History of Road Flyover

Biography Tjokorda Raka Sukawati - History of Inventor Road Flyover

Ir. Tjokorda Raka Sukawati born in Ubud, Bali on May 3, 1931 is an Indonesian engineer who invented Sosrobahu or flyover construction, which facilitates the construction of flyovers without interrupting traffic flow during construction, Tjokorda earned an Engineering degree in Civil Engineering Bandung Institute of Technology in 1962 , and earned a doctorate from the University of Gajah Mada in 1996. He worked his way up in PT. Hutama work in the field of construction and infrastructure services, is a State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) under the Ministry of Public Works (PU). When working on a project with the elevated road between Cawang Tanjung Priok in Jakarta found that Sosrobahu technology.

Actually its findings have not been specifically tested in the laboratory when practiced. But he was confident his findings could work, as defined by existing scientific. Even before the invention practiced, he was a devout Hindu religion embraced it took time to pray at the top of the construction. He was fairly desperate at that time, saying that he was willing to withdraw from the director of PT. Hutama work to the minister of Public Works at the time, when the findings that it can not work. But it turns out that the findings Sosrobahu can work properly without any less a.

He said that the findings were 80% above the will of Almighty God. Even numbers pressure 78 kg / cm ² specified in the technology findings, the actual figure mysterious to him, out of nowhere at the time he set a number wangsit it, but managed to even the engineers United States who work on the overpass in Seattle so obedient to the provisions of 78 kg / cm ² it. Later, after it was revealed at a later built his own laboratory, the results obtained calculation of the provisions of 78.05 kg / cm ². Exactly the same as the earlier statutes wangsit numbers.

At the end of his career at PT. Hutama work, Tjokorda dragged to Corruption, Collusion Nepotism (KKN) that befell the construction company. Tjokorda have to deal with issues of commercial paper, foreign to an engineer like him. He had to deal with the court. The strongest case following the Asian financial crisis that made a lot of construction companies in trouble.

Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, who is also the founder of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, has retired from PT. Hutama work, but still work even produce a second version sosrobahu technology that is superior to a matter of practicality than previous versions. Now he lives in his hometown of Ubud, Bali with graduate level teaching in Civil Engineering University of Udayana.

History of Vector Analysis

Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 - 28 April 1903) was a mathematical physicist who contributed much to the United States on the establishment of theoretical chemical thermodynamics. As a mathematician and physicist, he is the inventor of vector analysis. he was the first person in the United States who received a PhD in mechanical engineering (Yale). he is one of the theoretical physicists in the U.S. and perhaps one of the early theoretical chemist. Title Gibbs Professorship of Physics and Chemistry named after him.

Born and died in New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University graduate, and studied in Paris, Berlin, and Heidelberg. He was offered a professorship in mathematical physics at the University of Yale, the first appointment in the United States, in a position without salary for 10 years.

In chemistry, he contributed significantly to the idea thermochemical. In 1873, Gibbs published a number of papers on the geometric representation of thermodynamics in 2 installments. Some important topics are included in other papers on heterogeneous equation including the concept of chemical potential and free energy; idea Gibbs ensemble (an establishment of statistical mechanics), and the Gibbs phase rule. This paper inspired James Maxwell made (by his own hand) reference casts illustrating the idea that Gibbs then sent to Gibbs.

Yale University is proud to have it until now. Between 1876 and 1878 serial Gibbs wrote a paper titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, is now regarded as one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 19th century and the opening papers in chemical physics. In these papers Gibbs applied thermodynamics to interpret phenomena, successfully explaining and lodged beforehand what is the mass of isolated facts.

In mathematics, he contributed ideas vector analysis. In 1880, he developed the symbolic and algebraic vectors. In 1901, a full treatment of one of his students presented their ideas EB. Wilson, in a book entitled Analysis Vector.

History of the Electron

Joseph John Thomson, better known as JJ Thomson (1856-1940) a British physicist noted as the inventor of the electron that is part of the atom, he also received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of physics. Born in Creetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester on December 18, 1856. He became speaker in 1883, and became professor in 1918. He was a professor of experimental physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, where he replaced John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, from 1884 until 1918 and became professor of physics at Cambridge and honorable Royal Institution, London.

In his research he learned that the cathode tube in a partial vacuum conditions (almost vacuum) is given a higher voltage will issue a "beam" rays which Thomson calls this a "cathode rays" due to the light beam from the cathode (negative electrode). The cathode rays when brought near by the negative electric field will dibelokan (cathode ray beam is fabricated by the negative field), based on this, the Thomson stated that the cathode rays are particles that are negatively charged he called "corpuscle".

