History of Polaroid camera

Polaroid camera or better known as direct camera so that the camera model is able to process your own photos in the camera body after the shooting. Polaroid camera uses a special film called Polaroid films. Polaroid films that can produce color images called polacolor movie.

Historically, Polaroid cameras or camera images at once so it is designed for the first time by Dr.. Edwin Land of Polaroid company and marketed since 1947. Polaroid name is actually a trademark, like people calling all the names Pepsodent toothpaste, or a motorcycle called the Honda.

Polaroid film is a film invented by Edwin Land. Produce in a short time (in minutes), but has no negative.

The first shots using a polaroid camera made ​​by Dr Edwind Land in 1944, while the first shots of the earth (with the camera at the time) made ​​by Niepce Niceephore the shooting shed in his back yard in France in 1826.

The times bring Polaroid cameras marginalized by the presence of a digital camera, with ease of operation until the print-washing process more convenient and efficient. Millineum modernist cultural circumstances eventually forced Fuji Film Inc., a supplier of film Polaroid shut down production of the film, so the Polaroid camera with the images a more 'vintage' now live to be a legend of art photography. Death of Polaroid photography enthusiast does not make sense to lose, because their inner eyes the camera is not timeless era, even if his film paper change color texture.

History State of Portugal

Portuguese Republic is a country in southwestern Europe. The country is bordered by Spain to the north and east. In the west bordering the Atlantic Ocean. In ancient times inhabited the territory of present-day Portugal and Celtic tribes luzytańskie. In the third century BC, was conquered by the Carthaginians. After the fall of Carthage to Rome arrived in the Iberian Peninsula.

In the fourth-fifth century, Portugal was one of the first countries in the Southern European countries adopting the faith weakness chrześcijańską.Wykorzystując Visigoths, in 711 the Berbers and Arabs crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered the Iberian peninsula.

Country Portugal

A few years after the invasion of the Arab rulers have been conquered State Asturias began Reconquista - or recovery of lost territory. At the end of the eleventh century, the king of Castile and Leon Alfonso VI conquered the lands south of the Duero. Formed in this way, a new kingdom with its capital in Portugal, Porto and gave it to his son-Prince burgundzkiemu, Henry.

In 1147, his son Alphonse, in 1139 the king of Portugal, Lisbon earned in the year 1158-1166 to join Alantejo. Enlargement process and the final establishment of the boundaries was completed in the reign of Alfonso III, who in 1249 was ₩ the Algarve.

Since that time, Portugal was the first country in the world has been clearly marked out and over the centuries unchanged boundaries.

Location Portugal plays an important role in the country's history. This has helped in the discovery of the participation of outstanding sailors geograficznych.Począwszy fifteenth century Portuguese under the patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator (1395-1460) began to reach the west coast of Africa, India, Indonesia and China (Vasco da Gama, Bartolomeo Diaz, Ferdinand Magellan ). Across the Atlantic Ocean and reached South America. In 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral in taking Brazil. Portugaldan became the inventor and occupiers, and the world trade center.

The first half of the nineteenth century brought the defeat of Portugal itself. First there was the invasion of Napoleon's army three times (1807-1811). In 1822, the largest independent colony - Brazil. In the years 1830-1846 the country was swept by civil war.

As a result of this disaster in the twentieth century, Portugal entered as one of the most backward countries in Europe. From 1926 to 1974, subject to the dictatorship. In April 1974 in a military coup overthrew a dictatorship and launch a pro-European policy of Portugal.

In the years 1974-1975 Portugal recognized the independence of the African colonies. In 1984 he became a member of the EEC, in 1992, ratified the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, he was a member of the European Union.

History of Happiness Dance Jaipong, West Java

Jaipongan is a kind of traditional social dance of the Sundanese people of West Java, which is quite popular in Indonesia. This dance was born from the creativity of an artist native of Bandung, Gugum Gumbira. Prior to this emerging form of performing arts, there are some influences that shape this social dance forms. In West Java, for example, social dance is the influence of the Ball Room, which is usually in dance-dance association could not be separated from the presence of dancer and pamogoran. Ronggeng in social dance is no longer working for the ceremony, but for entertainment or a way of hanging out. Existence dancer in the performing arts has an appeal that invites sympathy for the pamogoran.

