History of Theatre

In history, theater arts since long before recorded starting in 500 BC. At first, Theatre only acted as a religious ritual thousands of years before Christ. Some ancient peoples who had advanced civilizations, like the Mayans in South America, Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Central Asia, and China, using a form of theater as a way to connect with the Almighty. Usually the mastermind of the whole ritual is a shaman or high priest.

Recorded history, theater arts serves only as a ritual (religious), but also function as art or entertainment. Theater event that requires togetherness, when, and where, remains a key requirement theater attendance since thousands of years before Christ, so that in the days of Greek theater was always present with similar requirements. Based on these explanations, it can be concluded that something can be called a theater if there is unity of the three forces, such as: the theater, the place, and the community (the audience). Three forces are met and delivery is synergy and childbirth "theatrical event".

In the history, the art of theater in ancient Greece known as the time of the convention instituting Theatre who still have influence today. Spells that originally only spoken and not written, take a written script, while prayers metamorphose into the story or play. Greek playwright studies bring figures, such as Aeschylus (525-456 BC), Sophocles (496-406 BC), Euripides (480-406 BC), and Aristophanes (about 400 BC). They are the ancestors of the father plays the researchers.

In the subsequent development of theater art history, religious ceremonies emphasize the storytelling. A group of people moving paraded a goat that has been dressed up with a variety of jewelry. They led offerings that surround the market or the highway accompanied by the sound of drums, flutes, and other noises. The convoy slowed, or stopped if the audience increased to allow the narrator (storyteller) who tells of an event. The narrator tells the audience one god-lined in the street or stand surrounded him.

History of Bowling

Bowling history have been able to be traced since the Stone Age. The first evidence of this game was met by the British anthropologist Sir Flinders Petrie and his team of archaeologists in Egypt in the 1930s. However, some argue that developing the game long after the incident. William Pehle, a German historian, said bahawa bowling originated in Germany around 300 AD. In Germany, the game has origins as a religious ceremony to determine the presence of sin. This game, introduced by a German monk.

Bowling began in early 1100 in the juicer. Throughout Britain, several variations of bowling, such as half-bowls, skittles and ninepins, around since the mid 1300s. The first article mentions, this game was created by King Edward III in 1366. It is said that, he believed it imposed a ban on playing games among the disturbing forces troops because while practicing archery. During the regime of King Henry VIII, the game is popular and is played as a symbol of nobility and social status.

Bowling has been popular in America since colonial times. During the 17th century, the British, Dutch and German are imported to develop the sport of bowling in the United States. At that time, the game consists of nine pins instead of being played regularly in the New York City area is still recognizable as "Bowling Green". U.S. Congress established institution representing the sport of bowling on 9 September 1895 with the standardization of bowling in the United States and set up competitions official. Women Bowling set formed in 1917, under the auspices of tennis.

Over the years, the game has changed. Various tactics have been developed. Pins potter automatic discovery in the 1940s that a second revolution bowling game industry. Currently, bowling sports enjoyed by 95 million people in more than ninety countries worldwide Archaeologists discover interesting things from bowling history, the discovery of a type of balls, pins and other equipment to play bowling in the cemetery children aged Egyptian 5200 BC. Based on these facts, to prove that the Egyptian people are familiar with the bowling sport first

History of Cycling

Bike was created in 1817. At that time, the shape of the front bicycle wheel is larger than the wheels on the back. Therefore punting position is slightly elevated and higher. Branch cycling at the Olympics consists of four classes: Road (street), Track, Mountain Biking (mountain bike) and BMX.

Road race and time trial for men and women is now comprised of four classes that make up the Olympic Road Race course. Road Race begins with a mass start. Distance running for men as far as 239 miles and as far as 120 miles to Princess. For Time Trial, the length is calculated based on time, starting with 90 seconds interval. The distance alone for men reach 46.8 km and 31.2 km for women.