He also believes that the corpuscle is derived from the metal atoms are used as electrodes in the cathode tube. By using these types of different metals as electrodes which he used in the cathode tube experiments Thomson still produce the same cathode ray beam. Thomson eventually concluded that every atom is composed of definite corpuscle. Found by Thomson corpuscle is then referred to as "electron" by G. Johnstone Stoney. Of the assumptions he finally believes that the atom is not actually shaped Boys (sphere-shaped solid) but composed of atoms components.

In natural atom is in a stable condition and has a neutral charge, thereby Thomson further assume that within the atom itself there are definitely parts that are positively charged. Of the assumptions are then Thomson propose the structure of atoms as spheres with a positive-charged electron clouds are distributed randomly in it. Thomson's atomic model is known as the "plum pudding model" or in Indonesian known as a "model of raisin bread". To make it easier to imagine the atomic model then you have to imagine a bread in the shape of a sphere in which there are raisins are evenly spread randomly.

History of Hydrogen Bomb

Edward Teller Ede Teller was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, January 15, 1908, is the inventor of the hydrogen bomb. In 1939, Teller was one of three scientists who encouraged Albert Einstein to alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the power of nuclear fission-fragment an atomic nucleus-can be used to form a new weapon that destroys. In 1941, before the first atomic bomb was born, scientist colleague, Enrico Fermi, argues that nuclear fusion could be more awesome.

Subsequent work, he developed a hydrogen bomb which was then attached to his identity. Its main role in the development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) is very famous. However, he also made a remarkable contribution to the development of ballistic missiles launched from submarines (basic nuclear deterrence) and missile defense

The idea was developed Teller. He went on to make a bomb like that, so managed to get the title of "father of the hydrogen bomb". However, reportedly, he hates the term. Powered megaton hydrogen bomb (million tonnes) was blown up first in 1952, although no one ever used in war. As a comparison, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki just weighing dozen kilotons.

Teller is a powerful adviser for applied science, in addition to one of the most influential leaders in the engineering of national defense since World War II until today. His advice was also very influential in the strategic defense initiative missile system, dubbed as the "Star Wars".

Teller received many awards in her long career, including the Albert Einstein Award, the Enrico Fermi Award, and the National Medal of Science. Earlier this year, was born in Budapest, Hungary, was awarded the Presidential Freedom Medal, the highest award in the U.S..

Dr Edward Teller role is very strategic in U.S. weapons strategy, starting the atomic bomb during World War II to the concept during President Reagan's Star Wars. With Einstein, he was "aware" of President Roosevelt against nuclear power. In the last years of his life he was widely known for its controversial recommendation technology solutions in civil and military issues, including the planned excavation artificial harbor in Alaska using thermonuclear explosives. Experts "doomsday bomb" was surrendered due to stroke which attacked a few days ago. Teller died on 9 September 2003 at the age of 95 years at his home on the campus of Stanford University, California.

History of Battery

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta or Alessandro Volta Batteries Noted as the first inventor, was born in Como, Italy, and taught in the public schools there. In 1774 he became professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularized Electrophorus, a device that produces a static electric charge. promotion was so extensive that he is often credited with its discovery, although the engine operates in the same principle described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.

Volta was an Italian physicist. He is especially known for developing the battery in 1800. He continued work of Galvani Luigi Galvani and prove that the theory of the shock effect of frog legs is wrong. In fact, this effect does not arise from a kind of 2 metal scalpel Galvani. Based on this opinion, succeeded in creating Battery Volta Volta (Voltac Pile). For his services, the unit of electric potential difference is called the volt.

In the 1776-1777 Volta studied the chemistry of gases. He discovered methane by collecting the gas from marshes. He designed an experiment such as the combustion of methane by an electric spark in a closed container. Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential (V) and charge (Q), and found that they are proportional to an object. This may be called Volta's Law of capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential called the Volt.

In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia, he held the seat for nearly 25 years. In 1794, Volta married Teresa Peregrini, who raised three children, Giovanni, Flaminio and Zanino. In honor of his work, Volta was made count by Napoleon in 1810. Furthermore, he described the 10,000 Italian Lire (no longer in circulation) along with the famous sketch Voltaic Pile.