For example in Tilu Tap dance is so well known by the Sundanese people, estimated this art popular around the year 1916. As the folk performing arts, art is only supported by simple elements, such as waditra which includes fiddle, drums, two kulanter, three percussion, and gongs. Similarly, the dance movements that do not have a standard pattern of motion, a simple costume dancer as a reflection of democracy.

Along with the gradual type of art on top of the former pamogoran (audience who played an active role in the performing arts Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub) turned his attention to the performing arts Kliningan, which in the Northern Coast of West Java (Karawang, Bekasi, Purwakarta, Indramayu and Subang) known as a pattern Kliningan Bajidoran dance performances and events have in common with the previous art (Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub). In the meantime, the existence of dance in mask Banjet quite popular, especially in Karachi, where some Bajidoran motion patterns extracted from the mask dance Banjet this.

In choreographic dance is still reveals patterns tradition (Tap Tilu) that contains elements of the opening movements, pencugan, nibakeun mincid and some range of motion, which in turn became the basis of the creation of dance Jaipongan. Some basic dance movements Jaipongan apart from Tap Tilu, Ibing Bajidor and Mask Banjet is Tayuban and Pencak Silat.

Early History of the Battle of Badr in Medina occurrence

the Battle of Badr was the first battle that occurred on 7 Ramadan, two years after the pilgrimage taken by the Muslims in Badr Madinah.Perang is a very famous battle because of some miraculous events that happened in the war. Shallalaahu Rasulullah 'alayhi wa sallam has given encouragement to the Muslims to confront the Quraysh khafilah going back to Mecca from Sham. Muslims came out with 300 more troops there is no intention to deal with trade khafilah only consisted of 40 men, did not intend to attack but only to the point of force against them. Trade Khafilah escaped, but Abu Sufyan deliver a message to his people Quraish to come and save her. The Quraysh advanced with a large army consisting of 1000 men, 600 armor, 100 horses, and 700 camels, and luxurious food supplies sufficient for a few days.

Battle of Badr in Medina

Quraish infidels want to make this war as a victory for those who will put fear in the hearts of all the Arabs. They wanted to destroy the Muslim and gain glory and greatness. Banyangkan, the Muslim army with a small number of soldiers (including 2 horses), they just came out with the intention to block the 40 men who were unarmed but will have to face the troops were well prepared -3 times-from their numbers. Rasulullah SAW easily ask them Muslims to war and they would not resist, however, he SAW want to emphasize his followers that they must maintain the confidence and faith, and to be a lesson for us. He SAW gather his friends to hold meetings. Many friends of immigrants who make suggestions, using good words to describe their dedication. But there is a friend that Miqdad ibn al-Aswad ra., He stood in front of those who still feel afraid and said to the Prophet Muhammad,

"O Messenger of Allah (SAW)!, We will not tell you what the children of Israel said to Musa (AS), 'Go thou with thy Lord, we sat down (waiting) here' (in surah Al-Maidah.) Go with with the blessing of God and we will be with you ".

Rasulullah SAW was really like, but Allah was silent, he waited and a few people from his desire to know he SAW. So far only companions immigrants who have expressed their sincerity, but he menuggu the friends Anshor largely absent in allegiance 'Aqaabah to participate in the fight against enemy forces Prophet together outside their region. Thus, the great friend of Anshor, Sa'ad bin Muadh said, 'O Messenger of Allah (SAW) that you may be referring to is us ". Prophet agreed. S'ad then delivered a beautiful speech in which he said,

"O Messenger of Allah, we have believed that you say is true, we have given our allegiance to hear and thaat you ... By Allah, He who has sent you with the truth, if you enter the sea, we will go into it with you and do not exist one of us will be left behind ... Hopefully God will show you which of our actions will be pleasing to you. then Go up and down with us, put our trust in the blessings of God ".