Montain biking. Mountain biking further categorized on the exercise bike while the Track Cycling not. In track cycling, the rider simply surround the path with a slope of up to 42 degrees, also called the Velodrome. 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the branch montain biking technology was introduced as: spokeless disc wheels and carbon-fiber. Another revolution occurred in the 1992 Olympics, Barcelona, ​​where Chris Boardman of Britain won the first gold medal for British sport bike since 1920.

Track Cycling re-developed, Time Trial for the Princess is 500 meters and to the Son there is a new class that is Keirin, Madison and Olympic Sprint Race. The entire program includes a class individual, team sprint, endurance races, pursuits, time trials and first-over-the-line finishes. For the time trial, sprint, individual pursuit and points race classes available for boys and girls, while for the 4000 m team pursuit, Madison, Keirin and Olympic sprint just for men.

Mountain Biking (MTB). First entered the Olympic program at the Atlanta Olympic Games, 1996. At that time, the sport itself has aged 40 years. Began in 1953, when a student change his bike and tried to ride it on a hill. Distance that will be taken will be confirmed on the night before the competition, when the organizers expected the weather conditions and the fastest time taken to complete the race, 2 hours 15 minutes to 2 hours for a son and daughter. In the competition, for the son must complete 6 to 7 rounds, while for women 5 to 6 rounds.

Bicycle Motocross (BMX) started in the late 60s in California, the same time when the sport became popular in American Motocross. Version of this bike was the inspiration for the man-power version. In the early 70s, a bevy of BMX was founded in America. It is officially regarded as the beginning of BMX racing. Over time, the sport was finally spread to all corners of the world, especially in Europe in 1978.

In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, and the first championship was held in 1982. Since January 1993, BMX is fully joined with the International Cycling Union (UCI). On June 29, 2003, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to follow include BMX at the Beijing 2008 Olympics in China.

History of The Mongols

The origin of the Mongolian nation is a society that inhabit the forests of Siberia and the mughal outside area around the lake Baikal. Actually they are not like the nomads who like to move move from the steppes to the steppes of the other even though they always beat anywhere steppes where they met as a result of their dexterity on horseback while playing darts they control.

M. Abdul Karim said that the history of the Mongolian nation was started in XII century AD and the beginning of XIII century AD as he quotes from the book secret history of the Mongols, Persian and Chinese sources, said that it appears at first Mongolian nation is a community forest, they are one of the nation's children tartar clump. Most of the experts say that the nation's history is the origin of the name of Mongolian origin somewhere in Mongolia, where initially they lived then called Mongolian.

Chinese history says that the name comes from the Chinese Mongolian "mong" which means brave, but almost all historians recognize that the Mongolian nation coincided with the Huns in the central Asian nation known for tartar. Badri Yatim said in the history of Islamic civilization from the Mongolian peoples Mongolian mountains, stretching from Central Asia to northern Siberia, southern Tibet, and western Manchuria and eastern Turkistan. Their ancestors named Alanja Khan who has twin sons, tartar and Mongolian. The second son gave birth to two large tribes, Mongolian and tartar. Mongols had a son named Ilkhan who gave birth to the nation leadership of Mongolian descent at a later date.

There are historical references that say that at the beginning of the twelfth century AD People under the Mongol dynasty in China Keen north, where they were first under the leadership of Khan Khabul and rebelled against the Chinese dynasties and their landslide defeat Keen Kusaku Dynasty (kusagu). Thus the Mongolian people began to be known in history, as well as their leadership Kahan khabul using khakan title. At the end of the XII century AD Mongolian people united under the leadership of Jenghis Khan and appears in history as a great power that dodder asia.

Leadership or the first Mongol khan is yesugey (M W 1175), he was the father Chengis Khan (Genghis Khan usual spelling). Chengis khan himself Timujin real name given to him in a Mongol chieftain supreme court in 1206 AD at the age of 44 years in qaraqorum. He was a blacksmith who stuck out his name because he won a battle against the khan or chieftain torgil kreyt.

