History Giraffe

Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) or giraffes are even-toed mammals endemic to Africa and is the tallest animal species that live on land. Male giraffe can reach 4.8 to 5.5 meters high and has a weight that can reach 1,360 pounds. Giraffes females usually slightly shorter and lighter. Giraffes are related to deer and cattle, but from different tribes, namely Giraffidae, which includes its own giraffe and its closest relatives, okapi. Natural habitat surrounding the area of ​​Chad to South Africa Camelopardalis species name is taken from the Latin name, as it is considered as a hybrid camel (camel) and leopard (leopard). Camelopardalis name used by the senior Pliny wrote in the encyclopedia. This name is also used as the name of one of the constellations. The name "giraffe" itself borrowed from the name of this animal in Arabic (الزرافة, giraffe).

Subspecies of giraffe

Giraffe habitat

There are nine generally accepted subspecies differentiated by color and pattern variations:

• Cannibal giraffe (Gc reticulata) or Reticulated Giraffe
• Brown patches of reddish colored stripe surrounded by white light, forming a pattern like a polygon mesh big ones. Spotting can continue to foot. Habitat: northeast Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia.
• Angolan Giraffe (Gc angolensis) or Smoky Giraffe
• Large and small patches irregularly. Spotting continues to below the knee. Habitat: Angola, Zambia.
• Giraffe Kordofan (G.c. Antiquorum)
• Small patches, more irregular and also found on the inner leg. Habitat: Sudan's western and southwestern parts.
• Masai Giraffe or Kilimanjaro Giraffe (Gc tippelskirchi)
• Patches shaped like grape leaves, dark brown with uneven edges, surrounded by yellow lines. Habitat: central and southern Kenya, Tanzania.
• Nubian giraffe (Camelopardalis G.c.)
• Spotting almost rectangular shaped, light brown over a cream-colored base. Foot and lower part of the knee free of spots. Habitat: eastern Sudan, northeastern Congo.
• Rothschild giraffe, also known as Baringo Giraffe or Ugandan Giraffe (Gc Rothschildi)
• Rectangular patches with a cream-colored gradient background color on the edges. Spotting can get to the bottom of the knee. Habitat: Uganda, Kenya to the middle east.
• South African giraffe (Giraffa G.c.)
• Circular patches or leopard-spotted, some of which form a star-like pattern. Background spots are light brown color. Leopard spots or get to the soles of the feet. Habitat: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.
• Thornicroft Giraffe or Rhodesian Giraffe (Gc thornicrofti)
• Spotting or star-shaped leaves, extend to the lower leg. Habitat: eastern Zambia

History of Dinosaurs

Dinosaur Discovery History

Their bones are very large when it was discovered in 1677 by Dr. Robert Plot. The bones are thought to be a giant elephant bones. The first name given to this beast is Humanum scrotum. This happened two centuries before the name "dinosaur" is raised. In 1822, Mary Anne Mantell a walk on a highway in Sussex. By tradition, he found a bone overwritten sparkling sunshine, and took the bones home to show to her husband Dr. Gideon Mantell, English physician and amateur fossil hunters. Dr. Mantell announces that the bones have a greater teeth of modern reptiles. I A concluded that this bone is bone-eating reptiles that became extinct with teeth like an iguana. In 1825, Dr. Mantell named the fossil Iguanodon (iguana tooth). Dr.. Mantelllah who popularized era reptiles. 1841 anatomical and paleontological English, Sir Richard Owen, who incidentally is the strongest opponent of Charles Darwin, found the word "dinosaur". Technically, referring to dinosaurs that resemble gigantic reptilian creatures that live on land rather than in water. This word means "terrible lizard". Tyrannosaurus rex jawbone, with teeth a length of 6 feet 6 inches in length, must match the name of "terrible lizards".

Dinosaurs - Created or Evolved?

Since the invention of Dr. Mantell, dinosaur fossils have been found in several continents of the world, from far north as Alaska and as far south as Antarctica. Dinosaurs that exist in various sizes, shapes, and types. Dinosaur fossils is an interesting case study to prove the theory of evolution or creation. There are different types of dinosaurs. Some are small like the chicken and the others there that are so large that it weighs about 8 tons.

Many of these dinosaurs have different bone structure than usual. Therefore, if dinosaurs evolved about 230 million years ago, the beginning of a kind of reptile (according to the beliefs of evolutionists), then there must be thousands of intermediate beings. During this period, millions of dinosaurs lived and died. If the theory of evolution is true, museums can display thousands of transitional forms-dinosaur reptiles undeniable. If creation is true, every kind of dinosaur appears in the form of ready-made from the very beginning created, there is no intermediate fossil species suggests that these dinosaurs evolved from a single ancestor. Dinosaur fossils show very clearly that any one type of dinosaur that was found was in the form of intact, there is no evidence that these animals evolved from earlier creatures.

Brontosaurus, reconstruction errors

If we visit the world-class season, we will find a lot of evidence about dinosaurs. The bones and skulls have been dug from the earth and all of them showed a very large creatures that have ever lived on earth. But when the bones are arranged, scientists do not always make an accurate reconstruction. Everyone has heard or seen pictures Brontosaurus with a long neck, but not many people know that it is a mistake Brontosaurus. Scientists have found fossils that they had put the wrong head on the wrong body fossils anyway. Two researchers from the Carnegie Institution has been proved that the Brontosaurus bones in 5 major museums, including the Carnegie museum itself, has put the wrong head. The two men, in 1979, the print media have been informed that the description given by Dr. O.C. Marsh, a famous paleontologist from Yale, according to the head of one bone.

In the article "Scientist Claim Brontosaurus Given Wrong Head" (Pittsburgh: Associated Press, October 10, 1979), Berman explained that Marsh actually found the skull using 3 or 4 miles away from his bones. But no one knows. Marsh did not explain in his article. There is no evidence that the skull has something to do with the Brontosaurus. You can check this in Marsh's Dinosaurs written by John H. Ostrom and John S. McIntosh (New Have, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1966), page 244. Then after being given a new head on Brontosaurus then the creature more like Diplodocus. Head which actually belongs to one of the dinosaurs that have been discovered before the Apatosaurus. The conclusion is Brontosaurus never existed. For that reason it is not called a Brontosaurus in The New Dinosaur Dictionary bouquet of Donald. F. Glut (Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1982).

Reconstruction Dinosaurs

It's important to note that when multiplying a number of scientists bones, they found the bones with flesh. Although they found all the bones in full (and usually more often found only some parts of the course), they only have 40 percent of the data to explain how such a creature is. The bones were not told how the animal's color or what he ate. Little evidence of the fossil dinosaur food. But Komsognatus, Barioniks, and hadrosaurs is an exception because his stomach was found in the fossil record that is still intact. Evidence that preys Deinonikhus Tenontosaurus also found. The food is mostly dinosaurs just can unexpectedly be based on data obtained by researchers from dinosaur teeth that have become fossilized.

Sharp teeth that possessed only explain how he tore his food but not food what is torn off. When reconstructing large dinosaur bones from the remains, scientists make assumptions. Like, some of what dinosaurs pernyataaan doing or where they live is full of mere allegations. In the film The Lost World Dinosaurs talk about behavior. The cloned wild creatures can smell cigarette smoke from a distance of several miles, have high intelligence, maintain and nurture her baby, can revenge, etc.. None of these things can be known from fossilized dinosaur bones.

As an example let us examine the fossil Unenlagia comahuensis found by paleontologist Fernando Novas published in Kompas, Monday, May 26, 1997. Of existing bone so he tried to construct a dinosaur creature who later evolved into birds. In the above picture explains how bone reconstruction so that it becomes a form of dinosaurs. White color depict bones were found while the picture shows a black image reconstruction. You can discover how very little bone was reconstructed into a complete dinosaur. How he could describe dinosaur head complete with sharp teeth, while not found the skull and its teeth.

How long he guesses his neck while her neck bone was not found. How long he guesses his tail while the tail bone was not found. Maybe he short-tailed, while the long-tailed creature was reconstructed. How he reconstructs forearm complete with his fingers while he finds the upper arm bone. Clear here that scientists use imagination (which may be wrong) to reconstruct the bones he found. The only form of dinosaurs still need us to question, especially if it is suspected that dinosaurs evolved into birds.

