History of the United States

History of the founding of the United States of America (USA / United States of America) interesting to know why America is a superpower that controls the world's economy, military, and technological world.

United States is located in the middle of the North American continent, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Country United States stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, including the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, the state of Alaska at the northern tip of the Americas, and several other territories.

Why Americans dubbed as the "Uncle Sam" (Uncle Sam)?. Here's the story, in the past there was a man named Samuel Wilson. He was born in Arlington, dated 13 September 1766. At age 14, he became a volunteer fighter for his country. As an adult, he opened a meat packing business in New York. He supplied meat bertong cans for U.S. troops in the War of 1812.

In 1812 the amount of goods purchased for the army in Troy, NY, by Elbert Anderson, a government contractor. Items are checked by two brothers, Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. Samuel Wilson was often called "Uncle Sam" by her peers. Each package is marked initials E.A.-U.S. In when asked the meaning of these initials, workers jokingly replied that EA is Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam that the U.S. is supposed to be is the United States. So the title became popular among the workers, soldiers, and people, and the Government of the United States now known as "Uncle Sam"

The story above ended up in writing in a newspaper. In the 1860s and the 1870s, political cartoonist Thomas Nast began popularizing the image of Uncle Sam. Nast developed the image by giving Uncle Sam a white beard and clothes that motivated stars and stripes. Nast is also the one who created the image of Santa Claus and the elephant as a symbol of the Republican Party. In September 1961 the U.S. Congress recognizes Samuel Wilson as the precursor of America's national symbol.

Uncle Sam Wilson is regarded as a role model of an entrepreneur who likes to work hard and love for their homeland. Wilson died at the age of 88 years old in 1854 and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Troy, New York. The city was the title of 'The House of Uncle Sam.' Finally, Uncle Sam's name was officially adopted for the state nickname of America. The Americans are now proud of the nickname and the image that Uncle Sam.

History of Aceh

When the Islamic empire Ocean-Pasai weak after getting hit Majapahit under Gajah Mada it, the Islamic kingdom of Malacca that appears below Paramisora (Paramesywara) which was renamed after the call to Islam with Iskandar Shah. Islamic kingdom of Malacca is advancing rapidly until in 1511 when the Portuguese fleet led by Albuquerque conquered Malacca.

When Malacca fell to the Portuguese, returning Aceh rose under the leadership of Sultan Ali Mukayat Shah (1514-1528). Forwarded by the Sultan Saladin (1528-1537). Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syahal Kahar (1537-1568). Riyat Sultan Ali Shah (1568-1573). Sultan Seri Alam (1576. Sultan Muda (1604-1607). Sultan Iskandar Muda, title marhum natural crown (1607-1636). All the attacks launched by the Portuguese can ditangkisnya SultAceh is a country that is very rich and prosperous in his time. According to a French explorer who arrived in Aceh heyday in the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda Meukuta Perkasa Alam, the power reaching the west coast of Aceh Minangkabau. Powers Aceh also includes up to Silver.

Sultan Iskandar Muda series later married a daughter of the Sultanate of Pahang. Princess is known as Putroe Phang. That said, because too love with the wife of the Sultan, the Sultan ordered the construction Gunongan in the imaginary field (Castle Park) as muzeum love. Reportedly, the princess is always sad that harbored an intense longing for home village is hilly. By kerananya Sultan build mengubati Gunongan to miss the princess. Until now Gunongan still be seen and visited.

In the 16th century, the most successful British Queen Elizabeth I the Virgin, sending delegates named Sir James Lancester the Kingdom of Aceh and also send a letter aims "To Civil Servant, King of Aceh Darussalam." and a set of high value jewelery. Sultan was then receive good intentions "sister" in Britain and the British allowed to dock and trade in the territory of Aceh. Even the Sultan also sent gifts including a pair of bracelets precious than rubies, and a letter written on fine paper with gold ink. Sir James was awarded the title of "Rich White People". Misra relationship between Aceh and the British continued in the time of King James I of England and Scotland. King James sent a cannon as a gift to the Sultan of Aceh. The cannon is still preserved and known as the King James Cannon.