Volta began to learn about 1791, "power" of animals noted by Luigi Galvani when two different metals are connected in series with the frog's leg and each other. Volta realized that the frog's leg served as both an electrical conductor (the electrolyte) and as a power detector. He replaced the frog's leg by brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity in another way that he knew from previous studies. In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf) of a galvanic cell, which consists of a pair of metal electrodes separated by an electrolyte, the difference between their two electrode potentials. This may be called Volta's Law of the electrochemical series.

In 1800, as a result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, he invented the voltaic pile, early electric battery, which produces an electric current is stable. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity zinc and silver. Initially he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell a wine goblet filled with brine in which two different electrodes are dipped. Voltaic pile replaced the glass with cardboard soaked in salt water.

The battery made by Volta is credited as the first electrochemical cell. It consists of two electrodes: made of zinc, the other of copper. electrolyte is sulfuric acid or a mixture of salt water and salt water. electrolyte is in the form 2H + and SO42-. Zinc, which is higher than that of copper and hydrogen in the electrochemical series, reacts with negatively charged sulfate. (SO42-) ions-positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) capture electrons from the copper, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H2. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and a positive electrode of copper rod.

However, these cells have some disadvantages as well. It is not safe to handle, as sulfuric acid, even when diluted, is very dangerous. In addition, the strength of the cell decreases with time because hydrogen gas is not released, collecting only the zinc electrode surface and form a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution. Primitive cells are widely used in schools to demonstrate the laws of electricity and is known as a lemon battery.

Volta retired in 1819 the estate in Camnago, a frazione Como now called Volta Camnago after, where he died on March 5, 1827. He was buried in Camnago Volta . Volta legacy celebrated by Temple on the banks of Lake Como in the town center. A museum in Como, Voltian building, has been built in his honor and exhibits some original equipment he used to perform experiments. Standing near Lake Como Villa Olmo, which houses Voltian Foundation, an organization that promotes scientific activities. Volta conducted experimental studies and made the first discovery in Como. For his services, the unit of electric potential difference is called the volt.

History of Tyres

Charles Goodyear was recorded as the first inventor of the rubber tires. born in New Haven on December 29, 1800. He's an American citizen who found a way vulcanization of rubber in 1839. He then patented his invention in 1844. At first Charles Goodyear is a former merchant who went bankrupt and was imprisoned due to debt. In 1830 the world is experiencing fever and Charles Goodyear rubber was keen to cultivate the rubber.

Rubber material is good but the material is sangit fetid, hardens when cold and too sticky when warm and look can not be used for practical purposes. Charles Goodyear set up a company and strive to make useful materials. Previously for seven years, he tried to cultivate rubber materials with magnesium oxide, bronze powder, nitric acid and lime adhesive, but still no results.

In an auspicious day in 1839, he cleaned his hands of powder spread, which consists of a mixture of rubber and sulfur. Powder and it fell into a furnace on fire. When the rubber melt, it reacts with sulfur materials and found that the material has the character changed like elastic skin. This is the first vulcanized rubber or rubber tires created.

Goodyear also managed to find a weather resistant rubber. Then he was obsessed with making a variety of goods from homemade materials and the patented his creation. Intention step Goodyear patented his discovery was preceded by a British rubber pioneer named Thomas Hancock who ironically vulcanization method that digunakanya inspired creations example weather resistant Goodyear rubber. He also tried to fight through legal channels, but eventually lost and then lost his French patent, and not only that, the royalty was canceled.

In August 1824, Goodyear married Clarissa Beecher and they were blessed with seven children, one of whom was William Henry Goodyear. Charles Goodyear died in New York on July 1, 1860, leaving debts amounting to USD 200,000. But eventually Goodyear sacrifice and hard work was not in vain, because his family could enjoy it all through the accumulated royalties temuanya it, and the more meaningful again, his name has been inscribed as a pioneer of the modern world rubber industry.

History of Algorithms

John Napier, nd at Merchiston Castle, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Son of Sir Archibald Napier's first wife, Janet Bothwell. When I was 14 years old, were sent to the university Napier St. Andrews to study theology. After traveling to foreign countries, Napier returned to my hometown in 1571 and married Elizabeth Stirling and had two sons. In 1579, his wife died and remarried to Agnes Chisholm. The second marriage gave him ten children. The second son of the second wife, Robert, later became his father's translator works. Sir Archibald died in 1608 and John Napier replace, Merchiston Castle lived in all his life.