Messenger of love what beluai delivered and then said, "Go ahead and believe that God has pledged to me one of the two (khafilah trade or war), and by God, as if I had been able to see the enemy lying loose". The Muslim forces moved forward and then paused at the spot adjacent to the Badr (the most close to the Medina which is north of Mecca). A friend called, Al-Mundhir bin Hubab ra., Asked the Prophet, "Is Allaah revealed to you to choose the place or the outcome of war strategy It deliberation? '. Rasulullah SAW said, "This is the result of a war strategy deliberations and decisions." So Al-Hubab has proposed returning to the Prophet Muhammad that Muslims should be based more troops to the south where the closest water source, and then create a pool of water for their water sources and destroy the other so as to block the Quraish infidels from getting water. Prophet Muhammad agreed to the proposal and implement it [*]. Then Sa'ad bin Muadh proposes to build a fortress for the Prophet to protect him and as the headquarters for the Muslim army. Prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr ra. stay in the castle while Sa'd ibn Muadh and keep a set of men.

Prophet Muhammad had spent all of the night in prayer and worship even though he SAWmengetahui that Allah ta'ala has promised victory. It's more than love and penghambaannya and penyerahandiri to worship the Almighty with SAW he did. And It has been said to be the highest form of worship known as' Ainul yaqeen.

Development of Atomic Theory Early History

John Dalton is the originator of the atomic theory. He is famous for his theory that revived the term "atom". In the essay book entitled New System of Chemical Philosophy he managed to formulate terms of atoms around the year 1803. John Dalton lived during 1766-1844. He states that matter is composed of atoms that can not be subdivided. Each element consists of atomatom with identical properties and mass, and compounds are formed when atoms of different elements joined in a fixed composition.

John Dalton was the British scientist who at the beginning of the 19th century to the atomic hypothesis put forward in the arena of science. With this act, he presents the key ideas that enable major advances in chemistry since then.

Although the terminology is a bit different from what we use now, Dalton clearly put forward the concept of atoms, molecules, elements and chemical compounds. He was clear that although the total number of atoms in the world so much, but the number of different types of different kind of small. (The book originally recorded 20 elements or groups of atoms; currently a little over 100 elements are known).

Although different types of atoms of different weight, Dalton remains found by two atoms of the same group is the same in all qualities, including "mass" (the quantity of material in an object measured by resistance to change in motion). Dalton include in his list that records the relative weight of the various types of atoms are different, the first ever prepared a list of people and is the key to any quantitative theory of the atom.

Dalton also explained clearly that each of the two molecules of the same chemical combination consists of a combination of similar atoms. (For example, each molecule "nitrous oxide" (N2O) consists of two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). From this particular chemical combination to form something no matter how prepared or where acquired always consists of the same elements in the same proportion that fully weight. This is the "law of definite proportions," which has been found experimentally by Joseph Louis Proust first few years.

Once convinced how Dalton presents the theory, so that within twenty years he has been accepted by the majority of scientists. Furthermore, chemical experts who follow the program proposed by the textbook 4: determine exactly the relative atomic weight; combined chemical analysis of weight; determine the right combination of atoms that make up each group of molecules that have characteristics in common. The success of this program, of course, incredible.

Results reflection refine Dalton's atomic theory of Democritus. Shadow Dalton and Democritus was that the object was shaped solid. In hindsight Dalton argued postulatnya about atoms.

• Each element consists of particles with atoms ketch called
• Atoms of the same element) Atoms of different elements have different properties
• Atoms of an element can not be converted into atoms of another element with the chemical reaction, atoms can not be destroyed and atokan
• Atoms can combine to form atoms called molecules combined
• In the compound, the ratio of the mass of each element is fixed.

Dalton's atomic theory began to arouse interest in the study of atomic models. However, Dalton's atomic theory has shortcomings, which can not explain a solution to conduct electrical current. How could the ball solid dapatmenghantarkan electricity when electricity is electrons moving. Meaning there are other particles that can conduct electric current.

The Early History of World Trade Law

Trade Law is the laws that govern human behavior are participating in the trade for a profit. or laws that govern the legal relationship between the human and legal bodies to each other in the field of trade.

Commercial law system in broad terms divided by 2 is written and unwritten rules of trade. Basically trade law and civil law are two inter-related laws. This can be evidenced in Article 1 and Article 15 of the Civil List.