In addition to the Kingdom of Great Britain, Prince Maurits-Oranje-founder of the dynasty also sent a letter with the intention of asking for the help of the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam. Sultan welcomed their goodwill by sending envoys to the Dutch group. Group is led by Tuanku Abdul Hamid. Group is known as Indonesia's first stop in the Netherlands. During his visit Tuanku Abdul Hamid ill and eventually died. He was buried on a large scale in the Netherlands, attended ileh the Dutch authorities. However, because the Dutch have never bury a Muslim, so he was buried in a way Christian; religion in a church yard. Now in his tomb there is an inscription that dirasmikan by His Royal Highness Prince Bernard Mendinag husband menidiang Queen Juliana and the father Almighty Majesty Queen Beatrix.

During youth Iskandar, Kingdom of Aceh sending delegates to face Turkey sultan Empires Uthmaniyyah based in Konstantinompel. Kerana time, sultan of Turkey Uthmaniyyah was the messenger of the kingdom of Aceh Gering terluntang-verbose so long that they had to sell piecemeal offering prizes for their survival. Then in the end when they were received by the Emperor, offering them only a Lada Lada Sicupak or sack. But the Sultan welcomed the gift and send a cannon and some people are skilled in the science of war to help the kingdom of Aceh. Cannons tersbut also still exists now known as Lada Sicupak cannon. During the next sultan of Turkey Uthmaniyyah send sebuha star services to the Sultan of Aceh.

Kingdom of Aceh also received a visit from representatives of Kings of France. King of the French envoy was originally intended to award a precious mirror for the Sultan of Aceh. But the way the mirror broke. Finally they offered seripah tersbut mirror as a gift to the emperor. In his book Lombard Danis said that Sultan Muda Iskanda very fond of valuable objects. At that time, the kingdom of Aceh is the only Malay kingdom that has Bale Ceureumin or Hall of Mirrors in the palace. According to the French envoy, the Aceh Sultanate Palace extent of not less than 2 kilometers. Tersbut palace called the Palace of the Darud Dunya. In it includes fictional and field Khaerani field that can accommodate 300 troops elephant tails. Sultan Iskandar people also ordered to move Krueng Aceh river flow to drain his palace. Therein sultan often swim while entertaining tetamu-tetamunya.

Kingdom of Aceh after the death of Sultan Iskandar Thani continuous decline. This is due to the rise kerana 4 consecutive Sultanah so infuriated the Ulama Wujudiyah. In fact, the Queen Series Safiatudin Sovereign Series Ta'jul Zilullahil Filalam Shah Alam which is the first Sultanah is a very capable woman. She is the daughter of Sultan Iskandar Muda and the wife of Sultan Iskandar Thani. He also mastered six languages, Spanish, Dutch, Aceh, Malays, Arabs, and Persians. It was in the Aceh Parliament consisting 96an people, one quarter of whom are women. Resistance Wujudiyah clergy continues to come fatwa of Mufti of Mecca which has objected to a woman who would become Sultanah. Finally ended the heyday of women in Aceh.

During the war with the Dutch, Sultanate of Aceh had asked for help from U.S. representatives in Singapore, visited Serikta Tibang Commander Muhammad on his way to the Inaugural Emperor Napoleon III of France. Aceh also sent Habib Abdurrahman to seek assistance from Turkish Empires Uthmaniyyah. But at that time Uthmaniyyah Empires Turkey has experienced a period of decline. While the Americans refused to intervene in the affairs of Aceh and the Netherlands.

History of Lighter

The lighter / Marxist / gas lighter was found in 1816. The first lighter-called "Dobereiner's Lamp" (named after its creator, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner). But his lighter did not use butane or oil as a fuel, hydrogen is used. Another difference is that these lighters used platinum as a catalyst (used to start a chemical change of the fuel for the fire) than flint, or a piezoelectric spark.

smokers generally are widely used to match flint lighters / Marxist / gas lighter is becoming more popular. In 1908, flint lighters smooth enough and small enough to fit in a pocket. flint specifically tailored to match go into mass production today. Obviously, flint is a fraction of the cost of platinum. Using platinum as a catalyst to fade out and flint taking place. It lit firewood that will light a fire that trigger lighter.

Lighter Development / Marxist / gas lighter accelerated during World War I.

In the 1920s, matches are still somewhat of a luxury for smokers. It would be a severe setback for the average blue-collar workers who smoke. But when the 1930's came, a man named George G. Blaisdell saw a lighter awkward Austria has room for improvement and act on it.