Napier is not a professional mathematician. country Scotland, he was a Baron who lived in Murchiston and has a lot of ground, but also have a hobby of writing a variety of topics that interest her. He's only interested in one aspect of research in mathematics, particularly relating to the calculation and trigonometry. The term "framework Napier" (Napier frame) refers to the multiplication tables and the "analogy Napier" and "Law sections Napier circle" is a tool to remember in relation to the trigonometric circle. Napier said that the research and discovery of logarithms happened twelve years ago before being published. The statement pointed out that the basic idea occurred in 1594. Although discovered by Napier but there is a role predecessor. Stifel wrote Arithmetica integra on 50 years ago with the guidelines of the works of Archimedes. Numbers with power of two is essentially, though not to be used for calculation purposes because there is a difference that is too large and the interpolation does not give accurate results.

Dr influence thinking. John Craig can not be ruled out, affecting John Napier. This meeting occurs unintentionally, occurs when the group Craig on his way to Denmark by boat, there was a huge storm that makes this group a stop not far from the observatory of Tycho Brahe, not far from where Napier. While waiting for the storm to pass, they discuss ways calculation used in the observatory. This discussion makes more motivated to Napier in 1614 published a book description of the rules in logarithmic (A Description of the Marvelous Rule of Logaritms).

Logarithm

Early discovery of Napier is actually very simple. Using a geometric progression and integral simultaneously. Take a certain number close to 1. Napier using the 1-107 (or .9999999) as numbers. Now, the term progression of ever-increasing power until the end result is close - very little difference. To achieve "balance" and avoid going on (number) decimal multiplied by 107.

N = 107 (1 - 1/107) L, where L is the logarithm Napier so the logarithm of 107 is equal to zero, ie: 107 (1-1/107) = 0.9999999 is 1 and so on. If the number is divided by 107 and logarithms, will be found - virtually - as a system of logarithms base 1 / e, for (1-1/107) 107 approached Lim n → ∞ (1-1 / n) n = 1 / e.

Keep in mind that Napier did not have the concept of logarithms as a basis, as we know now. Napier working principles will be more clear by using geometry concepts below.

A___________________P____________B___________________



C_______________________D__________Q_______________________E


Line AB is half of the line CE. Imagine a point P departs from point A, goes down the line AB at speeds comparable decreases in proportion to the distance from point B; at the same time point Q moves from line speed CE ... the same moves as the point P. Napier called CQ distance variable is the logarithm of the distance PB is the geometric definition Napier. Eg: PB = x and CQ = y. If AB 107 is considered, and if the speed of movement of the P well 107, then in modern calculus notation obtained dx / dt =-x and dy / dt = 107, x0 = 107, y0 = 0. So dy / dx = - 107 / x, or y = -107 ln cx, where c is the initial condition to be 10-7. Result, y = -107 ln (x/107) or y/107 = log 1 / e (x/107).

Eccentricity

Although Napier made great contributions in the fields of mathematics, but the greatest interest Napier precisely the field of religion. He's a strong Protestants who wrote his views in the book description of the discovery of the resurrection of St. John (A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of Saint John (1593), who bitterly attacked the Catholic Church and the King reproached the Scots, James VI (later James I, king of Britain) by calling an atheist.

Another area of ​​interest Napier, a landlord, was managing the farm. To improve soil fertility, Napier tried to give fertilizer in the form of salt. In 1579, Napier found the hydraulic pump to raise the water from the well. In the military field, Napier plans to create a giant mirror in order to protect the UK from naval invasion of King Philip II of Spain. Both Napier's invention was not different from the discovery of Archimedes.

There is an anecdote, that as a landlord, Napier often clashed with the tenants (land) and its neighbors. An event, Napier was disturbed by the neighbors pigeons which he felt was too much. Threats that pigeons will not be taken  arrested, because he felt sure that Napier is not possible to arrest all the pigeons. The next day, the neighbor was shocked see all pigeon flounder - not dead - slumped in front of the house. Apparently Napier had fed corn soaked beforehand with wine.

Last services

As soon as the first book was published, mathematician enthusiasm spread so much from their visit to Edinburgh. One of the guests was Henry Briggs (1516 - 1631), at which time the meeting Napier Briggs tells about the modifications made. Logarithm base change to 1, instead of 107, the result is zero and using base 10 (decimal). Finally found a log 10 = 1 = 10 º. Napier died at his castle on April 3, 1617, and was buried in the church of St. Cuthbert, Edinburgh. Two years later, in 1619, published a book of beauty logarithm Construction (Construction of the wonderful logarithms), compiled by Robert, son.


