a big bull with a Bowie knife of Americans who used to fight but do not need to kill game animals.

At this time, the knife still remains a very useful tool. Even when high technology has penetrated every aspect of life, where the knife is still needed. Some knives have changed function, more specifically to the needs for "sport" compared to "survival" as in the past.

History of The Calculator

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of PT. Indosat

PT. Indosat Tbk was established in 1967 as a foreign investment companies that provide services International Telecommunication Indonesia. PT Indosat Tbk, formerly known as PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation Tbk, which is a provider of telecommunication lines in Indonesia. And telecommunications company Indosat is Indonesia's second largest multimedia to mobile services (Mentari, Matrix, IM3 and StarOne).

In 1980, the Indonesian government to buy all the shares of Indosat, so that when the PT. Indosat, Tbk became Joint Owned Enterprises (SOEs). In 1994 the company went public marked by registering its shares on the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX), the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX) as well as enroll in the New York Stock Exchange.

PT Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) was established in 1993 under the supervision of PT Indosat. Began operations in 1994 as a GSM operator. Establishment as a subsidiary of Indosat Satelindo make it as the first GSM operator in Indonesia. In 2001 PT. Indosat, Tbk established PT. Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and was followed by acquiring all of the shares of PT. Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) in 2002. Was followed by group as organizer makes Indosat mobile phone operator in Indonesia's second largest

In late 2002, the Indonesian government sold 41.94% stake in Indosat to Singapore Technologies Telemedia Pte. Then widened Indosat Telecommunication Company Limited (PT Indosat, Tbk) and the Foreign Investment into a company that offers a full service, integrated networks, and services of information technology and communications solutions.

On November 20, 2003 signing of the merger agreement merger of Satelindo, Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and Bima Graha into PT. Indosat, Tbk. This was followed by the emergence of PT. Indosat, Tbk, a company that focuses on the cellular signal (network) strong or Full Network Service Provider (FNSP). By combining the company's mobile, fixed telecommunications and MIDI his services into a single company. PT. Indosat Tbk is positioning itself into a provider of telecommunications services to a broad range of products in Indonesia.

Over the above program, followed by a thorough transformation program that began in 2004. Transformation includes the fields of human resources, technology, culture and values ​​of the company. These efforts are beginning to show encouraging results acquisition, the success of the company's record company revenue exceeded 10 billion Euro and an increase in margins in its 10th year as a public company.

Currently PT. Indosat, Tbk has opened a branch office in 5 regions of Sumatra Regional Office, Regional Office Greater Jakarta and Banten, Bali Nusa & Sulampapua Regional Office, East Java and Kalimantan Regional Office and West & Central Java Regional Office.

History of Photography

Understanding and Definition of Photography

Photography ( from English : photography , which is derived from the Greek word is " Photos " : light and " Grafo " : Painting ) is the process of painting / writing using light media .

Photography means a process or method to produce an image or images of an object by recording the reflection of light on the objects on light sensitive media . The most popular tool for capturing this light is the camera . Without light , there is no photograph that can be made .

To generate proper light intensity to produce an image , use the help of a measuring instrument lightmeter . After obtaining the proper size of the lighting , a photographer can adjust the light intensity by changing the combination of ISO / ASA ( ISO Speed ​​) , diaphragm ( aperture ) and shutter speed ( Speed) . The combination of ISO , Diaphragm & Speed ​​referred to as Exposure ( Exposure ) . In the era of digital photography in which the film is not used , then the speed of the film that was in use evolved into Digital ISO .

history of Photography

History of Photography started in the 19th century . 1839 is the year of the birth of photography . At that time , in France officially declared that photography is a technological breakthrough . At that time , recording two- dimensional as the eye can be made permanent .

History of photography began long before the AD . In the 5th century BCE (BCE ) , a man named Mo Ti observes a phenomenon . If the wall of a dark room there is a small hole ( pinhole ) , then on the inside of the chamber will be reflected in the view of the outside of the room in reverse through the hole . Mo Ti was the first to realize the phenomenon of the camera obscura .

Centuries later , many are aware of and admire this phenomenon , namely Aristotle in the 3rd century BC and an Arab scientist Ibn al Haitam ( Al Hazen ) in the 10th century BC , which seeks to create and develop a tool that is now known as a camera . In 1558 , an Italian scientist , Giambattista della Porta called the " camera obscura " in a box that helps artists capture shadows image .

