History of BEMO in Indonesian

Bemo is short for "motor tricycles" and is a three-wheeled motor vehicle which is typically used as public transport in Indonesia. The minibus was adopted in Indonesia in early 1962, first in Jakarta in connection with Ganefo.

Later minibus presence is intended to replace rickshaws. However, this plan did not succeed because of the presence of minibus is not supported by a mature plan. Bemo is not only present in Jakarta, but also in other cities such as Bogor, Bandung, Surabaya, Malang, Padang, Denpasar, etc.. because these vehicles are very practical and able to reach the narrow streets, and can run much faster than rickshaws.

Minibus fleet that still operate in some areas of Jakarta

Bemo which initially operated as a taxi, later restricted area of ​​operation in certain routes only, and finally removed to thin these routes had been left untouched by city bus. In Jakarta, minibus started removed in 1971, followed by Surabaya and Malang in the same year. In 1979, the Regional Government of Surakarta take similar steps.

In their home country, Japan, is said minibus is not intended to be used as human transport, but as freight. As a result, when paired seating, room available was actually very narrow. Moreover, usually minibus used to transport at least 8 passengers, six in the back, two in front, including the driver. Because the passengers in the back of the knee often have to compete, sitting overcrowding. But consequently, minibus ride can cause its own sweet memories, especially for those who met his soul mate in the minibus.

When plant in Japan, the home of minibus, no longer produce spare parts, minibus in Indonesia is still able to survive because there are many workshops that are able to make this tiruannya.Saat minibus spares already eliminated many of the city transportation programs because they are too old, not safe again and smoke cause pollution. But in many places minibus still able to survive and indelible.

Original Japanese Bemo

Daihatsu Midget is a three-wheeled vehicle (one in front, two in back) that had produced the Japanese automaker Daihatsu. This small-sized vehicle that is named "midget" (dwarf). In Indonesia, Daihatsu Daihatsu Midget is the first production vehicle coming into the domestic automotive market.

In urban Indonesia, Daihatsu Midget generally more familiar with the title "BEMO". Daihatsu was once popular as a manufacturer of small three-wheeled trucks. After Toyota issued a four-wheeler in 1954 (later popular as Toyoace), the demand for three-wheeled truck Daihatsu continued to decline. Daihatsu then developed a three-wheeled vehicle that may be driven by the time the SIM holder compact cars in Japan. The result is the Daihatsu Midget which began to be marketed in 1957. Viewers apparently liked the ad Daihatsu Midget on Japanese television comedy starring Kon Omura and Midget sells.

DK Model

DK models go on sale August 1, 1957. Steering handlebar shaped like a motorcycle. The driver's cabin and cargo space has a roof of canvas.

Specifications:

• No driver's cabin door.
• Overall length: 2,540 mm
• Overall width: 1,200 mm
• Overall height: 1,500 mm
• 1 person maximum passenger. ZA type engine, two stroke, fan systems, cylinder capacity of 250 cc, petrol fuel. The maximum power of 10 horsepower. The maximum speed of 65 km / h (specification of the catalog). Maximum payload of 300 kg, 350 kg empty weight. Variations of the model based on the model DK: DKA (early models), DKII, DSV (the back is made boxes), DSAP (capacity 2 seats).

Time Line

• 1960 - Daihatsu introduced the MP4 type coupled with an overall length of 20 cm in order to carry more payload.
• 1961 - Midget begin production in Pakistan with a production system disassembly.
• 1963 - Daihatsu introduced a type MP5 with extended cargo space is 10 cm, and a maximum of 350 kg payload. This type of interference is no longer using gasoline, but gasoline and oil are separated.
• 1972 - Production halted Midget with total cumulative production of 336 534 units, and half of that number were sold in Southeast Asia.
• 1996-2001 - Daihatsu producing four-wheel compact car called the Daihatsu Midget II

History of Samsung

Samsung's history began in 1938 in which Lee Byung-Chull (1910-1987) came from a family of land owners in the area Uiryeong come to Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe, a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong ( now Ingyo-dong). Company in the wake of Lee is progressing and he moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, Lee was forced to leave Seoul and started sugar refinery in Busan as a name of Cheil Jedang. After the war, in 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and build factories in Chimsan-dong, Daegu as a woolen mill.