Archaeopteryx was a true bird ancestor?

Archaeopteryx / Arkheopteriks are birds. He has the legs that can be gripped, like bird wings, feathers like a modern bird feathers, like a bird cranium, and a furcula (bird collarbone). In addition, he flew! Furthermore, although the first Archaeopteryx fossil was found in 1861, other fossils found since then none of which showed transitional forms between reptiles and Archaeopteryx or between Archaeopteryx and the birds. If reptiles evolved into birds will find thousands of transitional creatures that lived and died, which left its mark in the form of fossils. Although the evidence is damning and there are conflicting but many evolutionists maintain that the Archaeopteryx is a transitional form between reptiles and birds. They point to evidence that these birds have claws on both wings, teeth, and some characteristic that seems like reptiles. Some people claim that this characteristic indicates that Archaeopteryx evolved from reptiles. However, some ancient birds had teeth.

By the same token also turned many an ancient bird that has no teeth. The point is that no fossils were found to express the loss of teeth terus-menerus/perlahan-lahan lost on the birds. They have no teeth and some do not! This is not surprising because it also occurs in some other vertebrates. Some fish have teeth, some amphibians have teeth, and some reptiles have teeth. But there are fish, and amphibians, and reptiles that have no teeth! Most mammals have teeth, but some do not. Presence or absence of teeth does not confirm or deny the theory of evolution or creation.

Are the claws on the wing proved transition reptiles and birds? No, because there are at least 3 birds living today who also has claws on its wings. Hoatzin, a bird that lives in South America, has claws on its wings when I was young. It also happens to touraco, birds that live in Africa. Ostrich has three claws on its wings, but no one dared to suggest that these three birds are reptiles and birds animal intermediaries because they live in the moment. Several years ago, paleontological (fossil expert) found fossils of modern birds and concluded, from the evidence, that modern birds that live at the same time as Archaeopteryx. Archaeopteryx could not be the ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx if the bird life at the same time.

Recently, paleontologists have found fossils of a bird in Texas who allegedly lived 75 million years before Archaeopteryx. If we follow the evolutionist mindset that this bird should have been more like reptiles than Archaeopteryx. But these creatures are more birdlike than Archaeopteryx! Scientists who believe in creation theory concluded that Archaeopteryx is not an animal intermediary reptiles and birds, but it is a bird, specially created by God and preserved for us in the form of the fossil record.

History of Crocodiles

Crocodiles are large-bodied reptiles that live in water. Scientifically, covering all species of crocodile Crocodylidae tribal members, including the crocodile fish (Tomistoma schlegelii). However this name can also be worn loosely to refer to 'crocodile' alligators, caimans and gavial; crocodile relatives that different tribes. Crocodiles generally inhabit freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, swamps and other wetlands, but there also live in brackish water such as the estuarine crocodile. The main food crocodiles are animals with backbones such as the nation's fish, reptiles and mammals, sometimes also prey on mollusks and crustaceans depend on the species. Crocodiles are ancient animals, which have changed little since the time because of the evolution of dinosaurs.

Also known as a local name to refer to crocodiles, such as buhaya (Sd.); buhaya (bjn); aged or pickpocket (Jw.); bicokok (btw.), bekatak, or aloe vera frogs to mention smallish fat; False, crocodile-weaned weaned (Mly.), or fated to be unlucky crocodile-fated to be unlucky to mention crocodile fish; crocodile pandanus, which crocodiles are greenish; copper alligator, crocodile brownish yellow, and others.

Distrubition of crocodiles

In English crocodile known as crocodile. The name is derived from the Greek for crocodile mention they have seen in the River Nile, krokodilos; said formation rooted kroko word, which means 'pebble', and deilos which means 'worm' or 'people'. They call it 'worm stone' because watching habits of crocodiles basking on the banks of the river rocky.

Behaviour

Outside the ancient form, the crocodile is actually a complex reptiles. Unlike the usual reptiles, crocodiles have four bears heart, diaphragm (the diaphragm) and the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, clearly shows the outer morphology of living aquatic predators. Her body is "streamlined" allows for a quick swim. Crocodile folding legs attached to the back of the body, to reduce drag and allow the water to pick up speed while swimming. Toes webbed hind pool, which although not used as a driving force when swimming fast, the membrane is very useful when he had to suddenly turn around or make sudden moves in the water, or to start the swim. Webbed feet is also an advantage when the alligator need to move or walk in shallow water.

Crocodiles can move very quickly over short distances, even out of water. These animals have very strong jaws that can bite with incredible power, making it an animal with the biggest bite force. Pressure bites crocodile is not less than 5,000 psi (pounds per square inch; equivalent to 315 kg / cm ²), compared with the bite force rottweiler that only 335 psi, great white shark of 400 psi, or hyena (hyena) approximately 800-1000 psi. Crocodile pointy teeth and sharp, very useful for holding prey. Crocodile attacks its prey by pouncing on its prey at once biting it, then pull firmly and suddenly into the water. Therefore, the muscles around the jaw so well developed that can be shut with very strong. Shut the mouth that has been so very difficult to open, similar to the gecko bite. But instead, the muscles which serve to open the crocodile's mouth is very weak. The researchers crocodile large enough wrapping adhesive tape (duct tape) a few times, or tie strap rubber inner tube at the muzzle end closing, for keeping his mouth shut while it remained observation and measurement, or when want to safely transport the animal. Alligator claws and nails were strong and sharp, but the neck is very stiff so it is not so easy to attack the crocodile to the side or to the rear.

Crocodiles prey on fish, birds, mammals, and sometimes also other smaller crocodile carcasses even adult crocodiles. This is an ambush predator reptile; she waits for prey animals or fish approaching land, then suddenly pounce. As cold-blooded animals, this predator can survive a long time without food, and rarely really need to move to hunt their prey. Although seemingly slow, crocodiles are predators peak in the neighborhood, and some species have been observed attacking and killing sharks. Except here is the Egyptian bird kettle, which is known to have a symbiotic relationship with the crocodile. It is said that this bird used to eat animals and leftover meat parasite that dwells in the crocodile's mouth, and to the river king opened his mouth wide and let the pot go to clean it.

Age

There is no convenient way to calculate the age of the crocodile, in addition to knowing penetasannya first time, although there are some techniques that have been developed. The most common method used to estimate the animal's age by counting circle is growing in bones and teeth. Each layer of the circle illustrates the change in the growth rate, which may be caused by changes in the dry and rainy seasons are repeated every year. While mindful of the opportunities imprecision of this method, which is the oldest crocodile is probably the largest species. The estuarine crocodile (C. porosus) is expected to live on average to 70 years, with a few individuals who proved to be beyond the age of 100 years. One of the oldest crocodiles recorded, died at a zoo in Russia about 115 years old.

A male freshwater crocodile at the Australia Zoo maintained was estimated to be 130 years old. The animals rescued Bob Irwin and Steve Irwin from the wild after being shot twice by hunters. As a result of the gunfire, the crocodile (which is now dubbed as "Mr. Freshy") lost his right eye

Size

Crocodile body size varies widely from species to species, from the dwarf crocodile to the saltwater crocodile giant. Large-bodied species can grow more than 5 m long and weighs more than 1,200 kg. However, babies crocodile measuring about 20 cm only when hatched from an egg. Largest crocodile species is the saltwater crocodile, which lives in the region up to northern Australia.

The size of the largest estuarine crocodile is still debated. The largest alligator ever recorded was a giant estuarine crocodiles along 8.6 m, which was shot by a school teacher in Australia. While the crocodile is the largest living crocodile 7.1 m in estuaries along the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India. In June 2006, his record is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.

Two other notes about the size of a trusted record two biggest crocodile crocodiles along the 6.2 m. The first crocodile was shot in the Mary River, Northern Territory, Australia in 1974 by a poacher, which is then measured by a forestry officer. While the second crocodile was killed in the Fly River, Papua New Guinea. The second crocodile size is actually derived from the skin, as measured by Jerome Montague, a wildlife researcher. And because of the size of the skin is always smaller (shrinking) of the size of the original animal, believed that this second crocodile measuring at least 10 inches longer when alive.