Name of camera obscura was invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611 . Johannes Kepler makes the camera portable design that is made like a tent , and gave the name of the device camera obscura . Inside the tent was very dark except for a bit of light captured by the lens , the image formed in the state outside of the tent on a piece of paper .

Various studies conducted starting in the early 17th century , the Italian scientist - Angelo Sala use sunlight to record a series of words on a plate of silver chloride . But he failed to maintain a permanent image . Around the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood , a British experiment to record a positive image of the image in the camera obscura lens , the results are very disappointing . Humphrey Davy conduct further experiments with silver chloride , but also meet the same fate , despite being caught by the camera obscura images without lens .

Finally , in 1824 , a French artist lithography , Joseph - Nicéphore Niepce ( 1765-1833 ) , after eight hours of clicking - exposed view from his bedroom window , through a process called heliogravure ( process works similar lithograph ) on top of a metal plate coated with bitumen , successfully gave birth to a somewhat blurred image , also managed to maintain a permanent image . He continued his experiments until 1826 , is what eventually became the actual early history of photography . The resulting image is now stored at the University of Texas at Austin , USA .

Study after study continues to pata dated dated August 19, 1839 , the opera stage designer who is also a painter , Louis - Jacques Mande ' Daguerre ( 1787-1851 ) was crowned as the first to successfully create photo real : a permanent image on a sheet of copper plate silver coated with a solution of iodine were exposed for one and a half hours of light directly heated mercury ( fluorescent ) . This process is called the daguerreotype . To make the image permanent , washable plates salt solution and distilled asir . January 1839 , Daguerre actually want to patent it . However , the French government thinks that the findings should be shared around the world for free .

Photography then develop very quickly . Eastman Kodak company through , George Eastman developed the photography by creating and selling a roll of film and the camera box is practical , in line with developments in the world of photography through improved lens , shutter , film and photographic paper .

1950, to facilitate shooting on a Single Lens Reflex camera then start to use the prism ( SLR ) , and Japan also began to enter the world of photography with a Nikon camera production was followed by Canon . 1972 Edwin Land Polaroid camera findings began to be marketed . Polaroid camera capable of producing images without going through the process of developing and printing film.

History Copy Machines | Technology

Flood Chester Carlson inventor of a photocopy machine was born on February 8, 1906 in Seattle, Washington, USA father contracted tuberculosis forced him to work hard to get the cost of treatment. By the time 17-year-old mother died, and four years after his mother died following Carlson's father. This does not make Carlson discouraged to learn. He could finish his education up to the college at the California Institute of Technology. after completing his studies, Carlson and then worked at a manufacturer of electronic goods. Chester Carlson began her work as a copyist in a patent document peruahaan patent analysis, Carlson thought to accelerate job is to create a tool that can print documents repeatedly. He also read the various references to the printing press. Finally, he found the concept of electrophotographic, which we now know as a copier.

In 1938, Chester Carlson made a small experiment that utilizes powder soot (carbon) and light exposure and move a post from a medium to another medium. He also uses a concept called photo-conductivity, an electron change when exposed to the light. In essence, with this process, the image can be coupled with process changes the electron. Most of the available literature, the findings of Carlson creates a copy process using electrostatic energy, ie xenography.

Xenography name comes from the Greek, radical Xeros (dry) and graphos (write). Because, in the process does not involve chemicals, unlike previous technology. Through this technique, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates author a document, which later would be called the photocopying process. This technique is then patented in October 6, 1942. For several years, Chester Carlson trying to perfect his invention. Although very useful, electrophotographic machine is not

interest many people, because the machine is considered to have a promising future. Chester who managed to make a tool that must sell the concept for many years that the copier can be sold on the market. Large companies like Kodak is selling the equipment and the process of shooting, IBM and General Electric, rejected the findings. After almost desperate, Chester got the first Batelle Memorial Institute partners who are willing to capitalize the fund and then with the same effort and managed to persuade Haloid, a medium-sized company Haloid Corporation, New York that sells photo paper would be its partner to develop its findings later changed the name Haloid Company The first electrophotographic copying machines because they lack commercial value, then been proposed name with the name of xerography. Xerography became commercial after adopted by Xerox Corporation.