Lee sought to establish Samsung as an industry leader in many fields, such as insurance, securities, and retail. In the late 1960s, Samsung Group began to develop into industrial electronics and electronic form divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices Co., Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Samsung Corning Co., and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co., and made the facility in Suwon. The first product was a black-and-white television set. In 1980, Samsung bought Hanguk Jeonja Company Tongsin in Gumi, and started to build telecommunication devices. Its early products were Switchboards. This facility has been developed into the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the center of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing. They have produced more than 800 million mobile phone. Their companies grouped together under Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. in the 1980s.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Samsung Electronics invested heavily in research and development, investments are important in driving the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. In 1982, Samsung built a television assembly plant in Portugal, in 1984, samsung build a factory in New York, in 1985, samsung build a factory in Tokyo, in 1987, samsung build a facility in the UK, and other facilities in Austin in 1996. In total, Samsung has invested $ 5.6 billion in the Austin - by far the largest foreign investment in Texas and one of the largest single foreign investment in the United States. Samsung new investment in Austin is a total of more than $ 9 billion.

Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung's construction branch was awarded a contract to build one of the two Petronas Towers in Malaysia, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the Burj Khalifa in the United Arab Emirates. In 1993., Lee Kun-hee sold ten Samsung Group's subsidiaries, downsized the company, and others joined operations to concentrate on three industries are electronics, engineering, and chemicals. In 1996, Samsung Group to buy back Sungkyunkwan University foundation.

Compared to other Korean big companies, Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively big impact. However, Samsung Motor was sold to Renault have suffered significant losses. In 2010, the stock Renault Samsung is 80.1 percent owned by Renault and 19.9 percent owned by Samsung. In addition, Samsung manufactures a variety of aircraft from the 1980s-1990s. The company was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), the result of merger between then three domestic major aerospace division of Samsung Aerospace, Daewoo Heavy Industries, and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company.

Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the largest producer in the world to make liquid-crystal display panels. In 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for them and operate the factories and build facilities in Tangjung, South Korea.

Samsung's success as a provider of technology continues to evolve through the eighties such as Samsung Electronics has joined with Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications. This paved the way towards a strong hold on the international market with high-tech products that will become a staple in every home. This development continues as the next decade as Samsung continues to transcend borders and restructuring business plans to accommodate the global scene. Adopt new forms of management proved to be a wise move for the company as their product goes on the top list of must-haves in their various fields. TV-LCD, picture tube, Samsung printers and other high-tech products acquisitions became known for their high quality. When Samsung ventured into the LCD industry in 1993, became the best in the world. Excellent method of quality control of the company that made her successful in providing only the best products to the whole world. It applies a "Stop Line" system where every person can stop the production process in the event that the product found to be substandard.

History of Nokia

NOKIA is a company built for the purpose of industrial plant or cell. We investigate, said Nokia originated from the name of a community living on the river in the Lakes Emakoski Finland. NOKIA history discovered by Fredrik Idestam for pulp milling machine company in 1865. Later developed into a pulp machine and paper making in 1920 and is a leading paper manufacturer in Europe. 1950's chief executive officer (CEO) Björn Westerlund predict, future growth in some sectors (pulp and paper) will be limited and instead built an electronics division in Helsinki cable factory (here already start leads to seluluer).

For 15 years probation Nokia electronics experience from a variety of errors. However, of all the trial and error, it gradually awakened substantial skills of a talented group of experts. 1970s Nokia and Salora TV manufacturers joined forces to develop a mobile phone (cell phone). And in the 1980s the entire Salora integrated into Nokia. At the same time Nokia obtain telephone network operation of Government Telecommunications Company Televa. However, not all efforts be made Nokia the leading mobile phone manufacturer in the world was a success. 1980s the company bought German television factory, SEL, but was forced to leave because they do not run smoothly.