History of Animal | Anoa

Anoa is a typical animal Sulawesi. There are two species of anoa: Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both live in the forest that are not touched by humans. Their appearance is similar to the buffalo and has a weight of 150-300 kg. Anoa child will be born once a year. Both of these species can be found in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Since the 1960s is in endangered status. It is estimated there are currently fewer than 5,000 surviving tail. Anoa often hunted for fur, horns and meat.

Anoa Mountains also known as the Mountain Anoa, Anoa de Montana, Anoa de Quarle, Anoa des Montagnes, and Quarle's Anoa. Whereas the Lowland Anoa is also known as Lowland Anoa, Anoa de Ilanura, or Anoa des Plaines. Anoa is endemic island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Population continues to shrink, plus hunting by humans, and reduce forest where they find food is the main cause of their threattened. If not treated immediately, it could be these animals will become extinct and only can be found in the history books, or just like the picture on the website you see today.

endangered and protected species composed of two (types) are: mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both of these animals live in the forest that are rarely touched by humans. Both species of anoa, found only in Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is estimated there are less than 5000 head which still survive.

In general, have similar skin color anoa buffalo horn straight back and tapered and slightly flattened. His life to move where and when facing the enemy anoa will defend themselves with a splash into the swamp or when forced to fight by using his horns.

History of Zodiac

Zodiac is a term for a cluster of stars. Zodiac numbering 12 in accordance with the number of months for 1 year. Always associated with the zodiac forecasts science or so-called science of astrology. Zodiac certainly not born as well. There is a history that accompanies the zodiac so that each month is represented by 1 zodiac. Here it is 12 Star sign symbol and history.

1. Capricorn

According to Greek mythology, the goat is used as a symbol of the zodiac is indeed a real goat. Amaltheus his name. Goat's milk is never given to the god Zeus, as the supreme god of the ancient Greeks is still a baby, and his mother were in the cave hidden for fear of predation ferocious father named Chronoos. Because of these services, the goat and then raised to the sky, equipped with light. And be a star.

2. Aquarius

Symbolized by a cross-eyed young man who was pouring water from a large jar. Who the hell is this guy cross-eyed? is called Ganimedes, most loyal servant of Zeus. His job is to bring drinks gods greatest Greek nation.

3. Pisces

Symbolized by two fish. Both of these fish has been credited with bringing the goddess Venus (goddess of beauty) and the god Mars (god of war) to the Euphrates, at the time they were chased by Typhon.

4. Aries

Symbolized by a lamb. Lamb is not just any sheep. The gold furry sheep. He sacrificed as an offering to the supreme god, Zeus apparently happy to receive it. And he also made the stars.

5. Taurus

Symbolized by the bull. Taurus comes from the word meaning Taureau bull. This cow is the incarnation of the god Zeus (Jupiter). Perhaps the most liked story of Zeus at pretty girls. He is also known as the god of the most his wife. So, when he saw European beauty princess, whose matchless beautiful, was so kesemsemnya he transformed himself into a bull in order to kidnap the daughter of Europe.

6. Gemini

Denoted by a pair of twins. They are the son of the god Zeus. Both of these twins named Castor and Polux.

7. Cancer

Symbolized by the crab. Is the incarnation of the snake named Hydra. These snakes sent by Juno, against Hercules (boy known strong and brave). Snakes sent by Juno proved to be extremely toxic and has a lot of heads. If his head slashed by Hercules will grow again. Hercules cleverly, burn the snake neck. Then drop it a history of the snake. Then the snake was made of. Killing snakes is one of the 12 tasks of Hercules are very heavy.

8. Leo

Symbolized by the lion. The lion is one of the 12 tasks of Hercules are very famous. The lion is the most ferocious lion that must be conquered.

9. Virgo

Emblem is a very beautiful princess. This princess was the daughter incarnation Astrea who live in the age of gold. At that time he came down from heaven to earth. But he did not stay on earth, because it can not bear to see the suffering and crimes committed by man on earth. Then he returned to the sky and transformed into a star. The Greeks divided the day into four, namely the time of gold, silver, bronze and iron

10. Libra

Represented by the balance or scale. Is a symbol of justice. Daughter of the master of justice is the daughter Justicia. Its origin is not known with certainty.

11. Scorpio

Symbol is a scorpion. Had its origins are very interesting. Ie, there was love in terms of 4 (not love segi3 anymore). Between Orion (handsome man), Diana (goddess of the moon), Venus (goddess of beauty) and Aurora (goddess of the dawn). Because of his good looks Orion, cross-eyed girl he once loved 3. Because the two rivals jealous, Diana sent a scorpion to Orion. Scorpion bite him to death. Diana regret for his actions. And appealed to the god Zeus in order to be a star Orion. Because he is not guilty, then the god Zeus made him a star in the constellation Scorpio.

12. Sagittarius

Symbol is a horse-bodied creatures, human heads are archery. This creature is named Centaurus. Centaurus is actually the monsters, the enemies of the gods and humans. except Centaurus named chyron was a friend and teacher of gods and humans. He teaches how to use guns and shoot well. Because of these services, he was appointed to be a star.

History of Jakarta

Jakarta's history began in a small port at the mouth of the Ciliwung River about 500 years ago. For centuries this port city later developed into a commercial center bustling internal. Initial knowledge about Jakarta raised slightly through the various inscriptions found in the area of ​​the airport. Description of the city until the arrival of the early European explorers could say very little.

European authors report the 16th century mentions a city called Kalapa, which seems to be the main airport for a Hindu kingdom called Sunda, Padjadjaran its capital, located about 40 kilometers inland, close to the town of Bogor now. The Portuguese is a large group of people-the first Europeans to come to the airport Kalapa. The city was then attacked by a young age, named Fatahillah, from a neighboring kingdom with Kalapa. Fatahillah to rename Sunda Kalapa Jayakarta on June 22, 1527. This date is now celebrated as the birth of the city. The Dutch came in the late 16th century and then master the Jayakarta.

Jayakarta name was changed to Batavia. Batavia natural state swampy similar to the Netherlands, their homeland. They also build canals to protect from the threat of flooding Batavia. City government activities centered around the field, located about 500 meters from the city. They built elegant town hall, which is the position of the center of the city government of Batavia. Batavia city eventually developed to the south. Rapid growth resulted in a state of rapid lilngkungan damaged, forcing the Dutch authorities to move the center of government activity higher lying areas. This region is called Weltevreden.

WATCHING the city is like reading a long record of events of the past record. Various buildings and environments in Jakarta store traces its people traveling, how do they behave the challenges of his time, meeting their needs and adjust to the environment. It preserves the joys and sorrows and bitter-sweetness of the development, where we can absorb valuable lessons. Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, has many historical recordings. Among others, in the form of buildings and the environment. It is reflected in the efforts of the past in building the city did not escape from the problems of the ages.

"If we look at the city now, may be difficult to imagine that thousands of years ago this area was newly formed from silt the rivers that flow into Jakarta. For example Ciliwung River, Angke, Marunda Kali, Kali Cisadane, Great Kali, Kali Kali Bekasi and Citarum. Jakarta plateau age is now estimated at 500 years based on geomorphology, the science of soil layers. This sediment plains formed by streams that resemble a fan. This plateau after steady gradually inhabited settlements and formed several groups, one of which developed into major ports, "said Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS, leading historian in the Department of Culture and Museum Jakarta Government.

He says the city is a thriving city with a rapidly since got the role as the capital of Rl. Developments that are caused by social factors, economics and culture intertwined with each other. Starting from a small residential neighborhood with limited life activities, and then evolve into mega residential neighborhood with a variety of activities that amatkompleks. In the history of exposure to growth, where the city government after another and people are very diverse conditions, both of ethnicity, race and religion as the various aspects of their lives, their population remains habitable building where they lived and in accordance with the funding capacity, power and technology at their disposal .