One of the initial product is a Xerox Xerox 914, the first automatic copier that uses xenography process. Named Xerox 914 to refer to the ability of the machine to copy paper with a size of 9 inches x 14 inches (229 mm x 356 mm). Xerox 914, which can copy up to 100 thousand papers per month, is very popular among people at that time. This product revenues accounted for up to 60 million U.S. dollars. The success made the company decided to change its name from Haloid became Xerox in 1958. Until now the company Xerox is a copier and printer in the world.

The resulting product companies are now headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, USA in 2006 and recorded a 15.9 billion U.S. dollar revenue. The number of employees reached 53,700 people, spread across the world. Chester Carlson died on 9 September 1968, in Rochester, New York, due to chronic liver disease. Thanks to its findings through a copy machine, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates a document writer. Until now, this process can hardly be left in modern life. By Chester Carlson's invention also present us with an easy, cheap and quick to duplicate a document.

History Aquarium

On this occasion yusro will share the history and benefits Aquarium. Friend before ever know all about the history of the aquarium or not anyone is interested but has not had time to have it, with a presence in our home aquarium is not only useful as a decoration, but there are other benefits behind it . Derived from the Ocean Aquarium and rium. Ocean derived from English, which means sea or ocean, while the word rium is a fragment of a word that means place an aquarium.

Based on the large Indonesian dictionaries, Aquarium is the place to maintain ornamental fish; Where Aquarium was similar to the one tangk ecosystem contains many components interact with each other so that the whole system running. Originally aquarium use began during the Romans and Egyptians, at the time put the fish in a container which will be aimed as a store of fresh fish supplies.

Selective breeding in China began about 2000 years ago. In the Song Dynasty in China, goldfish kept in the house began in large ceramic vessels (Boediono Mismail "Coral Reef Aquarium" UB Publisher Printing Press I, 2010).

At this time, Aquarium benefit right to decorate the room in which the presence of Aquariums can provide satisfaction and peace of mind as well as decorative home furnishings. Here are some benefits of aquariums in everyday life:

• Inspiring. because the aquarium in order to calm the mind with good people who see it, so that will increase the imagination and passion to create something.
• Optimizing hobby. In general, people keep the fish in a container in the aquarium hobby is because utilizing spare time or after doing the routine, but if in your field this hobby can provide income opportunities sideline.
• Regenerate naturally developed affection on us.
• Clear the mind, where the beauty of the aquarium with fish in it can neutralize the feeling that anything to do with health. Beauty and fish movement often gives away the main attraction capable of hearts and minds at peace.

Well from away to refresh our minds by going to a distant place and sometimes crowded we'd better set aside some money we are to have the aquarium, because then we can refresh our minds anytime without travel far away.

For yusro friends who are interested in having aquarium can find more information about the aquarium and ornamental fish in the market place nearby ornamental fish sales in the area around you, there is guaranteed we will get a lot of information about the aquarium and ornamental fish species. And friends all need to remember that life in the aquarium can provide valuable lessons that we still need a touch of nature to make life more beautiful and meaningful.

History Rhoma Irama | Music

In the seventies, Rhoma Irama has become famous singers and musicians after the band set up and downs in the music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet that since October 13, 1973 was hoisted. Sonnet with a group he leads, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes.

Based on sales data tapes, and the number of spectators who starred in the films, fans Rhoma no less than 15 million or 10% of Indonesia's population. It records up to mid-1984. "There is no kind of cutting-edge art that has such a broad scope," wrote TEMPO magazine, June 30, 1984. Meanwhile, Rhoma himself said, "I'm afraid of publication. Apparently, I was dragged away."

Rhoma Irama is counted as one of the most successful entertainers in the mass gathering. Rhoma Irama not only appear in the country but he has also performed in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Brunei with nearly the same number of viewers when she performed in Indonesia. Rhoma Irama often in concert, the audience fainted due to crowding. People call music is music dangdut Rhoma, while he himself would prefer if the music is referred to as the Malay rhythm. Let us refer to the following detailed information about Rhoma Irama.