Contribution
Find the basic concept of logarithms, before being developed by other mathematicians - especially Henry Briggs - that has benefited. This discovery brought a major change in mathematics. Johannes Kepler helped, because the logarithm, to increase the ability for the astronomers count. "Miracle" is then called by the logarithm of [Florian] Cajori as one of the three important discoveries for mathematics (the other two being notation-based Arabic numerals and ten fractions / decimal).

History dynamo

Michael Faraday inventor of  dynamo

Michael Faraday was born in 1791 in Newington, England, noted as the first inventor of the dynamo, at the age of fourteen he so intern handyman volumes and selling books, and he used this opportunity many people read books like crazy. When twenty-year old stepped on, he visited the lectures given by renowned British scientist Sir Humphry Davy. Enchanted Faraday and gape gaping. Davy wrote to both profit and short story accepted as his assistant. Within a few years, Faraday was able to make new discoveries on his own creation. Although he did not have a sufficient background in mathematics, as a natural scientist he was not unchallenged.

Faraday first important discovery in the field of electricity occurred in 1821. Oersted two years earlier had found that the magnetic needle compass can be shifted if the ordinary electric current flowed in the wire are not far apart. This make Faraday concluded, if the magnet diketatkan, the wire actually moves. Working on the basis of these allegations, he managed to make a clear scheme where the wire will constantly rotating magnet adjacent to all electrical power is applied to the wire. Indeed in this case the Faraday had found the first electric motor, a first scheme uses an electric current to create something moving objects. No matter how primitive, discovery Faraday is the "ancestor" of all electric motors used today's world.

This is an outstanding pacesetter. However, its practical usefulness is limited avail, as long as no method to drive electric current from the battery than simple chemical at the time. Faraday sure, there must be a way of using magnets for electric drive, and he is constantly looking for a way how to find the method. Now, the magnetic sedentary does not affect the electric current adjacent to the wire. But in 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet passed through a piece of wire, current will flow in the wire while the magnet moves. This situation is called "electro magnetic influence," and this is called "Faraday's Law" and is generally considered the most important discoveries of Faraday and greatest.

This is a monumental discovery, for two reasons. First, "Faraday's Law" has a fundamental importance in relation to our theoretical understanding of the electro-magnetic. Secondly, electro magnetic can be used to drive continuous electrical current flow as demonstrated by Faraday himself by making the first electric dynamo. Although our power generators to supply the town and factory today is much more perfect than what is done Faraday, but all based on similar principles to the electro magnetic influence.

Faraday also contributed in the field of chemistry. He made a plan to change the gas so fluid, he found various types of chemicals, including benzene. More importantly, the work of his efforts in the field of electro-chemistry (chemical investigation of the effect of the electric current). Faraday with high precision investigation resulted in two legal "elektrolysis" that their mention his name coupled with that is the basis of electro-chemistry. He also popularized a lot of the terms used in the field such as: the anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.

Inventor of the telescope

Hans Lippershey  Inventor of the telescope

Also known as Johann Hans Lippershey Lippershey or Lipperhey, is a maker of bloody German-Dutch lens. He was born in Wesel, western Germany. Then he settled in Middelburg, the Netherlands in 1594, and married in the same year, and became a citizen of the Netherlands in 1602. Middelburg he lived until his death. Galileo's telescope, the first telescope was not found. Before Galileo, a lot of researchers who claim that he is the inventor of the telescope. 

Telescope may have created a lot earlier, and still be a debate about the actual inventor. But Lippershey believed to be the first person gets a patent for his design and make it for general use in 1608. However, on the fact he failed to receive a patent for his discovery telescope. But eventually he was rewarded by the Dutch government for the duplicate of the design. "The Dutch Perspective Glass", Binoculars star Lippershey could find only increase three times magnification. Early initiative to obtain a patent from the findings presented in the final report to the Dutch Embassy of the Kingdom of Siam, led by King Ekathotsarot.