Jakarta History

1897 map of Batavia, Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS revealed the city history begins with the establishment of a settlement at the mouth of the Ciliwung. According to the news of the Kingdom of Portugal in the early 15th century, the settlement was named "Kalapa" and is an important airport under the control of the Kingdom of Padjadjaran, whose center was at that time located in the city of Bogor.

"In the Kingdom of Padjadjaran, Bogor, it is still contained the inscription relics of the 16th century. Stele name" Sato Write "Void Watu Kencana Rahyang relics, but by Europeans Bandar is better known as Sunda Kalapa, because it was under the rule Sunda, "said Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS. In history, says Leading Historian of Culture and Museum OIC Jakarta's local government, Bandar Malacca Empire conquered Portugal in 1511. Portugal purpose when it is looking for the sea route to reach the islands of Maluku, source of the spice. Then in 1522 the ship this down messengers of Malacca under the leadership of Francesco De Sa.

Francesco De Sa reportedly occurred Bandar Kalapa talks with leaders who are under the rule of King Sundanese Hindu. Meanwhile in Javanese Majapahit Empire Tengan with reflux develops in the Islamic kingdom of Demak. Islamic empire was then attacked the Kingdom of Sunda in West Java encompass Cirebon, Banten, Kalapa and others. Given the lack of original sources in Central Java tnengenai that event, then we are forced to turn to the news of the Kingdom of Portugal, which in turn is not only anchored in Maluku but also the Kingdom of Portugal merapatdi East Timor, stating that in 1526-1527 a Portuguese fleet has visited Sunda Kalapa perfanjian meets the year for 1522.

"Apparently they do not know that there has been a shift in power from Padjadjaran kingdom to kingdom of Banten, the people of Central Java are Muslims. Ivlenurut news that they can, given the name Pangtima is Falatehan, their designation to the name Fatahillah," said Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

Prehistoric Period

In some places like Pasar Minggu Jakarta, Pasar Rebo, Djatinegara, Rubber, Kebayoran, Kebon Sirih, Kebun Nanas, Cawang, Kebun Pala, Rawa Belong, lefe Swamp, Swamp bangke, discovered prehistoric objects such as axes, pickaxes, drill , and the chisel of the stone. Such tools from the Stone Age or Neolithic era between 1000 BC. So, at that time there was no human life in Jakarta.

"And as latnnya area, in Jakarta also found inscriptions. Tugu inscription found in Cilineing. Inscriptions loaded with information about the kingdom of King Purnawarman Tarumanegara. According to the inscription, Jakarta is the Kingdom Tarumanegara, the oldest kingdom in Java Puiau, in addition to Bogor, Banten , Bekasi to the east and the Citarum Giaruten, "said Muhammad isa Ansyari SS.

Chronology of Significant Events

At 686 AD. Tarumanegara kingdom was destroyed by the armies of the kingdom of Srivijaya attack. 14th century, Jakarta enter the Kingdom often disebtit Pakuan Padjadjaran Kingdom of Padjadjaran, or the Kingdom of Sunda. Padjadjaran kingdom memiiiki six petabuhan, including port of Sunda Kalapa. This port city is located in Jakarta Bay - at the mouth of the river Citiwung - which is the most important trading center seiak 12th century until the 16th.

Monday, August 21, 1522. So important, Sunda Kalapa not escape from the target orana since in 1511 the Portuguese were already entrenched on the mainland of Malacca. Their desire to get a good reception from the King Pajajaran. In addition to concern about the trade, King Padjadjaran also intends to ask for the help of the Portuguese in the face of the people of Islam, which has many followers in Banten and Cirebon. Demak, at that time, has become the center of power and the spread of Islam.

The cooperation agreement was signed between the King and the Portuguese Padjadjaran. Ditzinkan contents Portuguese fort in Sunda Kalapa established, which is marked by the river Ciliwung. Wednesday, June 22, 1527. The agreement is unacceptable Demak, the Islamic Empire which at that time was at the peak of glory.

"Sultan of Demak sends his hosts, led by the son, Fatahillah. Forces managed to occupy the Sunda Kalapa Fatahillah in 1527. Fleet When Portugal came, Fatahillah menghaneurkannya forces. Vain to leave the Portuguese fleet of Malacca," said Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS. With the victory Fatahillah menggantt name to Jayakarta Sunda Kalapa. It means "Victory Berjaya." That historic event defined as 'the jadl' City of Jakarta. Jayakarta power ultimately lies in the hands of Fatahillah, and now extended to become the Kingdom of Islamic Banten.

In 1595. Cornells de Houtman and his men arrived in the waters of Banten. Dutch people came in search of spices. Competition between them tighter spiced hostility. Wednesday, March 20, 1602 a token and statesmen of the Netherlands, van Johati Oldenbarneveld, took an initiative of the Dutch traders gather in a container. Stand trade unions Verenigde Oost Indische Compaqnie or VOCs. VOC is a conglomerate of old container.

In 1617. The people of the Netherlands were allowed to trade in Jayakarta. They acquire a plot of land to the east of the Ciliwung river, in the township of China. There they build a fort and offices. Stronghold of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was not liked Jayakarta, Banten and the British Empire. They then fought.

In 1619. Triangle fierce fighting between the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal in the port of Sunda Kalapa. Atmosphere Bay Jayakarta it overnight into a red fire and blood red. At sea bay many soldiers sprawled bodies of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Portugal after both countries the royal naval forces pounded out the British Empire. Britain won the war.

Thursday, May 30, 1619, JP Goen conquered Jayakarta back once mastered. When the fleet of the British Empire no longer exists because it has set sail for Australia, leaving Jayakarta. Medium fleet (Kingdom of Portugal went to the sea to the eastern end of the archipelago, specifically in East Timor.

"Jayakarta in that year entered a new chapter. Jayakarta changed name Kingdom of the Netherlands to Batavia. Batavia name is derived from the name Batavieren, Europeans who become fathers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands," said Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

VOC Batavia initially made as a center of commerce and government. With the expertise of the Compagnie through political intrigue and provoke or cfewtte et impera against the kings of the archipelago. throughout the archipelago. Glory had lasted long enough. In 1798. VOC fell and dissolved. Power, property and debts yartg 134.7 million guilders taken over the Royal Netherlands Government. Wednesday, January 1, 1800, Indonesia has since been ruled directly by the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. An assembly for Asian affairs and established colonies. However, beginning in March 1942, Japan seized control of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in World War 2. Batavia name of the Imperial Japanese army buried. And, the name Jakarta replaced until now.

History of Futsal

Futsal is a ball game played by two teams, each comprised of five members. The goal is to put the ball into the opponent's goal, by manipulating the ball with the foot. In addition to the five main players, each team is also allowed to have a backup player. Unlike a football game in the other room, futsal field lines is limited, not net or board. Futsal also well known for a variety of other names. The term "Futsal" is the international term, derived from the Spanish or Portuguese, football and sala.

History of Futsal

Futsal popularized in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1930, by Juan Carlos Ceriani. The uniqueness of futsal gained attention throughout South America, particularly in Brazil. The skills developed in this game can be seen in the style of the world famous Brazilian players are shown outdoors, on a regular sized field. Pele, the famous star of Brazil, for example, developed his talents in futsal. While Brazil continues to be the Futsal hub world, the game is now played under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association all over the world, from Europe to Central America and North America as well as Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

The first international match was held in 1965, Paraguay won the first South American Cup. Six struggle for South American Cup to be held next in 1979, and wiped out all the carpet champions Brazil. Brazil to continue his dominance by winning the Pan American Cup in 1980 and won it again the next year struggle for pd 1984.

The first Futsal World Championship was held for the help FIFUSA (before its members joined FIFA in 1989) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1982, ended in Brazil in the first position. Brazil repeating his victory in the second World Championships in Spain in 1985, but suffered a defeat of Paraguay in the 1988 World Championships in Australia third.