Mongolian is the nation's most electrifying barbarous nations, the world has ever experienced. Their goal is not to occupy conquered areas, also not to rob it, but especially for the blood shed and destroy the country. Every area in laluinya massacre occurred, beautiful buildings were destroyed, schools, mosques and other buildings burned.

Bibliography

• Mufrodi Ali, Islam in the Arabic culture. Cet, I; (Jakarta: logos Discourse Studies, 1997).
• Badri orphans, the history of Islamic civilization, ed I, (New York; eagle Press 2008).
• Lothrop Stoddard, the new world of Islam, translated by: m. djojomartono Muljadi et al, title; whole new world of Islam, (ttp, 1966).
• Philip k. Hitti, History of the arabs; From the earliest times to the present, the translation; History of the arabs, R. cecep lukman yasin and dedi Slamet Riyadi, cet; II (Jakarta: PT. Porch Sciences of the Universe, 2006).

History Of Swimming

Swimming has been known prehistory. From the pictures that come from the stone age caves known for swimmers near Wadi Sora southwest Egypt. In Japan, bathing is the ability to be possessed by the samurai. History records, the first pool match organized by Emperor Suigui in 36 BC.

Swimming game for the championship has started in Europe around 1800 and mostly using the breaststroke. Freestyle swimming first introduced by Arthur Trudgen. The combined force then began kicking leg style by Richard Cavill in 1902. In the Middle Ages, including the seven swimming skills that must be owned by the Knights, including swimming with weapons.

Outdoor sports competed in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, Greece. At the Olympics, only four numbers that competed from the original plan of six numbers. Each of these is the 100 meters, 500 meters, 1,200 meters, free number, and 100 meters for sailors. The second Olympics held in Paris, France in 1900 and the fight for the 200 m, 1,000 m, 4,000 m, free number, 200 m breaststroke and 200 m team number.

Unity International Pool (Federation Internationale De Natation Amateur / FINA) was formed in 1908 initially set, butterfly style is a variation of the breaststroke. This new style became a separate style in 1952. New women allowed to take part in the swimming competition at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, the Netherlands.

Freestyle, which was then called the Trudge, introduced in 1973 by John Arthur Trudge, copy it from the Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 the Trudgen updated by Richard Cavil, using shaking jolt. In 1908, the world swimming association, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale Natation de Amateur) was formed. Butterfly first is a variation of breaststroke, until finally he was accepted as a separate style in 1952.

Swimming in the Olympic games held in 1896 in Athens. Special competition of men (see also swimming at the summer Olympics in 1896). Six matches have been planned, but only four are actually held: 100 m, 500 m, and 1200 m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by Alfred Hajos of Hungary with a time of 1:22:20 for the 100 m freestyle.

Hajos also won the match 1200 m, and are not able to win the 500 m, which was won by Paul Neumann of Australia. Other swimming competitions from 100 m to the sailors, including three Greek sailors in the Bay of Zea near Piraeus, starting with a boat paddle. The winner was ioannis malokinis with a time of two minutes and 20 seconds. 1500 m race was also held.

In 1897, Capt. Henry Sheffield make cans rescuer or rescue cylinder, which is now known as rescue aids in Baywatch. The edges make it slide more quickly on the surface of the water, although it can cause injury. The second Olympic Games held in Paris in 1900 featuring 200 m, 1000 m, and 4000 m freestyle, 200 m backstroke, and 200 m race team (see also swimming in the summer Olympics in 1900).

There are two additional pool match unusual (though quite common at the time), barriers to implementation of swimming in the river Seine (swim with the flow), and the water in the swimming race. 4000 m any style by John Arthur Jarvis won with a record time of under an hour, the longest Olympic swimming perlombangan ever held. Backstroke was also introduced at the Olympic Games in Paris, as well as with water polo. Osborne Swimming Club from Manchester beat club teams from Belgium, France and Germany with great ease.