Diplomatic reports soon spread to Europe, and encourage experimentation by other scientists such as Italian Paolo Sarpi, who received a report in November, or Thomas Harriot of England in 1609, and Galileo Galilei were immediately modify Lippershey telescope. Hans Lippershey holds a lens in front of another lens to enlarge the distance of the object. By installing two lenses in a tube made of wood, Lippershey make the first telescope

New glass making techniques introduced by the Italians in the 1590s, and perhaps some idea of ??combining these lenses have come up glassmaker community. Although people claim that the invention of the telescope and instruments impossible to remain confidential, the early records have been found of a device (like a telescope) Zeeland government stated in a letter to his delegation at the United Netherlands, dated 25 September 1608, which contains the "who is the person who finds new discoveries that can see objects at a distance as if it will be close ". After that, there is also a petition of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar, a city in the north of the Netherlands, who also claimed to be the inventor of the telescope. The third claim is also emerging from Sacharias Janssen, and also became the talk of Middelburg, which appeared a few decades later. Note that there is not sufficient enough to determine who the actual inventor of the telescope. All we can say is that patents Lippershey the beginning of a record of the discovery of the telescope.

History of Atomic Structure

Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who considered the greatest physicist of all time, the inventor of the atomic theory of Bohr, inventor of the liquid drop model of the nucleus of the atom, physicists par with Einstein's theory. Bohr is not the first person in the world who discovered the atomic structure or model of the atom. Struktor atom discovered by Rutherford, English physicist, in 1911. But Rutherford atomic structure (structure by Rutherford's atom) is less clear. According to the Rutherford atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, such as the sun surrounded by planets. But Rutherford can not explain how much distance an electron from the nucleus. Bohr atomic model Rutherford fix. Bohr was the first in the world to apply quantum theory to solve problems of atomic structure. He made important contributions to the development of quantum physics for nearly 50 years.

Biography of Niels Bohr - Atomic Structure Inventor

Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 7, 1885 and died in Copenhagen also on 18 November 1962 at the age of 77 years. His father Christian Bohr, professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. His mother was Ellen Adler Bohr and respected family in the world including Bank in Denmark. Since childhood, Bohr was seen as a bright child who loved to read and study the scientific books.

At the age of 22 years, while still a senior at the University of Copenhagen, Bohr received the gold medal of the Copenhagen Institute of Sciences for his work on the surface tension of water. At the age of 26 years he received a doctorate for his thesis on the metal electrons. Then he went to England to study the atom with Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. After that he went to Manchester to study the atomic structure with Rutherford. In 1922 at the age of 37 years he received the Nobel Prize for physics for his theory of the atom.

Bohr was a great teacher, doctor, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and author. Bohr wrote a book about the atomic theory. This book published in 1913. It uses the theory of light beam Planck and Rutherford atomic model to explain the light that appears on the hydrogen atom. According to Bohr, the electrons surrounding the nucleus in specific orbits. There are atoms in the outer orbit and the orbit. The orbit is an electron orbit near the nucleus. Outer orbits could hold more electrons. Electrons in the outer orbits determine the chemical properties of atoms. Sometimes electrons in outer orbit to orbit the jump. At the time of the electrons jump off light. Book by Bohr another example: Spectra and Atomic Structure Theory (1922), Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (1934), Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (1958).

Bohr married Margrethe Norlund in 1912. Bohr turned out not miscast. His wife is a suitable companion for him. Of marriage they were blessed with 6 sons but two people died. Managed so that the four gentlemen and even someone who got a position as Bohr and Bohr is changing as the institute director. Bohr was well aware of the dangers and benefits of the atom to mankind. He experienced World War II and how the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb destroyed because of overtime. In 1950 he proposed to the United Nations in order to pursue a policy 'open world' to avoid war. The statesmen should exchange information freely, until the states can and will trust and mutual understanding. Bohr's suggestion indicates that in addition to the leading physicists, Bohr's noble spirit and thinking of the welfare of mankind.

History of Modern Theory of Quantum Mechanics

Physicist Max Born was a pure, original German citizen, then be a British citizen. In 1954, Max Born with Walther Bothe he Nobel Prize for physics for his work in the field of quantum. Quantum mechanics is a branch of mathematical physics which gives a description of the motion of electrons, protons, neutrons and subatomic particles (objects smaller than an atom). Born made a statistical study of the wave function. His work is found to replace the theory kuatum Max Plank, German physicist, in 1900.

Max Born - Inventor of Modern Theory of Quantum Mechanics

Born was born in Breslau, Germany, on December 11, 1882. Breslau city now called Wroclaw and including the territory of Poland. He died in Göttingen on the 5th of January, 1970, at the age of 88 years. 4 He was educated at the University of Breslau, Heidelberg, Zurich, and Gottingen. He received his doctorate from the University of Gottingen at the age of 25 years (1907). Later he taught in Berlin and Frankfurt am main. At the age of 39 years (1921), he was appointed professor at the University of Gottingen. He taught theoretical physics or pure physics.