He is improving ergonomics mild cases, so it was not awkward to hold. Then he designed a perforated cap to the axis, which continues windproof lighter it! In addition, it modifies the space to be more fuel efficient, and adding a hinged flip-top lid. And voila! Zippo lighters into the world / Marxist / gas lighter.

After the advent of Zippo, other companies began to appear lighter. All competition causes prices to drop dramatically. Lighters became the hot new thing and very collectible. Ronson made their first automatic lighter in the late 1920s, but did not gain popularity until the advent of Zippo. Dunhill become more aggressive in the production of their matches. St Dupont Lighter / Marxist / lighter gas is added to the product line. Also, Colibri lighters start making / Marxist / their first automatic lighter.

Fuel used in most lighters / Marxist / gas lighter in the 1930s is naphtha, oily liquid derived from petroleum. In 1930-40's, a ground-breaking innovation to light up. It's hard to say who conceived of the idea, but Lighters Ronson began producing mass produce used butane as fuel, not naphtha.

A technology that has also become faster after the first World War - piezoelectric. Like the lighter, piezoelectric discovered in the early 1800's, but its full potential was first realized only in 1917, by French scientists. Ronson used piezoelectric effect is used in this machine, to make an igniter for lighters / Marxist / gas lighter that converts energy into electrical spark.

Since the late 1950s, when the piezoelectric spark is introduced, matches have been used by almost all smokers. Now, there is a light producer more than ever. There are also many different types of fire. Apart from the natural fire, now there lighters / Marxist / gas lighter that produces flame torch and multi-jet and even fire.

Today smokers might choose a different kind of fire as a matter of preference or because of what they are smoking (pipe or cigar). Cigar smokers usually use torch lighters and pipe smokers would probably prefer a natural flame lighter.

History of Ties

Tie, according to the Association of American Accessories Neck, has a long history which are hindering development. Since the stone age any accessories on the neck and chest there, especially to characterize the group of men from the higher strata.

In fact, at the time of the ancient Romans had used the fabric to protect the neck and throat, especially by his spokesman. In the development of the Roman army soldiers were wearing. Evidence wore neck cloth accessory looks at a stone statue in the ancient tombs, Xi'an, China.

Other notable neck accessory appeared in the Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), the "ruff". Stiff collar of white cloth that looks like a big plate around his neck. To maintain shape, often starched ruff. Gradually people feel ruff that piles up to a thickness of a few centimeters cause irritation.

Thus was born the "cravat" during the reign of Louis XIV in the 1660s. However, Croatia more accurately described as homeland ties. Even supposedly the word is derived from the name of the country in the local language Croatia Hrvatska.

This is according to the narrative in the book Chaile Francoise La Grande Historie de la Cravate (Flamarion, Paris, 1994). "... Around the year 1635, about six thousand soldiers and knights came to Paris, which was hired by Louis XIII and Richelieu. Costumes they very interesting. Strand handkerchief tied around the neck in a special way. Handkerchief is made of various fabrics, of a similar uniform, smooth cotton, to silk.'s unique style soon 'conquer France'. Moreover, this method is more practical than a rigid collar. handkerchief was only tied, with the ends left loose. "

So disebutlah handkerchief cravat, meaning "people of Croatia".

As accessory neck in the stone age, beauty cravat and show the class how to tie wearer. That said Beau Brummell (1778 - 1840), which influenced the development of fashion, it takes many hours to tie his cravat. Many books published cravat tying techniques. One of them featuring 32 way, despite the fact that there are more than 100 ways officially known at the time. Likewise, there are people who want to express their personality with his own creations.

Next comes the etiquette of wearing a cravat. Someone touched cravat abstinence others. If it happens, it could be fatal, the duel.

Even superstition was growing in around cravat. It is said that when Napoleon Bonaparte wore a black cravat wrapped twice around the neck, he always wins the war. Unfortunately, when the plunge in Waterloo he was wearing a white cravat. The result? He "fell".

In the 1860s with the end of a long cravats began to resemble modern accessory alias neck tie. When emerging fashion collared shirt, tie summarized under the chin, the tip length dangling in front of the shirt. While tie new butterfly-shaped popular in the 1890s.

With the advancement of technology, now tie became more diverse color, design and texture. As a result, more than 100 million raided various outlets tie neckties every year.