History of Commercial Law

Since medieval Europe (1000/1500) that occurred in the state and cities in Europe and at the time it was in Italian and southern French cities have been born as a trading center (Genoa, Florence, vennetia, Marseille, Barcelona and Countries other). but at the time of Roman law (corpus straight civilis) can not solve the matters of trade, the new law made in addition to an independent Roman law in the 16th century is called the law merchant (koopmansrecht). Due to the rapid increase of trade relations in the 17th-century codification of the law of trademarks held by finance ministers of the king Louis XIV (1613-1715) ie Corbert regulations (ORDONNANCE DU COMMERCE) 1673. And in the year 1681 prepared ORDONNANCE DE LA MARINE governing tenteng sovereignty.

And in 1807 in France created its own commercial law from civil law there is (CODE DE COMMERCE), composed of ordonnance du commerce (1673) and ordonnance de la marine (1838). At that time Nederlands wants a separate commercial law that is KUHD Dutch, and in 1819 the KUHD drencanakan have 3 books and do not know the special court. and in 1838 finally passes. Netherlands based on the principle of concordance KUHD KUHD 1838 dutch an example for pemmbuatan KUHD in Indonesia in 1848. and at the end of the 19th century Prof. molengraaff designing bankruptcy law as a book III in KUHD Nederlands be a stand-alone Act (1893 applicable 1896). KUHD Indonesia, and until now has two books, namely, concerning trade in general and about the rights and obligations of the order of the cruise.

Commercial Indonesia mainly derived from:

1) The law codified written:

a. Book Trade Justice Act (Commercial code) or Wetboek van Koophandel Indonesia (WvK)

b. Book of the Civil Law Act (KUHS) or Burgerlijk Wetboek Indonesia (BW)

2) written law that has not been codified,

the specific regulations governing matters relating to trade (CST Kansil, 1985: 7).

The nature of commercial law which is binding agreement the parties entered into the agreement.

At first berinduk commercial law in civil law. However, over time seirinbg codify commercial law (collecting) the rules of law that created the Book Trade Justice Act (Commercial code) which now has a stand alone or apart from the Code of Civil Code (Civil Code).

Prof. Subekti found beside KUHD KUHS presence is now considered out of place. Hali is because the law of trade relative to the civil law. Other than that "trade" is not an understanding of the law but an understanding of the economy. The division of civil law in the Commercial code was based on history, that is because of the pre-eminent Roman law regulations as currently contained dalah KUHD, for developing new inter-state trade in the Middle Ages.

Codification of Civil Law and Commercial Law

In Indonesia, on the basis of the principle korkondansi (Article 131), shall apply the BW and WVK in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies announced the publication date 31 April 1847, 5 in 1843 23). In Indonesia dualisma never apply the law in European law and customary law. This is what should be sought as one national law which sistemhukum Indonesia to achieve legal unity TSB, Indonesia took a long time, especially in the field / in the field of civil law. Where still valid brbagai variety of civil law, namely:

1. Civil law for citizens who use the Civil Code (BW).

2. Civil law for the citizens who use the customary law.

Usakan to unite civil law for all the people of Indonesia is running very slow.

UNDERSTANDING THE MERCHANTS AND DEEDS BY LAW commerce

According to Article 2 of the old KUHD that:

Traders are those who commit acts of commerce as the work day

The act of commerce under section 3 of the old Commercial code is perbuaan commerce in general is the act of purchasing goods * for sale again.

Goods are goods moving under the law, except section 3 long KUHD trade act also stipulated in Article 4 that includes several other acts within the meaning of the act of commerce, among others:

1. Company police
2. Commerce notes and letters
3. Merchants, bankers, and brokers cashier
4. Construction / repair and equipment onboard the ship for the purpose.
5. Expedition and transporting goods.
6. Sale and purchase of equipment and vessels purposes
7. Carter charter boats which are agreements on sea trade.
8. Agreement with labor relations and child Nakoda ship to ship interests.
9. Intermediary or broker sea.
10. Insurance companies.

Historical Journey of Life Musicians Titiek Puspa

Titiek Puspa, who has the original name that was changed to Kadarwati Sudarwati and lastly into Sumarti (born at the Cape, Tabalong, South Kalimantan, 1 November 1937, age 75 years) is an Indonesian musician.

Titiek Puspa when little time was called Soemarti, together with a of 11 other siblings, loved to sing. They often nembang traditional Javanese art music. While in junior high school in 1954, Titiek, daughter of father Tugeno Puspowidjojo a registered nurse and mother Siti Mariam, following the singing competition. He signed secretly for fear of being scolded for Tugeno Puspowidjojo father considers singing as 'artisan nembang'.