In the same year Max Born reformulate the law of conservation of energy or the first law of thermodynamics. He made a precise definition of the quantity of heat. As such, it presents a mathematical statement which is very satisfying for the law. Three expert mathematics at the university of Gottingen Born affect thinking. Them it was David Hilbert, Felix Klein and Hermann Minkowski. In Berlin, Born acquainted and friends with Max Planck and Albert Einstein. As a teacher, Born to inspire the young men who are very intelligent, which later became a mathematician and physicist famous all over the world. They are Enrico Fermi, Werner Heinsenberg, and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

In 1924 Louis de Brogile, French physicist, noted that govern the motion of matter waves of atomic particles. After finding out that Erwin Schrodinger, Austrian physicist, developed a system of mathematical procedures and concepts of physics called wave mechanics. Primarily on the basis of the work of this Schrodinger, Born to conclusions that indicate the possible presence of matter waves elektrondi somewhere. Interpretation (interpretation) Born on Schrodinger wave equation is very important for the new kuatum theory.

At 1926 Werner Karl Heisenberg, Born student and assistant, first formulated the law of the new quantum theory. Born highly skilled in mathematics, soon developed a mathematical theory by using a careful and systematic. The new quantum theory is then known as quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is more perfect than the quantum theory of Max Planck.

Max Planck's quantum theory is more perfect than Newtonian mechanics. Newtonian mechanics can not be used to discuss objects as small as atoms. Born is not the person who discovered quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics discovered by Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heinsenberg. Born received the Nobel prize for perfect quantum mechanics. Besides perfect quantum mechanics, Born developed the theory of subatomic particle growth. This theory is used to solve problems in atomic particles are scattered. He can explain the dual nature of matter as particles and waves.

In 1933 Hitler become dictator in Germany. He ordered that all Jews be killed. Though Born a Jew, Not wanting to kill Hitler, Born fled to England, German enemy. Born in the UK to get a job as a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. In 1939 World War II broke out, incoming Born a British citizen. Later he was appointed member of the UK Institute of Science. He retired in 1953 and returned to Germany, to Gottingen. Use for the rest of his life he wrote a book and write a lot of articles. Her work is recorded with the title of Work Choices and published in 1963. He condemned the misuse of science for the sake of war. He argues that the scientists responsible for the use of nuclear energy in war and in peace time.

History Inventors High Pressure Chemical Method

High Pressure Chemical Methods inventor (1874 - 1940) - Carl Bosch was a German chemist, industry entrepreneurs, engineers, chairman of the German Academy of Sciences. Company Bosch produces ammonia and methanol-made artificial. Together with Friedrich Bergius he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering high-pressure method kimia.Ia born in Cologne on August 27, 1874 and died in Heidelberg (now including the West German region) at the age of 66 years. At age 20 he studied at Charlottenburg for metallurgists and engineers so. Metallurgy is the science and technology that studies logom, metal structure, properties of metals, metal manufacturing processes and so on.

Biography Carl Bosch | Inventors High Pressure Chemical Method

In High school he was disappointed because the subjects which he received only by the sheer experience of the lecturers, not science in the sense now. Then two years later he moved to the University of Leipzig. Here metarlurgi but he did not learn chemistry. In 1889, at the age of 25 years working in Bandische Bosch Aniline-und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) in the city of Ludwigshafen. Manufacturer's name was later changed so l.G. Farbenindustrie AG.

In the company there are three properties that are very menojol Bosch. He studied had continued despite the title engineer. He pushed forward coworkers. He makes long-term plans. He is good at organizing group work. Position in the fast-emerging companies. Within 11 years he managed to occupy the top job at the company. He was chosen to be the president of the company at the age of 35 years (1935).

Approximately in 1900 the world shortage of fertilizer nitrogen. It is made of nitrate fertilizer imported from Chile, South America. But the Chilean nitrate can not meet the world's needs for fertilizer. Though plants need nitrogen or nitrogen. How to make a fertilizer that contains nitrogen?