Biodata

Real Name: Raden Oma Irama

Name Beken: Rhoma Irama

Birth: Tasikmalaya, December 11, 1946

Dad: Raden Burdah Anggawirya

Mother: Tuti Juariah

Wife: Ricca Rachim (11 April 1959)

EDUCATION

* SD Kibono Manggarai Jakarta

* SMP Negeri Jakarta XV

* SMA VIII Jakarta (to grade II)

* SMA PSKD Jakarta

* St Joseph Solo

* High School August 17 Tebet Jakarta

* Faculty STIR University August 17

ALBUM

* Wandering (1978)

* Dollar (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* Human Rights (1977)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Joget (1975)

* To Bina Ria (1974)

Filmography

* Oma Irama Curious (1976)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Young Blood (1977)

* Rhoma Irama Wandering I (1978)

* Wandering Rhoma Irama II (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* King of Dangdut (1978)

* Love Triangle (1979)

* Camelia (1979)

* Struggle and Prayer (1980)

* Melody Love Rhoma Irama (1980)

* Earlier Happy Hurricane (1981)

* Devotion (1984)

* Glimpses of Love at Orange Sky (1985)

* Reaching the Sun I (1986)

* Reaching the Sun II (1986)

* The tones Rindu (1987)

* Flower Village (1988)

* Jaka Swara (1990)

* Tone and Propagation (1991)

* Takbir Blue (1993)

Address: Jalan Pondok Jaya VI/14, Prapatan Mampang, South Jakarta

BIOGRAPHY

In the 1970s, Rhoma already become a singer and musician in the band's music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet group since October 13, 1973. Sonnet group together, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes. On October 13, 1973, Rhoma proclaimed the motto "Voice of Moslem" (Muslim Voice) which aims to be a reformer agent Malay music that combines elements of rock music in the Malay music and improvise upon arrangements, poems, lyrics, costumes and performances on stage.

Rhoma also active in politics. During the New Order, he had become an important figure in the PPP, then moved to Golkar, and was elected a member of Parliament from the constituency in the 1997 general election Jakarta. In the 2004 election, Rhoma Irama also appear on stage MCC campaign. Rhoma Irama is known as a preacher and Muslim preacher and became chairman of the Muslim Forum (FUI), a religious organization that does not favor any party.

His success in the world of music and acting world had set up a company to make Rhoma Irama Rhoma Film Productions movie that succeeded in producing the film among Struggle and Prayer (1980) and Love Twins (1984). Now, Rhoma commonly called Bang Haji, much to fill his time with both through music and preaching sermons on television up to the archipelago. With his unique style and spirit, Rhoma together as a group Sonetanya Sound of actively expanding Moslem religious symbols.

History Jackie Chan | Actor

A Brief History of Life-Make Jackie Chan action lovers name Jackie Chan certainly a familiar sound in your ear. Action kung fu martial  already established itself as the ranks of the world-famous actor. He gives color to the genre films he played with combining elements of humor in martial arts. For it was on this occasion I will tell you a little about Jackie Chan Brief History of Life for you all. Here's more information.

Jackie Chan

Jackie Chan was born in Hong Kong on 7 April 1954. His parents, Charles and Lee-Lee Chan is the Chinese civil war refugees. In his childhood, Chan received support from his parents. Jackie Chan, who has little name Chan Kong Sang, which means born in Hong Kong, spent his childhood in an elite neighborhood, District of Victoria Park. As a child, Chan earned the nickname Pao Pao which means the bullet boy. This naming is not without reason, because Chan as little known as a child who has a lively character.

Biography

Stage Name: Jackie Chan

Birth Name: Chan Kong Sang

Place, Date of Birth: Hong Kong, 7 April 1954

Occupation: Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Arts Choreographer, Singer

Early life

He learned martial arts from an early age and not many thought it was the best option for Jackie Chan in terms of discipline. At the beginning of his acting career, Jackie Chan is part of the Beijing Opera during the 10 years of her life, where she studied dance interpretation, continuous music and kung fu. He began little by little to play in the film while still being part of the Peking opera but it was only a secondary role, but he was the one who started his career well.

Career

Starting as a two-actor in two films of Bruce Lee, but the real opportunity came after the death of Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan get a chance to show his knowledge of martial arts and disciplines. At first only imitated Bruce Lee but he realized it was wrong. Mimic the martial arts master really could affect his career, then he tries to imitate not because he was looking for some originality and detail characteristics favorite actor. Successful career in Asia but when he wanted to introduce himself in the United States, it took skill to support the English fluency. At first he thought that so many of his films do not have success, so the movie is not sponsored in the U.S. (at the time). But in its development, it gradually gained popularity in the United States public.