History of Smoking

Regarding the origin of tobacco, the Huron Indian myth dengansebuah explain. Syahdan when the earth was still bald, attacked starving inhabitants. The Great Spirit sent a woman to help man. In his right hand touched the soil, there grew potatoes. When the left hand touch, growing corn. Once the corn and potatoes are plentiful, he also sat unwind. Uh, when he rose from the ground where he sat unwind. Uh, when he rose from the ground where he sat poking the tobacco plant!

So they are going to say, how long humans have been tobacco and friendly. Indeed, the year 1 BC Native Americans have smoked, chewed, and the smell of tobacco leaf. Even in the year 1 AD, tobacco can be found in almost every American.

Presumably also, the term tobago - which was originally the name of a type of smoking pipe Indian communities in the Caribbean - slip into tobacco or temabakau in our language. While cigarettes can be berasaldari sik'ar Mayan term meaning smoke. This tribe is known to have smoked in the year 600-1000. It is based on the relics of earthen vessels before the XI century in Uaxactun, Guatemala. On the surface is a picture of Maya Indians smoking rolled tobacco leaves.

Tobacco was "out" of the Americas when 12oktober 1492 Cristobal Colon or Columbus and his crew landed for the first time at the beach P. Watling, Central America. Thought the gods, according to the journal Columbus, "Native Arawak offering fruits, wooden spears and similar dry leaves smelled weird. "Returning to the ship they eat fruits but ... dried leaves were discarded.

However, the inventor who roko? His name Rodrigo deJeres and Luis de Torres. November 1492, in Cuba they report, a native of wrapping dried palm leaf tobacco or corn, turning on one end and suck the smoke. Jerez was imitating. Maybe he pertamabukan Native American smokers. Habit continued home to Spain. Malang, smoke and nose darimulut's neighbors fear until he was imprisoned. Ironically, when he was free seven years later, people have fever cigarettes.

Actually, tobacco seeds - brought to Spain from Santo Domingo in 1559 and to Rome in 1561 - initially introduced as an ornamental plant medicine. He was first brought to Europe from Florida in 1565 by Sir John Hawkins, British Navy hero. However, only 20 years later with pipe smoking culture began to emerge in the UK, which eventually spread throughout the European continent.

Cigarette smoke has actually been around since 1518, such as community property Aztec, Mexico, yangmirip products twentieth century. The difference, chopped tobacco cigarettes Aztec crammed into hollow stems or leaf wrapped, baiasanya corn. In the sixteenth century, the homeless Seville Spain, picking butts butts ceruta wasted, disassemble it, then rolled it again with newsprint. How efficient was apparently imitated the non bummer. Handwork was started after the discovery of rare cigarette rollers machine in the early 1880's.

In dekada I XVII century, all over the world have come to know tobacco. Cultivation is done john Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, in Jamestown in 1612 to boost the economic value of tobacco. Value of tobacco leaf has skyrocketed up in the seventeenth and early XVII had become a medium of exchange. Imagine, tax debt, even the salaries of civil servants, soldiers, and priests, all of which can be paid with tobacco leaves. However, which survived until now, so the main function was: as raw material for cigarettes.

History of smoking in Indonesia

In terms of materials, cigarettes have several terms. What is meant by cigarettes or cigars are made from tobacco leaves and cigarettes are cigarettes with clove aroma and flavor. So cigarettes are cigarettes made from tobacco leaves and has a mixture of clove aroma and flavor. Java community as the first smokers, cigarettes are also familiar with the term, a term for non-clove cigarettes (Joglosemar, 2003) There is also a term klobot cigarette made from dried corn leaves stuffed with pure tobacco leaf and clove.

Haji Jamhari cigarettes believed to be the creator and popularized it in about 1880. Highly potent homemade clove cigarettes as a drug with a typical blend of cloves and tobacco. Haji Jamhari died in 1890, when some residents began to follow in his footsteps Ghost makes and sells cigarettes, who was still wrapped in dried corn leaves and cigarette called klobot as it stands from the beginning until now (Jawa Pos, Legi Thursday, August 28, 2003, page 16). Is M. Nitisemito are also believed to be the inventor of kretek (Joglo Semar, 2003) M Nitisemito from Ghost, about 50 km south-east of Semarang, Central Java. Around the year 1906, Nitisemito cough and asthma that never healed. Due to despair in the face of his illness, he mixed tobacco blended with cloves that have been ground and wrapped in dried corn leaves were then called klobot cigarettes. Nitisemito was feeling well after smoking klobot and intend to pass these habits widely to the public.