Trudgen style developed by the swimming teacher and swimmer Australian English descent named Richard (Fred, Frederick) Cabill. Like Trudgen, he noticed the natives of the Solomon Islands, using freestyle. But unlike Trudgen, he saw kicks wag, and study it carefully. He uses this new surge of shaking off the breaststroke or scissor kick from Trudgen.

He uses this movement in 1902 at the International Championships in the UK to create a new world record by swimming outside the force carried by all swimmers Trudgen at 100 yards with a time of 0:58.4 (some sources say that it is her in record time 0 : 58.8). He teaches this style to her six children, each will be a championship swimmer.

Technique became known as freestyle Australia until 1950, when it was shortened to just freestyle, technically known as the front crawl. Olympics 1904 in St. Louis covers the race 50 yard, 100 yard, 220 yard, 440 yard, 880 yard and a mile freestyle, 100-yard backstroke and 440-yard breaststroke, and 4-50 yard freestyle relay (see also swimming 1904 Summer Olympics ).

The race to distinguish between breaststroke freestyle, so now there are two defined styles (breaststroke and backstroke) and freestyle, where most people swim with style Trudgen. It also describes the race for the long jump competition, where the distance without swimming, after jumping into the pool measured.

In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", another version of the alignment pool, diving into glass tanks. He was arrested for showing things that are not polite, which appeared swimsuit arms, legs and neck.

Kellerman changed bathing into a long-sleeved shirt, long pants over, and collar, while still maintaining tight clothes that reveal body shape underneath. She later starred in several films, one of them about his personal life. In 1908, the world swimming association of the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale de Natation de Amateur) was formed.

History Of Javelin Throw

Javelin is a sport that requires dexterity and strength in throwing. This is a media sport javelin, which is a kind spear, but is lighter and smaller.

Although not yet found an authentic historical record of the javelin, but some experts believe the sport has evolved since the days of classical Greece. At that time, popular sports including javelin. Not least with the type of athletic sports, such as running, jumping, and discus throwing.

Some experts said javelin identified with human ancestors hunting activity. As with other athletics, javelin adopted the habits of men of the era.

Javelin new activity developed into a sport when the man entered the period of cultivation and breeding, leaving past with a more condensed nomadic hunting activity. Humans began to settle the township building or urban.

Javelin was also noted in several other classical civilizations. Civilizations like China and Egypt (Egypt) Classic. However, it is not as popular as in Greece, as the most desirable sport in Egypt is swimming and fishing. On this basis then concluded, that the javelin derived from classical Greek civilization, rooted in ancestral human hunting activity in ancient times.

History of Tennis

According to some historical references, which uses sport and racquetball has been played since before Christ, namely in Egypt and Greece. In the 11th century a type of game called jeu de Paume, which resembles a game of tennis field today, has played for the first time in a region in France. Used balls wrapped with fluffy yarn while the bat is hand.

The game was then introduced into Italy and England in the 13th century. Since the development of tennis continues to rise to the countries of Europe. The number of native tennis fans began increasing in the 1920s. In another historical record, and are still in touch, play tennis court from Birmingham, England in the late 19th century as lawn tennis which has close ties to a variety of fields, as well as to the ancient game of tennis.

In Indonesia, this exercise is expected to be introduced by the Dutch, even though several other references were taken by Indonesian students from the UK. Dear archives associations owned Dutch citizen who once stood in this country have lost, until we could not keep track of which of these two is more correct estimate.

The first sport club tennis courts, established in Leamington in France by JB Perera, Harry Gem, Dr. Frederick Haynes, and Dr.. Arthur Tompkins in 1872. At that time, called a pelota tennis rackets or lawn. then in 1874 the game was first played tennis in the United States by Dr. James Dwight and F.R. Sears. Meanwhile, the All England Croquet Club had been founded in 1868.

Tennis club courts in Indonesia named Pelti. Established on December 26, 1935, then recorded as the day of birth Pelti. The goal is to develop and promote the game of tennis courts opponent in the homeland and the nation itself.