The first international futsal matches held in the U.S. in December 1985, at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California. Futsal The Rule of the Game Futsal popularized in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1930, by Juan Carlos Ceriani. The uniqueness of futsal gained attention throughout South America, particularly in Brazil. The skills developed in this game can be seen in the style of the world famous Brazilian players are shown outdoors, on a regular sized field. Pele, the famous star of Brazil, for example, developed his talents in futsal. While Brazil continues to be the Futsal hub world, the game is now played under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association all over the world, from Europe to Central America and North America as well as Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

The first international match was held in 1965, Paraguay won the first South American Cup. Six struggle for South American Cup to be held next in 1979, and wiped out all the carpet champions Brazil. Brazil to continue his dominance by winning the Pan American Cup in 1980 and won it again the next year struggle for pd 1984. The first Futsal World Championship was held for the help FIFUSA (before its members joined FIFA in 1989) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1982, ended in Brazil in the first position. Brazil repeating his victory in the second World Championships in Spain in 1985, but suffered a defeat of Paraguay in the 1988 World Championships in Australia third.

The first international futsal matches held in the U.S. in December 1985, at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California. Futsal The Rule of the Game

History of Lake Toba

Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length of 100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. In the middle of this lake there is a volcanic island called Samosir Island. Lake Toba has long become an important tourist destination in North Sumatra, Bukit Lawang, Berastagi and Nias, attract domestic and foreign tourists.

Estimated that Lake Toba explosion occurred at about 73000-75000 years ago and an eruption Supervolcano (super volcano) the most recent. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University estimate that volcanic materials spewed out of the mountain as much as 2800 km ³, with 800 km ³ of rock Ignimbrite and 2,000 km ³ of volcanic ash which is expected in the wind to the west for 2 weeks. Volcanic dust in the wind has spread to half the earth, from China to South Africa. Explosion occurred during 1 week and throw the dust up to 10 km above sea level.

This incident caused mass death and the extinction of some species also followed. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60% of the total human population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption also caused the ice age, although experts are still debating. After the eruption, the caldera formed which is then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Pressure upward by magma that has not come out cause the emergence of Samosir Island.

Multidisciplinary team of international researchers, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, the United States has found a new archaeological site that is quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. At the site revealed how people survive, before and after volcanic eruptions (Supervolcano) Toba 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life under the ash heap of Mount Toba. Though the eruption source within 3,000 miles, from the distribution of ashes.

For seven years, experts from oxford University is researching ecosystem project in India, to search for evidence of life and equipment life they left behind in a barren desert. Area with thousands of hectares it was only savanna (grasslands). While animal bones scattered. Tim concludes, quite large area is apparently covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.

The spread of volcanic dust was very spacious, found almost all over the world. Derived from an ancient eruption Supervolcano, namely Mount Toba. Allegations leading to Mount Toba, because it found evidence of volcanic ash forms of the same molecule in 2100. Since the caldera crater, now a lake Toba in Indonesia, 3,000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even that is quite surprising, apparently spread of dust to be recorded to the North Pole. This is reminiscent of the experts, how powerful the super volcano Toba eruption at that time.

History of Android

Android Background

Android is an operating system for a variety of mobile devices such as mobile phones, netbooks, and tablet computers. This operating system developed by Google Inc.-based Linux kernel version 2.6 and a variety of GNU software that is Open Source. At first, Android was developed by Android Inc. company. but later the company was acquired by Google to become a Google product. Now this Android development is determined by a consortium called the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), which consists of various vendors of mobile devices, computers, and telecommunications such as Intel, Nvidia, Google, Samsung, Sprint, T-Mobile, Motorola, LG, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba , Vodafone, and many others, and its members continue to grow. Because Android is Open Source Apache license and have a very open and free, the Android operating system became very popular for a variety of mobile device manufacturers.

Cooperation with Android Inc..

In July 2000, Google works with Android Inc., A company located in Palo Alto, California USA. The founders of Android Inc.. worked at Google, including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. At that time many consider the functions of Android Inc.. just as software on mobile phones. Since then rumors that Google was about to enter the mobile phone market. In company Google, the team led by Rubin developed a program in charge of mobile devices supported by the Linux kernel. This shows an indication that Google is preparing for a competition in the mobile phone market. Android latest version of Android is version 5 also has joined with some smart mobile such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, LG and others.

2007-2008: early Products

Around September 2007 a study reported that Google filed a patent application mobile phone (Google finally introduced the Nexus One, one type of GSM smart phone that uses the Android operating system. Cellular phone is manufactured by HTC Corporation and available in the market on January 5, 2010) . On December 9, 2008, announced the new members who joined in the work program Android ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, manufactured by Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc. As the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, OHA announced their first product, Android, mobile devices (mobile) which is a modified Linux kernel 2.6. Since Android was released many updates have been made in the form of bug fixes and the addition of new features.

The first phone that uses the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was released on October 22, 2008. At the end of 2009 is estimated at least in this world there are 18 types of Android-powered mobile phone.

Android version 1.1

On March 9, 2009, Google released the Android version 1.1. Android version is equipped with an aesthetic update to the application, alarm clock, voice search (search sound), sending messages to Gmail, and email notification.

Android version 1.5 (Cupcake)

In mid-May 2009, Google released a mobile phone using Android and the SDK (Software Development Kit) with version 1.5 (Cupcake). There are several updates including the addition of several features in this mobile version of the ability to record and watch videos with the camera mode, upload video to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone, A2DP Bluetooth support, the ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset, animated screen, and on-screen keyboard that can be adapted to the system.

Android version 1.6 (Donut)

Donut (version 1.6) was released in September by displaying the search process better than before, battery usage indicator and control applet VPN. Another feature is the gallery that allows the user to select the photos to be removed; cameras, camcorders and interface the gallery; CDMA / EVDO, 802.1x, VPN, Gestures, and Text-to-speech engine; ability to dial contacts; technological change text to speech (not available on all phones; procurement VWGA resolution.

Android version 2.0/2.1 (Eclair)

On December 3, 2009 re-launched Android phones with version 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), changes made to the hardware optimization, improved Google Maps 3.1.2, change the UI with a new browser and support for HTML5, the new list of contacts, support flash for the camera 3 , 2 MP, digital zoom, and Bluetooth 2.1.

To move quickly in the competition next generation devices, Google held a competition to invest with the best mobile applications (killer apps - applications seeding). This competition with prizes $ 25,000 for each selected application developers. The competition was held over two stages, where each step of the selected 50 best applications.

With the growing and increasing number of Android handsets, a growing number of interested third parties to distribute their applications to the Android operating system. Known application is modified into the Android operating system is Shazam, Backgrounds, and WeatherBug. Android operating system in the Internet site is also considered important to create native Android applications, for example by MySpace and Facebook.

Android version 2.2 (Froyo: Frozen Yoghurt)

On May 20, 2010, the Android version 2.2 (Froyo) was launched. The changes are generally against the previous versions include support for Adobe Flash 10.1, speed performance and application of 2 to 5 times faster, integration V8 JavaScript engine used by Google Chrome that speeds rendering capabilities of the browser, application installation in SD Card, WiFi capabilities portable hotspot, and the ability to auto update in the Android Market application.

Android version 2.3 (Gingerbread)

On December 6, 2010, the Android version 2.3 (Gingerbread) was launched. General changes obtained from the Android version include increased ability game (gaming), improved copy and paste function, the display interface (User Interface) redesigned, support for video formats VP8 and WebM, new audio effects (reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost), support the ability of Near Field Communication (NFC), and the number of cameras that support more than one.

Android version 3.0/3.1 (Honeycomb)

Designed specifically for Android Honeycomb tablets. Android version supports a larger screen size. User Interface on Honeycomb is also different because it was designed for tablets. Honeycomb also supports multi-processor and hardware acceleration (hardware) for graphics. Made the first tablet to run Honeycomb is the Motorola Xoom. Tablet devices with Android 3.0 platform will be coming soon in Indonesia. The device named Eee Pad Transformer production from Asus. Plan to enter the Indonesian market in May 2011.

Android version 4.0 (ICS: Ice Cream Sandwich)

Announced on October 19, 2011, brought Honeycomb features to smartphones and added new features including facial recognition unlock with, data network usage monitoring and control, unified social networking contacts, photography enhancements, offline email search, and share information using the NFC .

Android version 5.0 (Jelly Bean)

For now android version 5.0 is still a rumor or a prototype that will be developed by Google Inc.