In 1909 Haber, German chemist, successfully developed the manufacturing process of synthetic ammonia. Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ratio of 1:3. Chemical formula NH3. But Haber synthetic ammonia can only be made in the laboratory. Then he handed the manufacture of artificial ammonia to Bosch. Bosch produces ammonia then made on a large scale. It happened in 1911. Four years later (1915) the company Bosch oxidize ammonia and nitric acid production. Nitric acid is widely used in the chemical industry to make medicines, dyes, and explosives. In 1923 the company Bosch produces massive artificial methanol. Methanol is the simplest alcohol liquid. Methanol is also called carbinol, wood alcohol, glass alcohol, or methyl alcohol. Synthetic methanol is made by reacting the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases with high pressure.

The mixture is called synthesis gas. Synthesis gas can be made from a variety of waste, waste, waste products, any fuel containing carbon, such as brick, natural gas, and oil, and wood. Methanol is used for fuel, for the motor, as the organic solvent in the manufacture of lacquers and varnishes, in manufacture of formaldehyde for dyes, and as a mendenaturasikan ethanol. For his work with the Bosch Bergius in 1931 received the Nobel Prize. Six years later (1937) Bosch chosen as chairman of the Institute for German Studies, replacing Max Planck.

History and Inventors Tool Fighting Chance

Benjamin Franklin was a man of many types of work and expertise. He was a journalist, publisher, author, philanthropist, abolitionist, public servant (official), scientist, diplomat, and inventor as well! Franklin also was one of the leaders of the American Revolution, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. His words are well-known and much quoted. For example, "time is money" is likely to come from him. Because he was also a publisher and owner of printing, many words can still be read people until now because he was also a lot and writing. He is also famous for its percobaanya on electricity (lightning rods). He was the first Postmaster in the United States, making "public library" first, and the first to organize the ranks of the city fire department.

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the 15th child of 17 brothers. His father worked as a soap and candle maker. He learned to read in a very young age and attended regular school for a year and studied under the guidance of a private teacher for a year. Franklin only attended for two years. At the age of 12 years, Franklin worked in the printing brother. When Ben (Benjamin nickname) was 15 years old, Ben scored the newspaper "New England Courant", the first newspaper that is independent from British colonization.

At the age of 17, Franklin went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to find a new experience in a new city. At that time he worked in a shop that sells printing machines. After several months, the governor of Pennsylvania recommends Benjamin to open a printing business newspapers in Pennsylvania and promised to help businesses Benjamin printing. Governor recommends Benjamin to go to London and buy printing supplies are required. But after Benjamin arrived in London, Benjamin realized that the governor promises to help only a dead letter, a letter of introduction from the governor was never sent to London. In London, Franklin quickly able to find a job. In 1726 Franklin was tired of staying in London, and by accident as it was a grain merchant offered him a job in Philadelphia with big commissions. For that Ben decided to return to America.

Benjamin Franklin and the kite-layangPada in 1740, electricity was a novelty. Benjamin Franklin and his friends began to investigate the phenomenon of electricity. In 1750, Benjamin was first who discovered the principles of electricity and also give positive and negative electricity. He then published his experiments to prove that lightning is actually electricity by flying a kite in a storm. In his writings, Benjamin Franklin wrote that he was aware of the dangers that can result from the experiments and offer an alternative that proves that lightning is electricity, which is then in the show by using the concept of electrical ground. Not as pictured person that Benjamin experiment done by flying a kite and wait until the kite was struck by lightning. Benjamin uses his kite just to collect electricity from storm clouds.

Experiments to electricity by Benjamin, directing him to the invention, the lightning rod. He wrote that the conductor (electric) with a sharp edge has the ability to draw an electrical charge and has a range of further withdrawals than conductors with a blunt tip. He concluded that this knowledge can be used to protect the house from lightning danger, by putting an iron bar seruncing pointy needles and anti-rust coating, which is directed to the sky, and the legs of iron, attached with wires leading to the ground. This will attract the lightning rod at electric charge cloud to the ground so that the charge is on the cloud is not enough to cause thunder and lightning.

Benjamin discoveries such as lightning rods, sunglasses, and others never patented it. In his biography, Benjamin writes: ".. the same as when we are enjoying the advantages of the invention of others, we should be happy to have the opportunity to provide service to others with our findings: for this, we must give freely and wholeheartedly. '

To commemorate Benjamin Franklin in the field of electricity, immortalized as physics unit franklin (Fr) or statcoulomb (statC) or electrostatic unit of charge (ESU). Fr is a unit of electrical charge in the centimeter-gram-second (cgs). SI system as we use, wear Coulomb force.