Titiek firmly forward to the festival following the advice and encouragement of friends. Titiek or register Soemarti suggested changing its name to Titiek Puspo, taken from the name calling and Puspo Titiek of the name of his father, as his father's ploy to escape detection. Soemarti agree then mengindonesiakan name Puspo be Puspa. Hence, the new name Titiek be complete Puspa a famous name that later legendary in the world of Indonesian pop music world. Despite facing competition, mostly high school students, Titiek still in junior high school made it out as the first champion.

Titiek back in 1954 and has appeared as a race runner Radio Star RRI Semarang, Central Java type entertainment level. He was proud of champions because although only two, but with the opportunity to achieve high marks appearing Titiek compete at the national level capabilities. On the night of gift-giving, took place at Ikada Stadium, Gambir, Jakarta, 1954, while performing on stage Titiek was asked by Sjaiful Bachri, Djakarta Simphony Orchestra leader Chandra Buana sing again, the work of a national hero Ismail Marzuki.

A pride usually only remember the winner may appear on 'Fun Night' like that. This event was highly influential form Titiek Puspa confidence.

Confidence 'Soemarti' or Titiek Puspa become a singer, which since 1960 was recorded as one of the artist singer in Djakarta Simphony Orchestra led Sjaiful Bachri, getting thicker. Moreover, the father Tugeno Puspowidjojo, shortly before she died in his arms last time Titiek utilizing an apology on their resistance Titiek plunge into the world of singing.

In 1955 for the first Titiek to recording in Semarang, Central Java, in the recording company Lokananta. A year later Titiek again entered the studio in record companies rhythm, with one Malay song. Later a few years later, in 1959, Titiek the taping of the third.

The second and third recordings done in conjunction with the activities Titiek Jakarta following the Radio Star festival, a strong obsession and have repeatedly tried but unfortunately failed to achieve victory always. At that time won the Radio Star is the dream of every new artist because the repercussions are very influential in the music world, as a springboard for a widely known.

'Failed' built an actress through the Radio Star, Titiek gig swerved from one stage to another stage, hone themselves into a complete entertainer. He filled the stage entertainment with some bands like White Satin, Zaenal Combo, or Gumarang. The world of music entertainment experience thanks to a snowball effect of proficiency singing Javanese woman born in Tanjung, South Kalimantan, this.

Titiek Puspa is the artist singer, songwriter, movie star, and choreographer of art that became a symbol of the beginning of life bermulanya twinkling fairy artist Indonesian celebrities. Titiek formerly often memposekan themselves through a single channel TVRI, entertainment presents operetta 'Ketupat Eid'. The show arrives regularly every Lebaran, as in other emerging operetta presented by the Society of Artists Singer Capital (Papiko) Titiek leadership. Second grade was the entertainment of the day very eagerly awaited viewers, like an oasis amid a dearth of entertainment shows broadcast tv.

Papiko very powerful in its time orbiting artists singers newcomers. In fact, in the New Order era Papiko always coupled socio-political mass organizations participating in the election Functional Group (Golkar), to entertain people whenever Election season arrives. Titiek Puspa has another fortune always be close to the ruler. There he 'sell' professionalism alone without any personal interest.

In old age is full of energy and vitality nan Titiek Long Devotion winning at the World Music Awards at the 10th BASF in 1994 through the song Love Virus, still believed MoF DG Taxation public awareness campaign about the importance of paying taxes. When it appears a lot of singers and talented young songwriter, who has been tested, Titiek still gain the trust created march and hymn tune various government agencies. Volunteered Titiek make mars songs and hymns without pay, but doing it all with pleasure.

Titiek and there never seems to run out gawean. The news of it could have suddenly appeared, she was a judge various competitions and festival scene, or plunge into the Hotel Indonesia roundabout AIDS campaign. Or, as usual every day after putting his feet on the bed, suddenly came the desire to write songs. Songs about anything along talk about love and humanity, the principal corridor Titiek theme song creation. Corridors that arise because God has given to man love though, what is seen and heard by Titiek, precisely the situation covered jealous and violent man and pleasure seeking shortcomings.