Basically Opera

When Jackie was 7 years old his father worked as a head cook at the U.S. Embassy in Australia. Before leaving he took Jackie to the Peking Opera School. For 10 years she trained at the harsh rules of the game. He taught a variety of martial arts, acrobatics, singing, and acting. Subject matter at drama school for children is intended to prepare the boys into a life in China's famous Peking opera Opera. In the study period, Jackie first appeared at the age of 8 years in the Cantonese movie "Big and Little Wong Tin Bar" (1962).

Furthermore at the age of 10 years he had a role in "The Story of Qin Xianglian" (1964), two years back role in "Come Drink with Me" (1966) or what became known as the Big Drunken Hero. And before ending his education, he also appeared in "Master with kracked Fingers vs. Little Tiger From Canton (1971). All roles was done as a side job playing as extras or stunman in Hong Kong films.

At age 17, young Jackie graduated operas, unfortunately at that time (1970s period) opera is not popular anymore. Although already mastered the subject of opera, but it seems there is no more future in opera. It is precisely the one that the movie industry moving rapidly in Hong Kong.

Working odd jobs

Facing the reality that, Jackie Chan and contemporaries had hard work to find a job. It's quite difficult because for opera education, there is no learning to read and write. The only skill is the ability to work a stunt double. While, every year, a lot of films produced in Hong Kong. The film industry is always looking for "young leaf" to be involved as a stuntman. Jackie took this opportunity and register as a stuntman in many Hong Kong movies. He is a quick learner and is known as the youth who was never afraid. His reputation as a well-known stuntman film world. He dared to try different things and do the most dangerous scenes. From here he blended into the film world.

Reaping Success

When Hong Kong film industry doldrums, Jackie followed his parents to Australia. He works in a restaurant and so construction workers. But he does not like to live in Australia. When he gets a telegram from a man named Willie Chan, he then returned to Hong Kong and starred in the film "New Fist of Fury" (1976). But the real success of it when Jackie Chan was given the opportunity to participate in working on the script and the characters develop character.

Jackie contribution in working on the film proved fruitless. He gives color to the movie genre by combining elements of humor in martial arts. His first success proved through the film "Snake in the Eagle's Shadow" (1978). Followed by "Drunken Master" (1978). Then the first movie directed "Fearless Hyena" (1979) was really a great success. Hong Kong's success catapulted the name of Jackie Chan in the course of subsequent career to date. Just look at his performance in his new film Rob-B-Hood. Jackie condensed style looks so stunning!

Filmography

* Young Tiger (1973)

* Eagle Shadow Fist (1973)

* The meteors Killer (1976)

* Shaolin Wooden Men (1976)

* New Fist of Fury (1976)

* Countdown in Kung Fu (1976)

* To Kill With Intrigue (1977)

* Jackie Chan's 36 Crazy Fists (1977)

* The Magnicient Bodyguards (1978)

* Spiritual Kung Fu (1978)

* Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978)

* Snake and Crane Arts of Shaolin (1978)

* Half a Lot of Kung Fu (1978)

* Drunken Master (1978)

* The Fearless Hyena (1979)

* Dragon Fist (1979)

* The Young Master (1980)

* The Big Brawl (1980)

* The Cannonball Run (1981)

* Dragon Lord (1982)

* The Fearless Hyena II (1982)

* Winners and Sinners (1983)

* Wheels on Meals (1984)

* Jackie Chan's Crime Force (1984)

* Fantasy Mission Force (1984)

* Cannonball Run II (1984)

* The Protector (1985)

* Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Stars (1985)

* Police Story (1985)

* Ninja Thunderbolt (1985)

* Heart of the Dragon (1985)

* Naughty Boys (1986)

* Project A II (1987)

* My Lucjy strass (1987)

* Police Story II (1988)

* Dragons Forever (1988)

* Miracles (1989)

* The Prisoner (1990)

* The Kid From Tibet (1991)

* Island on Fire (1991)

* The Best Of Martial Arts Films (1992)

* Supercop (1992)

* City Hunter (1992)

* The Armour of God (1994)

* Project A (1994)

* Once A Cop (1994)

* Crime Story (1994)

* Supercop (1996)

* Rumble In The Bronx (1996)