History of ASEAN

ASEAN was established in Bangkok on August 8, 1967 by five countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand through Bangkok Declaration. PERBARA (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) are more famous with ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a geo-political and economic organization of countries in Southeast Asia. This organization aims to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural development of its member countries, as well as promote peace in regional level. ASEAN gets new members on January 7, 1984, namely Brunei Darussalam, followed by Vietnam as ASEAN's new members are seventh on 28 July 1995 and up till now, is all the ASEAN member countries in Southeast Asia, except East Timor and Papua New Guinea.

Main principle of Asean

• Respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, national, and national identity of each country
• The right of every state to lead a national presence for free rather than interference, subversion or coercion outsiders
• Non-interference in domestic affairs of fellow members
• Settlement of differences or dispute peacefully
• Reject the use of deadly force
• Effective cooperation between member

ASEAN was founded by five countries initiators, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand in Bangkok through the Bangkok Declaration. The foreign minister Bangkok Declaration signatories at the time was Adam Malik (Indonesia), Narciso Ramos (Philippines), Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia), S. Rajaratnam (Singapore), and Thanat Khoman (Thailand).

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Bangkok Declaration contents are as follows:

• the growth accelerate economic, social progress and cultural development in Southeast Asia
• Promote peace and regional stability
• Improve cooperation and mutual assistance in the common interest in the economic, social, engineering, science, and administration
• Maintain close cooperation in the middle - the middle of regional and international organizations that exist
• Enhance cooperation to promote education, training, and research in Southeast Asia

Brunei Darussalam became the first ASEAN member countries beyond the five initiators. Brunei Darussalam became a member of ASEAN on January 7, 1984 (exactly a week after commemorate freedom). Eleven years later, ASEAN again accepting new members, namely Vietnam became the seventh member on July 28, 1995. Two years later, following the Laos and Myanmar joined the ASEAN, namely on July 23, 1997. Although Cambodia plan to join the ASEAN together with Myanmar and Laos, the plan had to be postponed because of the political problems in the country Cambodia. Even so, two years later, Cambodia finally became a member of ASEAN, namely on December 16, 1998.

History of Golf

Sports Golf is an game which already very old wherein not so obvious the authenticity his native, often debated openly his native whether from China, Netherlands or Scotland. But most history of golf it is theoretically is accepted that the this sport originated from Scotland approximately the year 1100.

A game similar to golf was first mentioned in Dongxuan Record (China), a book of 11th century China. Also mentioned on 26 February 1297 in the town of Netherland named Leonen aan de Vecht. Here the Dutch played a game with a stick and a leather ball, where someone hit a ball into a target hundreds of yards away many times that obtained blow most as the winner.

However Thus, modern golf believed to originated from Scottish invention (discovery person of Scots), such as as a game which mentioned on century to the 15, constitute game of which not allowed, namely the game gowlf. Some inventor suggest that this pointed to game which is else wherein more similar with the hurling or hockey the pitch rather than golf. Game in conjuction with small ball are into the hole in the ground using various beater (clubs) which played on century to the 17 in Netherlands. The word golf is taken of Netherlands kolf meaning stick, club or hitter. Flourishing trade over North Sea during period mid and the beginning of the modern era bring a lot of developments language of interaction the nation Scotland, Dutch and languages-other languages. From there reportedly about the incidence-the initial event history of golf in continent Europe.

The oldest golf course in the world is The Musselburgh Old Links Golf Course. Evidence has shown that golf was played here in 1672, while Mary, Queen of Scots reputedly played there in 1567.

The pitch Golf does not always have a 18 holes. Field St. Andrews Link occupies plains of who narrow along the sea. Like the early centuries of into 15, the player golf in St. Andrews, in Fife, established a customary route soil who directly go up down, plays to holes whose locations in dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. Finished playing one times round of, spinning back, and playing for the entire hole or holes with total 22 holes. In 1764, some of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The amount is then was reduced of 11 become 9, so for the entire round of which complete with which already coupled become 18 hole.

The changes occurs in general since the century to 19 namely experiencing repair-fixes, especially for the greens, design golf ball a better, using rubber and equipment manmade roughly since 1900, and introducing shafts from iron began to the 1930-an. Also in the 1930s golf tee is made from wood found. In the 1970-late using the iron and then titanium for replace the head wood or wood begins, and shafts made from "graphite" (known as carbon fiber) was introduced in 1980-late. Then tee made of wood continues to popularized, various forms of designs tee of plastic already developed until years last this, and materials synthetic were created for modernization the ball also continue to be developed.

Most balls were golf known with "dimples" (surface perforated or indentation). Small hole-tiny this were made balls golf for reduce pressure of aerodynamic who where makes the ball fly more distant. Golf is also known in the users flag-flag. This for demonstrate the position of the hole to players when they make drive first and far from hole in order that accurate fit the desired. When all players or groups exist within the nipple, the flag was transferred by the "caddy" or a buddy the other in order to facilitate access to the ball into the hole.

Techniques Playing Sports Golf

1. Born as a child caddy,

Born as a child caddy, lived close golf courses probably tips best to become players golf who a reliable. Tiger Woods is the best example for tips this. Born to African-American-Thai, Tiger golf since childhood been trained by his father.

2. Learn swing first age of 5 years,

Driving range are generally filled person who 'old' and children-small children. Children-small child, later discovered will be a player golf who a reliable. Length abdominal circumference you determines the quality swing the resulting. As in any sports terminology: 'more quickly done better'. Not participating golf course is also not a problem.

3. Got neighboring golf enthusiasts,

Neighbor, lets you set off  golf together-equal. Neighbors, most do not convincing wife's you that you set off together si neighbor indeed for play golf. Not the place where strange things.

4. Had a friend office penggila golf,

Golf it was sport morning, tee off for tournament done at 5.30. Driving most fun also done morning days. Have a friend with a golf enthusiast's office, at least not to play golf schedule is adjusted to the office hours. Is not it, unless we are flexible high-level executive's time.

5. Got a golf lover friend,

Swing your first may be very embarrassing, maybe it took many times exercises to see the ball only gliding 10 m, while the small child beside you already catapulted the golf ball some where. Sahabat either allow you loves golf more quickly.

6. Got (life) consultant also admirers golf,

Golf is a game of controlled emotion, golf is a game of confidence, golf is about intergrity, about honor. And all other popular jargon about golf. Lessons-lesson beginning of about golf is the lesson about the principle-the principle of life. Golf most does not teach us to believe ourselves and appreciate other people. In many ways, the values ​​in golf can help us live better. Or conversely, with life which better we could play a golf with a more gorgeous.

7. Have a girlfriend / wife who understands that the boyfriend / husband began to love golf.

Golf is very time consuming, most do not if have to follow the tournament. But, pun only a take the time saturday / week for mere driving. Make some people, seeing him go 'have fun' could be made the atmosphere so upset. Wife's support, has been ascertained to make your mind more calm and swing was getting better.

8. Had a specific budget per month to play golf.

Equipment golf and green fee it took costs who not slightly, except if. Learn golf of small is also costly because are so body elevated / enlarged, must replace stick. Actually can learn without having to join a self-taught golf course, however, for the early stages of learning golf does not need to rely on the brand. Can also use an inexpensive since the early stages of our right to learn how to swing. Now, with more and more construction of golf courses it will be more expensive green fee her. When you do not've got specific budget, Be smart befriend so that you could invited to play free.

9. Look for field golf which good.

Among the many reasons why the game ugly or not growing is the condition of the golf course that cheap. Ranging of quality of the grass fairway-his or her who ugly do not visible the difference between grass in fairway and in rough; the quality green-his or her which ugly. Different conditions to play golf at a rate high. Better grass, green is also okay. Short the word, it feels  once pas hitting his ball. For example, golf hotel.