In early 1981, Nokia successfully launched a product called Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT). NMT is the first multinational cellular network in the world. Therefore, throughout the 1980s, NMT was introduced to a number of countries and received overwhelming response. In the early 1990s Nokia was a crisis, but the new CEO, Jorma Ollila, decided to focus on mobile phones and phone networks. As a result, the first GSM phone in the world appeared in Finland in 1991. Then the global mobile phone market is growing very rapidly in the mid-1990s and Nokia to be number one. Now as many as 2,100 phone series Nokia gain success. Sales target of 500 thousand units were achieved in 1994. With a workforce of 54 thousand people, Nokia products sold in 130 countries. Now maybe everyone knows that cell phones are easy to operate NOKIA, because that's the motto of NOKIA.

Nokia is currently

Currently, Nokia has created a variety of phones with different functions. Nokia company has also ensured in terms of diversification and segmentation of each product. Nokia has always encouraged their companies to stay ahead in terms of research. In 1999, Nokia launched the Nokia 7110, a phone that has basic skills including web-based email functions. Around November 2001, Nokia launched its first mobile phone that has a built-in camera, the Nokia 7650 and Nokia 3650

Over the years, Nokia has been working to make the business practices and products that have a social responsibility to create and build eco-friendly handset mobile phone recycling scheme to bring the benefits of mobility to the emerging markets. Nokia also now facing challenges from all walks of life and different parts of the world, especially by iOS and Android. Motivated by this case in September 2010, Nokia appointed Stephen Elop as President and CEO who is also the former head of Microsoft's business division, following roles at Juniper Networks and Adobe Systems Inc.. Elop has a background of strong software knowledge and proven ability in delivering a change in management.

In February 2011, Nokia announced the merger of Nokia with Microsoft to strengthen its position in the smartphone market. This strategic partnership saw Nokia smartphone to adopt the new operating system Windows 7 air-platform goal is to build a third ecosystem to rival Nokia, iOS and Android rivals. With the merger of Nokia and Microsoft, Nokia unveiled Nokia's first smartphone that uses Windows Phone, the Nokia Lumia 800dan Nokia Lumia 710 in October 2011.

History of Sony Ericsson

History of Sony Ericsson. Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to manufacture mobile phones. Another reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological knowledge in the communications sector.

Ericsson:

In the United States, Ericsson partnered with General Electric in the early nineties, primarily to establish a U.S. presence and brand recognition. Ericsson, which had been in the cellular phone market for decades has struggled maximal but still earn huge losses. This is mainly due to the Philips factory fire in New Mexico that produces chips for their phones that cause delays in production and also due to the inability to produce cheap phones like Nokia.

In August 2001, the two companies (Sony and Ericsson) has completed the merger announced in April. The company has a workforce of 3,500 employees early. Merging the two companies did not go smoothly, Ericsson's market share actually fell and in August 2002, Ericsson said it would stop making mobile phones and end its partnership with Sony if the business continued to disappoint, however, in January 2003, both companies said they would inject more money into the joint venture in a bid to stem the losses.

Sony Ericsson's strategy was to release new models of mobile phones that have the capabilities like digital photos and other multimedia capabilities such as downloading and viewing video clips and personal information management capabilities. For this purpose, released several new models which had built-in digital camera and color screen is a novelty at the time. However, the joint venture continued to make bigger losses despite booming sales. Target to make a profit from its first year to 2002 was postponed to 2003 to second half of 2003. This Perusaah failed in its mission to become the top seller of multimedia handsets and was in fifth-place and struggling in 2005. Concentration of Sony Ericsson mobile phones are currently in production include: music, camera, business (web and email), design, eco-friendly, and budget focused phones. Six largest categories are:

W Series Walkman is a music phone Sony Ericsson brand, launched in 2005. Mobile Sony Ericsson W-series music phones are notable for being the first music series mobile phone, create a new market for portable music that was developing at the time. The main feature that can be seen in all the Walkman phones is to have the 'W' is pressed to open the media center. The latest model, Yendo, is the first Walkman phone with a full touch screen. Walkman branded phones are also produced for the Japanese market, where the mobile phone Walkman launched in 2009, Premier (Premier Cube), is able to play music from CD player directly to the phone via the connector.

Sony Ericsson GreenHeart, first introduced in 2009, heralded by the Sony Ericsson J105i Naite and C901 GreenHeart. It is focused on environmentally friendly theme, but still featured with recent mobile technology and multimedia capability. It is mainly uses eco-friendly materials and features apps.