* Operation Condor (1997)

* Jackie Chan's Second Strike (1997)

* First Strike (1997)

* Gods (1998)

* The Operation Condor 2: The Armour of the Gods (1998)

* Who Am I? (1998)

* Rush Hour (1998)

* Mr. Nice Guy (1998)

* Hongkong Face Off (1998)

* Burn, Hollywood, Burn (1998)

* Twin Dragons (1999)

* Master of Disaster (1999)

* Jackie Chan's Project A (1999)

* Heikek Chi Wong (1999)

* Bolei Cheun (1999)

* The Legend of Drunken Master (2000)

* Shanghai Noon (2000)

* The accidential Spy (2001)

* Rush Hour 2 (2001)

* The Tuxedo (2002)

* The Medallion (2003)

* The Cin Gei Bin (2003)

* Snake in Eagle's Shadow 2 (2003)

* Shanghai Knights (2003)

* San Gingchat Gum (2004)

* Around the World in 80 Days (2004)

* Sen-Hua (2005)

* Legends of Martial Arts (2005)

* Come Drink With me (2005)

* Thunderbolt (2006)

* Bo Bui Ga Wak (2006)

* Rush Hour 3 (2007)

* The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)

History Deddy Corbuzier | Magician

A Brief History of Life Deddy Corbuzier-Who the hell are not familiar with this one magician. Deddy Corbuzier Deodatus aka Andreas Deddy Cahyadi Sunjoyo known as a practitioner of Indonesian famous mentalist. Style and a unique and distinctive character have brought it fluttering in the entertainment world in Indonesia. Well in this post I will try to review Deddy Corbuzier Brief History of Life for you all. Let's consider the following detailed information.

Andreas Deodatus Deddy Cahyadi Sunjoyo or better known as Deddy Corbuzier (born in Jakarta, December 28, 1976, age 35 years) is a mentalist who is popular in Indonesia. He is a professional magician of Chinese descent. He is known for the unique face makeup.

Fame not only buoyed by the profession as a magician, but also thanks to his appearance on the world stage entertainment in Indonesia. In addition to appearing frequently in a variety of magic shows and talk shows about magic in a variety of television stations, he also starred in a number of advertisements on television and print media. Deddy also had a chance to play in a number of soap operas as a guest star. His fame was supported by expertise in dazzling the audience who watched the action. In addition to general magic tricks, Smith also often present a magic show containing high risk. Although known as a magician, he himself prefers to be called "mentalist".

Men born in Jakarta, December 28, 1976, the action never menengangkan with driving a vehicle in a closed position of the eye, but it never did Deddy also guess that it determines the mass media headlines before the media was published. Deddy terminate the bachelor Kalina Oktarani or more familiarly called Kalina on February 25, 2005, and has been blessed with a son, Nikola Azkanio Corbuzier.

History Bandung of City from Indonesia

Once before I had posted an article about the history of The Origin of Jakarta, on this occasion I will post an article on the History of Origin of Bandung. The town is located in the province of West Java is known as the city of Paris Van Java or her paris Java. Let us refer to the review of the Historical Origins of the following Bandung.

Origin of Bandung City Name

Do you know the origin of the name of the city of Bandung? According to the historical records of the word "London" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu which later formed the lake. However, according to local myth name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats were tied up side by side called the boat used by the Regent of Bandung Bandung. Bandung is the biggest metropolitan city in West Java and also the capital of the province. In addition, the city of Bandung is also the third largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya. Another name of the city is the City of Flowers, and the duo also formerly known as Parijs van Java.

In addition it is also known as the city of Bandung city shopping, with malls and factory outlets are widely spread in the city. And in 2007, the British Council made the city of Bandung as a pilot project city terkreatif East Asia. Currently the city of Bandung is one of the cities major tourist destination and education. Duniabaca.com following quote from Wikipedia about the historical origins of the city of Bandung.

Historical Origins of Bandung

The word "Bandung" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu ago to form the lake. Legend as told by older people in London say that the name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats tied up alongside the so-called boat used by the Regent Bandung Bandung, RA Wiranatakusumah II, to sail the Ci Tarum in seeking the seat of the new district to replace the old capital in Dayeuhkolot.