History of Football

Football is the sport's most phenomenal on this earth, there is no other sport that exceeds the sport in any case. But most of us do not know about the history of football itself. The following terms of football and its history we describe below:

Football is a ball game played by two teams with each consisting of eleven people. This sport is very popular and is played in 200 countries with various football championship organized by FIFA. Game of football aims to score as much as possible by using a leather ball measuring 27-28 inches. Field used in this game has a width of 50-100 yards and 100-300 yards long. Wicket where scoring is located at the end of the field with limited net height measuring 8 feet wide and 24 feet.

History of Football

The history of the sport of football began in the 2nd century and -3 BC in China. In the Han Dynasty, the people dribbled leather with a kick to the small net. A similar game is played in Japan with the title over here. In Italy, the game kicking and carrying the ball particularly well-loved 16th century onward.

Modern football began to flourish in the UK and became very popular. In some competitions, the game is causing a lot of violence during the game because it has not established rules standard in football and eventually King Edward III banned the sport was played in 1365. King James I of Scotland also supports a ban on playing football.

In 1815, a major development has become famous football within the university and the school. The birth of modern football going on Freemasons Tavern in 1863 when 11 schools and clubs get together and formulate a set of rules for the game. At the same time, there was a clear separation between the sport of rugby to football (soccer). In 1869, carrying the ball with his hands began banned in football. During the 1800s, the sport was brought by sailors, merchants, and British troops to various parts of the world. In 1904, the highest association football world (FIFA) was formed, and in the early 1900s, many football competition played in different countries.

History of baseball

This sport is baseball sports society, in which people do in his spare time or time vacant, especially by children or school students. These sports include traditional sports are also much in demand because of teenage children in a game of rounders increase agility and cohesiveness of the team or the player. So that through the game of rounders can establish friendly relations and cooperation. Usually most of the baseball game was in the afternoon and baseball activities can be done by anyone.

Basic techniques Baseball Games

Before stepping into the rules of the game must first master the basic techniques of the game rounders, baseball several techniques in the game are as follows:

1. The ball toss

Toss the ball needs to be mastered by the player as a basic technique that determines inisalah in the game, in order to toss the ball with good technique, among others:

a. Toss the ball to the Top

the steps are as follows:

1. Standing with one foot in front (right foot / left).

2. Hold the ball with your right hand, parallel to the chest

3. The ball is at the base of the fingers, make a right-hand basin and facing up.

4. Right hand in front of chest with elbows slightly bent and your left hand in front of his chest.

5. Pull down the right hand side up in the back of the knee.

6. Lean slightly forward and bend your knees.

7. Swing your hands up to the elbows straight.

8. Remove the ball accompanied by a crack of palms upward.

b. The ball lobbed to Home

The steps are as follows:

1. Stand with your left foot in front.

2. Right hand holding the ball.

3. The right hand is holding the ball straight at the sides of your thighs.

4. Ball position is located at the base of the fingers and the palm of the hand made basin.

5. Furthermore pull right hand straight backward.

6. Bend both knees and body leaning forward (body does not bend).

7. Swing the hand holding the ball towards the front, right foot step forward and straighten your left knee.

C. Throw a ball from the top head

Throw the ball from the top of use distance from players running, ball throwing steps into the batter among others:

1. Standing in a stance ready to throw.

2. Ball position is located at the base of the fingers, three fingers are on the back of the ball, the thumb and the little finger is next to the ball.

3. Pull the hand backward along with the twist laterally and left foot step forward.

4. Body leaning backward then swing the hand holding the ball from behind and threw with his right foot come forward.

History of Handball

Handball is a team sport in which two teams with seven players each (six players and 1 goalie) trying to put a ball into the opposing goal. This game is similar to soccer, but how to move the ball is handed player, not feet. Handball courts measuring 40 mx 20 m with a dividing line in the middle and the second goal in the middle of the short side. Around the goalkeeper made a line to mark areas that should only be entered goalkeeper. The ball used is smaller than a soccer ball. Handball is played for 2 x 30 min. Penalty done from a distance of 7 meters. Also competed in the Olympic Handball

Handball History

Handball game as we know it today, was first introduced in 1890 by the leaders of Germany, namely gymnastics Konrad Koch. However, this handball game can not directly be popular at the moment. Since its introduction by Koch and developed in Europe, until 1904 very few heard about this game. After the first world war ended, the two Germans and Dr. Hirschman. Schelenz promote and popularize the game of handball. At the outset, handball is not recognized as a stand-alone sport, because it does not have any body / organization itself

The handball game rules at the time were based on the rules of association football are adapted to the shape and pattern permaina handball. One of the rules is taken from soccer offside rule, but this rule is perceived as inhibitors, and instead the ball rolling for the game. Later this rule was abolished, after several years running.

The handball game began to flourish in Europe, later became one of the sport and regularly played at school, club, high school and college. Game of handball was first recognized and aligned like the other branches olahrga international in scope by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), a body responsible for the organization and as a patron of the fledgling sport in Europe at that time.

Since 1904, the handball game began growing steadily under the supervision of IAAF more and more nations are starting to include handball game in their sports activities and international games are becoming increasingly popular. In 1926, along with advances in the development of handball games and sports are also developing other new, IAAF formed a special committee representing the countries where the game is played handball; to look at the possibility of forming a handball game rules are standard and uniform

The work of the special committee are: recognition of hand ball game as the sport itself and the possibility of handball federation was formed organization that stands alone 1928 which coincided with the holding of the Olympic Games, representatives of 11 countries met in Amsterdam. From the results of the meeting, an organization formed handball federation officially called the International Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) which consists of 11 countries.

IAHF first president Avery Brundage was a member who later became president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). One of the first tasks IAHF in Amsterdam in 1928 it was held a demonstration match at the Olympic Games. In 1931, just three years after IAHF formed, handball games included in the Olympic Games by the IOC events In 1934 members of IAHF add to 25 member states. Handball game became a popular sport and is played all over the world and in 1936, at the time of the conduct of the Olympic Games in Berlin, hand ball game slah strengthen its position and become a sport that competed officially.

At Olypmpic Games, the host country won the gold medal. And two years later, Germany repeated its success, at the time of the first world championships were held to celebrate 10 years of the founding of IAHF The number of participants at the time it was 10 countries. World War II caused many problems for many countries involved in the war. Many nations of the world do not have the opportunity to exercise because of circumstances which are not possible. By itself handball games and other sports also suffered setbacks.

But after the war ended, the representatives of the member states meeting IAHF back. Then in International Congress in Copenhagen. The purpose of the congress itself that is to try to regrow handball game. This is a result of the dissolution of congress and the birth IAHF International Handball Federation (IHF) agency / organization authorized to hand the ball all over the world. Secretariat, Board and committee of IHF technique based in Basel, Switzerland, and later became a member of the IHF Federation of International Sports Assoaciation. IHF as the official organization of the sport of handball required to collect all national associations whose members clubs, schools, colleges, universities and others.

History of Volleyball

In early discovery, volleyball game sport is named Mintonette. Mintonette sport was first invented by a physical education instructor (Director of Education Phsycal) named William G. Morgan at the YMCA on February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA). William G. Morgan was born in Lockport, New York in 1870, and died in 1942. YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) is an organization dedicated to teaching the basic teachings of Christianity to the youth, as it has been taught by Jesus. This organization was founded on June 6, 1884 in London, England by William George. After meeting with James Naismith (the creator of the sport of basketball was born on 6 November 1861, and died on November 28, 1939), Morgan created a new sport called Mintonette.

Similarly, James Naismith, William G. Morgan also dedicated his life as a physical education instructor. William G. Morgan is also a graduate of Springfield College of the YMCA, created the game Mintonette four years after the creation of the game sports basketball by James Naismith. Sports Mintonette game is actually a game that was created by combining several types of games. Precisely, Mintonette game created by adopting four different characters into one game sports, namely basketball, baseball, tennis, and the last is handball (handball). At first, this game created specifically for YMCA members who are not young anymore, so this game was made not as active-basketball game.

Mintonette name change to volleyball (volleyball) occurred in 1896, in his first game demonstration at the International YMCA Training School. In early 1896, Dr.. Luther Halsey Gulick (Director of the Professional Training School Physical Education as well as the Executive Director of the Department of Physical Education of the International Committee of the YMCA) invited and asked Morgan to demonstrate the new game he had created in the new campus stadium. At a conference held at the campus YMCA, Springfield was also attended by the entire physical education instructor.