Regardless of who invented cigarettes for the first time, M Nitisemito was the first to trade cigarettes with packaging and brand. Previously, Nitisemito was a gentleman who likes to smoke tobacco klobot as well as merchants. His introduction to the business came from his encounter with cigarette Nasilah, who is a manufacturer and seller of cigarettes klobot. The customers are the workers, vendors, or hawkers and sais gig that exist around the house.

A partnership between Nitisemito and Nasilah who later became husband and wife this is a turning point in the history of industrialization in Indonesia clove cigarettes. Under the banner of his company, NV Bal Three, Nitisemito selling cigarettes with the brand Bal Three motto: "Do not be Loepa Poenja Name Only" (Jawa Pos, Legi Thursday, August 28, 2003, page 16). This is the first in Indonesia, kretek are printed properly and using the brand. But fate was not as smooth development company Nitisemito cigarettes creations. The company had filed for bankruptcy in 1953, due to inability to compete with the growing number of competitors grew rapidly following the cigarette industry (Joglosemar, 2003)

In addition to Bal Three, carrying other brands that appeared almost simultaneously in the Holy. In 1913, tobacco companies stand Goenoeng and Klapa established by M Atmowijoyo. But M Atmowijoyo not change his business into an industry as well as by M Nitisemito. Until now, the company manufactures and Klapa Goenoeng brand still producing cigarettes klobot made by hand and tied with twine (Jawa Pos, Legi Thursday, August 28, 2003, page 16)

History also records a number of companies that follow established Nitisemito cigarette industry. Cigarette companies include Nojorono established in 1932. Nojorono built by Tjoa Kang Hay and two brothers namely Tjiep Spot Tan and Tan Ping Kong company name Trio. Products produced include Astrokoro, 555, and Leg Three. Some time later Tjoa Kang Hay Trio to leave the company, working with entrepreneurs from the Holy Djie Ko Tan Siong and Djing Dhay to establish its Nojorono. Products that are known to date is Minak Djinggo (Jawa Pos, Legi Thursday, August 28, 2003, page 16)

The development of cigarette factories were also more developed in Java. Recorded several major cigarette factory on the island of Java, for example Djambu Bol founded in 1937 by Haji Roesjdi Ma'roef, Breadfruit, Needle in Central Java and Bentoel, Gudang Garam, Sampoerna in East Java and includes some other smaller factories such as Tower, Solo, Retjo Pentoeng in Kediri, or pumps in Semarang (Kompas, 29 September 2000) This suggests that smoking is a rapidly growing business area and promise in the field of economy, good for employers, and for the government of tax revenue.

History of Tricycles

Rickshaw (from Hokkien: be chia "chariot") is a three-wheeled transportation common in Indonesia and also in parts of Asia. Normal capacity is two rickshaw passengers and a driver.

In Indonesia there are two types of tricycles are commonly used

* Rickshaw with the driver in the back. This type is usually in Java.

* Rickshaw with the driver's side. This species is usually found in Sumatra. To rickshaw type can be further divided into two sub-types, namely:

1. Pedal rickshaw - rickshaw who use bicycles as a rudder.

2. Motorized pedicab / rickshaw engine - Pedicab who use motorcycles as a driver.

Pros and cons

Rickshaws are an environmentally friendly transportation tool because it does not cause air pollution (except motor tricycles of course). Additionally, pedicab not cause noise and can also be used as a tourist attraction for foreign tourists.

Even so, the presence of rickshaws in urban areas can disrupt traffic because of the slow speeds compared with cars and motorcycles. In addition, some people think that the rickshaw was not comfortable viewing, perhaps because of the lack of modern.

The only city in Indonesia to officially prohibit the existence of rickshaw is Jakarta. Rickshaws banned in Jakarta around the end of the 1980s. The official reason among others, it is time that the rickshaw was "exploitation of man by man". His successor is, motorcycle, bajaj and Kancil.

Besides Indonesia, rickshaws can still be found in other countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and Cuba. In Singapore, rickshaws now just a type of transportation only.