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Bandung city began to be used as a residential area since colonial Dutch East Indies, through the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels that time, issued a decree dated 25 September 1810 on the development of infrastructure for the region. This event later immortalized as the anniversary of the city of Bandung. Bandung city officially got the status gemeente (city) from the Governor-General JB van Heutsz on 1 April 1906 with an area of ​​approximately 900 ha at the time, and increased to 8,000 ha in 1949, until the last increase to the current area.

During the war of independence, on March 24, 1946, the city partially burned by the freedom fighters as part of the strategy of the war at that time. The event known as the Bandung Ocean of Fire and immortalized in the song Halo-Halo Bandung. In addition the city is later abandoned by most of its inhabitants were displaced to other areas.

On April 18, 1955 at the Merdeka Building formerly named "Concordia" (Jl. Asia Africa, now), opposite the Savoy Homann Hotel, was held for the first time Asian-African Conference which was then re-Asian-African Summit 2005 was held in this city on 19 April-24 April 2005.

Population Bandung

Is the most populous city of Bandung in West Java, where the population is dominated by ethnic Sundanese, Javanese, while a large minority population in the city compared to other ethnicities. Bandung city population growth initially closely related to the existing railway transportation built around 1880 that connects this city with Jakarta (formerly Batavia). In 1941, there were 226 877 population of the city life then after the event known as the Long March Siliwangi, the city's population increased again in 1950 which recorded a population of as many as 644 475 people.

Bandung City Government

In the administration of local government, headed by the mayor of the city of Bandung. Since 2008, residents of this city directly elect mayors and their representatives in the election, while the previously selected by city councilors.

Government representatives Bandung

According to the constitution in force city parliament represents the people's representative, the previous 2004 legislative elections the city parliament amounted to 45 people. In accordance with the development and population growth in the 2009 legislative elections the city parliament increased to 50 people, who then composed of representatives of eight parties, and consists of 41 men and 9 women.

Bandung Tourism and Culture

Since the opening of Highway Padaleunyi, Bandung has become a major goal of enjoying the holiday weekend, especially from people who came from surrounding Jakarta. In addition to being a tourist town shopping, the city of Bandung also known as large number of old buildings architecture Dutch heritage, including the Sate House now serves as the office of West Java provincial government, which is now a Pakuan building official residence of the governor of the province of West Java, Building Dwi Color or Indische Pensioenfonds now used by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia for the Regional Office of Directorate General XII pembendaharaan Bandung, Villa Isola is now used Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung Hall Station or Station and Post Office Building in Bandung.

Bandung city also has several public arts spaces such as museums, theaters and galleries such as Gedung Merdeka, the venue for the Asia-Africa in 1955, Sri Baduga Museum, which was founded in 1974 by former Kawedanan using old buildings Tegallega, Museum of Geology Bandung, Mandala Museum Wangsit Siliwangi, Barley Museum, Building Foundation Cultural Center, a building formerly Sues Indonesia Ir place. Pledoi deliver phenomenal Soekarno (Indonesia Sues) in the Dutch colonial era, West Java Cultural Park (TBJB) and Rumentang afternoon.

The city has several areas into an urban park, in addition to functioning as the lungs of the city also became a place of recreation for the people in this city. Bandung Zoo is one of the tourist areas are very interested in the community, especially during Sundays and school holidays, the zoo was inaugurated in 1933 by the colonial Dutch East Indies and is now managed by the Wildlife Foundation of the Castle. In addition, some other tourist areas including shopping malls and factory outlets also spread across the city including, in the area of ​​Jalan Braga, Cihampelas area, with craftsmen Cibaduyut Cigondewah with shoes and textile merchant. Dozens of shopping malls are scattered in the city, some of which Istana Plaza Bandung, Bandung Supermall, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, and Bandung Indah Plaza.

While some traditional market area is very well known in this city such as New Market, Market and Market Gedebage Andir. Tutug oncom particular culinary potential, pancake, spiced, and colenak also continue to grow in this city. Additionally Cireng also has a special food dish Bandung, while similar Peuyeum made from fermented cassava fermented, also widely known by the people on the island of Java. Bandung is also known as a city full of memories of the historical struggle of the Indonesian people in general, some of the monuments have been established to commemorate several historical events, including West Java Struggle Monument, Monument Bandung Ocean of Fire, Prison Banceuy Monument, Monument Railway and Heroes' Cemetery Cikutra.