On the occasion, Morgan took two teams in each five-person team. On that occasion, Morgan also explained that the game is a game that can be played inside or outside the room with a very liberal. And according to the explanation at the time, this game can also be played by many players. There is no limit to the number of players who become the standard in the game. While the goal of this game is to keep the ball in order to keep moving higher over the net, from one region to another region (region opponent).

History of the Fan

Fan has been there since thousands of years ago and is used by several countries in the world such as the Egyptian nation, Greece, Rome, and China. Fans first discovered 4,000 years ago in an Egyptian royal tomb of King Tutankhamen that were excavated in 1922. Function of the fan at the time was as a religious ceremony, so a fan is also a symbol of royal power.

Fan development also continued in Europe. The first country in Europe that produces fan is Italian in 1500. At that time the fan is a commodity trading exotic and very stylish. The fan itself is seen as a symbol of one's wealth and social class. A shift in the function of the fan in the 20th century. At that time the fan was no longer as a fashion accessory, but a means of advertising. While in Spain, the fan became a tool to cool the air because Spanish has a hot climate.

Electric fan was first discovered in 1882 by Schuyler Wheeler Skaats. Wheeler introduced the first electric fan with two propellers, without any protective and driven by an electric motor power. The development of electric fan further developed by Philip H. Diehl patented in 1887. Diehl introduced the fan is attached to the ceiling. It turns out the fan very long journey. Of still traditional to all-electronic as it takes a very long development. May be useful.

There are some functions of the fan in those days. Well, the function of the fan which was found in Egypt in those days as a religious ceremony, therefore the fan is a sacred object. The fan function is also a symbol of royal power attack. There are two fans that are found in eating king. One such fan is coated by gold and the handle is made of ostrich feathers, while the other ebony coated with gold and precious stones. Wow, so cool right?

In addition to the cities of Egypt and Greece, the development of the fan is also found in Europe. The first country in Europe that produces fan is the Italian state. Italy produces the fan in 1500. At that point, the fan is a commodity trading exotic and very stylish or luxurious. The fan itself is seen as a symbol of one's wealth and social class.

Along with the times, the development of the fan is also a very popular fashion commodity in the 16th century-18. but, there has been a shift in the function of the fan in the early 20th century. At that time, the fan is no longer as a fashion accessory, but be as a means of advertising. Meanwhile, in the country of Spain itself become a tool fan to cool the air, because in Spain has a climate that is hot enough.

With the rapid advancement of technology, comes the electric fan. Electric fan was first discovered by Schuyler Skaats Wheeler, in 1882. Wheeler was first demonstrated electric fan with two propellers, without any protective and driven by an electric motor power. Continued development of the electric fan and was developed by Philip H. Diehl, who Patented in 1887. At the time, Diehl introduced the fan attached to the ceiling.

With that discovery, Diehl continues to develop its findings on the electric fan. In 1904, Diehl began adding split-ball joint on the electric fan. Three years later, this brilliant idea inventor a fan base that can move back and forth. Meanwhile, in 1902, Willis Carrier found a more sophisticated cooling equipment, namely air conditioning (AC).

History of Basketball

Basketball is a ball sport in groups of two teams each playing each other five people who score points by inserting the ball into the opponent's basket. Basketball is perfect to watch because usually played in the gym closed and only requires a relatively small field. Additionally, basketball is easy to learn because it forms a large ball, so it was not difficult for players when bouncing or throwing the ball. Basketball is one sport that is most favored by residents of the United States and in other parts of the population, such as in South America, southern Europe, Lithuania, and also in Indonesia.

History

Basketball is considered as a unique sport because it was created by accident by a gym teacher. In 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian sports teacher who teaches in a college for professional students in the YMCA (a Christian youth container) in Springfield, Massachusetts, have to make a game in an enclosed space to fill time students during the winter break in New England. Inspired from the game he's ever played as a child in Ontario, Naismith created the game now known as basketball on December 15, 1891.

According to the story, after rejecting several ideas as too harsh and not suitable to be played at the rink-rink closed, he then wrote a few basic rules, put a basket on the wall of a sports arena, and asked the students to start playing the game he created. Official game basketball first, held on January 20, 1892 in Dr. James Naismith workplace. Basketball is a name spoken by one of his students. This sport was soon famous throughout the United States. Ardent fans placed around the branches in the United States. Match by match was conducted in all the cities of the state of the United States. At first, each team of nine people and no dribble, so the ball can only move through the throw. Regulatory history of the basketball game begins 13 basic rules written by James Naismith.

Pitch, time, and number of basketball players

Basketball court, rectangular with two standard sizes, the length of 28.5 meters and a width of 15 meters for the National Basketball Association and the standard length of 26 meters and width of 14 meters for standard International Basketball Federation. Three circles located inside the basketball court has long fingers that is 1.80 meters. Number of players in the game of basketball is a team of 5 people in 5 people with the backup. While the number of referees in a basketball game is 2 people. Referee 1 Referee called while the referee called the Umpire 2.

Time 4 X 10 minute game. In between rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 rounds there is a break for 10 minutes. If there is the same score at the end of extra time the match should be held until a difference score. In between the two rounds there are additional time off for 2 minutes. Time to throw in the 5 seconds. Circumference of the ball used in the game of basketball is 75 cm - 78 cm. While the weight of the ball is 600-650 grams. If the ball is dropped from a height of 1.80 meters on the floor boards, the ball must be returned at a height between 1.20 to 1.40 meters.

Length of the outer reflective board is 1.80 meters while the width of the outer reflective board is 1.20 meters. And length of the inner reflective board is 0.59 meters while the width of the inner reflective board is 0.45 meters. Distance floor to the bottom of the reflective board is 2.75 meters. While the board reflective distance to the bottom of the basket is 0.30 meters. Basketball hoop that has a length of 0.40 meters. Poles while the distance to the finish line is 1 meter. Long lines at the center of the circle is 1.80 meters basketball court with a line width of 0.05 meters. Long finish line of attack area circle that is 6 meters. While the penalty shot line length is 3.60 meters.

Regulation basketball game

Basic rules of the game of Basketball is as follows:

• The ball may be thrown in any direction by using one or both hands.
• Can hit the ball in any direction by using one or both hands, but should not be beaten using fists (punching).
• Players may not run while holding the ball. The player must throw the ball from the point where receiving the ball, but if the player is allowed to run at normal speed.
• The ball must be held in or between the hands. Arms or other limbs are not allowed to hold the ball.
• Players are not allowed butting, holding, pushing, hitting, or tackle an opponent in any manner whatsoever. The first violation of these rules will be counted as an error, the second offense will be liable to a disqualification players offenders to basket ball team entered by the opponent, and if the offense is committed with intent to injure an opponent, then the player will be punished offenders should not come into play throughout the game . At this time, no substitutions allowed.
• A mistake was made when the players hit the ball with fists (punching), in violation of Rules 3 and 4, as well as breaking things mentioned in rule 5.
• If one of the parties made three consecutive errors, then the error will be counted as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents offense by turning).
• Goal occurs when the ball is thrown or hit from the field into the basket, in this case the players who keep the basket does not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball stops on the edge of the basket or the opposing player moves the basket, then it will not count as a goal.
• If the ball out of the action, the ball will be thrown back into and played by the first player to touch it. In case of disagreement about the possession of the ball, then wasitlah that will throw it into the field. Pitchers were given 5 seconds to throw the ball in his hands. If he holds it longer than time, then possession of the ball will move. If one of the parties do can delay the game, the referee can give them a warning infringement.
• The referee has the right to pay attention to the players and the game records the number of violations and notify the referee when the maid successive violations. Referee has the full right to give the player a foul disqualification in accordance with Rule 5.
• Maid referee noticed the ball and make a decision if the ball is deemed to have left the field, the change of possession of the ball, as well as timing. Referee helpers the right to determine the legitimacy of a goal and count the number of goals scored.
• Game time is 4 quarters each 10 minutes
• Parties managed to put the ball into the highest ring is declared the winner