Sony Ericsson's future plans are no longer using the Symbian mobile operating system. Now, mobile phone vendors who had tried to dim the shine back to focus work on phones based on Google's Android. Demkian statement noted one executive Sony Ericsson, Aldo Liguori. "Looking ahead, we have no plans to develop another Symbian-based devices (quoted from VentureBeat). Until the year 2010, Sony Ericsson is still using Symbian OS for besutannya Vivaz series ranks. However, these vendors could have put it to Android any time-as well as the Xperia X10. However, Sony Ericsson will remain a member of the Symbian Foundation-a nonprofit organization that addresses compatibility antarmanufaktur for Symbian OS adopters.

History Of Aqua in Indonesia

EARLY HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT

Aqua Group was founded by the late Tirto Utomo, a native of Wonosobo in 1973. Tirto Utomo or Kwa Sien Biauw (born in Wonosobo, March 9, 1930 - died March 16, 1994 at the age of 64 years) is pengusahaIndonesia. Graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia is known as the founder of Aqua Golden Mississippi in 1973. On March 16, 1994, he died and was buried in the cemetery of Chinese citizens in the immediate vicinity Krishna, WonosoboPadahal Tirto Utomo also previously worked at Pertamina. But to focus on his business, he give up his job at Pertamina.

Idea of ​​establishing a drinking water company Tirto arise when working as an employee of Pertamina in the early 1970s. When it Tirto duty to entertain delegates a U.S. company. But dinner was interrupted when his wife heads of delegations had diarrhea caused by consuming water that is not clean. Tirto later learned that her guests are coming from Western countries are not used to drinking boiled water, but water that has been sterilized. Initially a cynic with Tirto Utomo idea to sell bottled water price per bottle is initially equal to the price of 1 liter of premium gasoline. However Tirto Utomo sure, in the future Indonesia will lack clean water ready to drink, so that this idea continues to move on and not think about her sarcastic comments. Aqua is the market initially strangers in Indonesia, because they believe bottled water is more secure than sterile water and soil and water taps. By establishing a drinking water plant with sophisticated machines in Bekasi, so foreigners have more confidence with this drink bottled water.

Tirto and his brothers began to learn how to process packaged drinking water. He asked his brother, Slamet Utomo for internships in Polaris, a bottled water company that when it has been operating 16 years in Thailand. Not surprisingly, at first resembles Aqua Polaris products ranging from glass bottle shape, brand water treatment machines, to machine washing and filling water bottles. Derived from the Latin aqua meaning water, which was originally sold to a stranger, but then Tirto Utomo Indonesian people see the market also has the potential, so he sold the small size bottled water and placed in bus terminals in Jakarta and surrounding areas, and along the north coast of Central Java. This turned out to be successful, make Aqua demand by drivers of buses and passengers, as well as other communities. This shows, that the people of Indonesia desperately needs a clean bottle of mineral water.

Willy Sidhartha, sales and the first factory engine assemblers Aqua, is the first to improve the distribution system Aqua.Ia start with creating the concept of special delivery door to door which led to the direct delivery system Aqua. The concept of using shipping boxes and gallon-gallon using a fleet of specially designed Aqua consistently make sales to rise up to eventual sales figures Aqua reach two trillion dollars in 1985.

In 1984, a second factory was established in Pandaan AQUA, East Java in an attempt to get closer to consumers in the region. A year later, Aqua product development occurs in the form of 220 ml PET packs. This development makes Aqua products become more qualified and more safe for consumption.

In 1995, Aqua became the first mineral water plant which implement production system in line at the factory Mekarsari. Processing and manufacturing bottled water AQUA done simultaneously. Results in-line system is newly created AQUA bottle can be filled with clean water immediately at the end of the production process, so that the production process to be more hygienic.

In 1998, due to intense competition and the emergence of new competitors, Lisa Tirto as owner of Aqua Golden Mississippi after the death of her husband Tirto Utomo, Danone sold its shares to the Group on 4 September 1998. The acquisition is considered appropriate after some way development is not strong enough to save Aqua from the threat of new competitors. This contributed to an increase in product quality and put AQUA as a manufacturer of bottled mineral water (bottled water) which is the largest in Indonesia. In 2000, coinciding with the turn of the millennium, launches Aqua-Danone Aqua labeled products.