Modernization rickshaw

To improve the ability of rickshaws and encourage the use of non-motorized vehicles in some developed countries rickshaw that uses gear acceleration / transmission as used in modern bicycles so they can more easily pass through the hill, and the driver's aerodynamic design is made to be in front of the passenger.

History of the shrine (Ka'bah)

Shrine, also called Bayt al `Atiq (Arabic: بيت ال عتيق, Old House) is a building restored in the time of Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Ismail Ismail after the Prophet was in Mecca on the orders of Allah SWT. In the Qur'an, Sura 14:37 implies that there has been a sacred site Ka'ba as the Prophet Ibrahim put Hagar and baby Ishmael in that location.

At the time of the Prophet Muhammad was 30 years old (about 600 AD and has not appointed a messenger at the time), the building was renovated again by flash floods that hit the city of Mecca at the time. There was some dispute between the head of the tribe or tribes when they wanted to put the stone back the Black Stone at one corner of the Ka'ba, but thanks to the settlement of the dispute Muhammad successfully settled without bloodshed and without any party aggrieved.

On the eve of the Prophet Muhammad SAW was made to move to the city of Medina, which was originally the shrine building houses of worship religion of monotheism (Tawheed) the teachings of Prophet Ibrahim had turned into a shrine in which Arab nations put about 360 idols / statues that represent the gods polytheism of the Arabs when the dark thoughts (jahilliyah) but as the teachings of Prophet Ibrahim, who is the ancestor of the Arabs and the Jews and the teachings of Prophet Moses to the Jews, God the Creator can not be dipersekutukan and worshiped together with any object or creature likewise and not have an intermediary to worship and not a single one like it and do not have children and do not begotten (Surah Al-Ikhlas in the Qur'an). Ka'ba eventually cleared of religious statues when Prophet Muhammad freed polytheism of Mecca without bloodshed and restored as a house of worship religion of Tawheed (Islam).

Furthermore, the building is managed and maintained by the Children Sya'ibah as key holders Ka'ba and the administration and servicing pilgrimage organized by the government both governments caliph Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, Ummayyah Dynasty, Abbasid dynasty, dynasty Ottoman Turkey, until now the kingdom of Saudi Arabia government that acts as a waitress two holy cities, Mecca and Medina.

At first shrine building consists of two doors and the location of the shrine door is located on the ground, not like now that the door is rather high. By the time Muhammad was 30 years old and has not appointed an apostle, do renovations on the shrine due to floods. At the moment there is a shortage costs, the building Ka'ba made only one door. There is also a part that is not put into building the Ka'ba, called Hijir Ismail, the marked half-circle on one side of the Ka'ba. Just then the door is located so high only the Quraysh leaders who can enter, because the Quraysh tribe or tribes that are glorified by the Arabs at that time.

Prophet Muhammad once again thought better to renovate the shrine because his people had just embraced Islam, as represented words written in a hadith: "If my people not just left disbelief, I would lower the door of the Ka'ba and made two Hijir Ismail door and entered into the Ka'ba" , as the foundation built by the Prophet Abraham.

When Abdullah bin Zubair time ruled the Hejaz region, the building was rebuilt according to the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, which is above the foundation of the Prophet Ibrahim. But when a war with Abdul Malik bin Marwan local authorities Sham (Syria, Jordan and Lebanon now) and Palestine, there is a fire in the Ka'ba gunshot bullet catapult (onager) owned Sham forces. Abdul Malik ibn Marwan who later became caliph, to renovate the shrine back in the building by the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW and not based on the foundation of the Prophet Ibrahim. Ka'ba in the subsequent history several times suffered damage as a result of the war and because of the age of the building.

When Caliph Harun reign of Al Rashid in the Abbasid caliphate, the caliph plans to renovate the shrine again according foundation Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Muhammad desired. however be prevented by one of the leading scholars of Imam Malik, because it was feared would be the arena of the sacred building disassembly rulers after him. Thus building the Ka'ba keep fit during renovations Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan until now.

Medan History

In ancient times the city of Medan is known as the Land Deli and the terrain more or less swampy area of 4000 Ha. Several rivers cross the city of Medan and it all boils down to the Straits of Malacca. Rivers Deli is Sei, Sei Babura, Sikambing Sei, Sei Denai, White Sei, Sei Badra, Belawan and Sei Sei Sulang Mutual / Sei Apes.

At first, the open field is Professor Patimpus township location in Tanah Deli, since colonial times people always weave Medan Deli (Medan-Deli). After a long run time of independence Medan Deli term gradually disappeared and eventually less popular.

Formerly named the Land Deli from the Snake River (Deli Serdang) to Wampu River Deli Sultanate in Langkat while in power at that time did not include local authority area between the two rivers.

Overall Deli soil types in the area consists of clay, sand, soil mix, black soil, brown soil and red soil. This is a study of Van Hissink in 1900, followed by a study in 1910 that despite Vriens soil like that no longer met the specific types of clay. Clay is in place at the time of Dutch rule named Bakaran Stone (now the East Field or Menteng) people burn high quality brick and one brick factory at the time it was Deli Klei.

Regarding rainfall in the Land Deli classified two types: Main Maksima and Maksima Supplement. Main maxima occur in the months of October s / d in December was between January Maksima Additional s / d September. Specifically rainfall in Medan average 2000 per year with an average intensity of 4.4 mm / h.

According to Volker Medan in 1860 is still a jungle here and there-especially dimuara estuaries interspersed settlements of people from the Karo and the Malayan peninsula. In 1863 the Dutch began to open a tobacco plantation in Deli which was the star Land Deli. Since then, the economy continues to grow so that field into the center of town government and the economy in North Sumatra.

At the beginning of its development is a small village called "Field Princess". The development of Kampung Medan "Princess" is inseparable from its strategic position as it is located at the confluence of rivers and streams Deli Babura, not far from the Princess Green now. Both of these rivers is the ancient trade traffic pretty crowded, thus Kampung Medan "Princess" which was the forerunner of Medan, rapidly developed into an important transit port.

More and more people come to this village and wife Patimpus teacher who founded the village Medan birth of the first child of a male and named the Kolok. Livelihood of people in Kampung Medan which they named with the Ten two Kuta is farming planting pepper. Not long after the second child born Guru Patimpus and even this young man named the Kecik.

In his Master Patimpus minded person is considered advanced. This is proven by having her sit (to study) read the Qur'an to Datuk City Build and then deepen the religion of Islam to Aceh.

The information confirms that the Kampung Medan is a description of H. Muhammad Said quoting through books Deli In Woord en styl written by Cate N.Ten. The statement said that the Kampung Medan yore is a fortress, and the rest are still there wall consists of two layers of shaped roundabout dipertemuan contained between two rivers namely River Deli and Babura rivers. The house is located across the river from administrates the village Medan. If we see that the location of the Kampung Medan is in the guesthouse and the fort now houses the office administrates is Tobacco PTP IX Deli is now.

Approximately in 1612 after two decades of standing Kampung Medan, Sultan Iskandar Muda in Aceh ruling sent a commander named Gocah hero Admiral Horse Bintan title to be a leader who represents the kingdom of Aceh Land Deli. Gocah Heroes opening new land in Sungai Lalang, Percut. As Mayor and Deputy Sultan of Aceh and Aceh empire by utilizing oversized, Gocah Heroes managed to expand his realm, to include sub Percut Sei Tuan and District Medan Deli now. He also founded the villages of Mount Klarus, Sampali, City Build, Brayan Island, Java City, Town and Sigara Rengas Percut-gara.

With the appearance of the hero Gocah start growing kingdom Gocah Deli and in 1632 married the daughter of Datuk Heroes Sunggal. After the marriage of kings in Kampung Medan succumbed Gocah Heroes.

Gocah hero died in 1653 and was succeeded by his son Tuangku Perunggit Commander, who then proclaimed the independence of the Sultanate of Deli Sultanate in 1669, with its capital in Labuan, about 20 km from Medan.

John Anderson, an Englishman made a visit to Kampung Medan in 1823 and noted in his book Mission to the East Coast of Sumatra that residents in Kampung Medan at that time still amounted to 200 people but he only saw the population living dipertemuan between the two rivers. Anderson mentions in his book "Mission to the East Coast of Sumatra" (published by Edinburgh 1826) that along the Deli to the Kampung Medan mosque walls built with granite stones square. These stones were taken from an ancient Hindu temple in Java.

The rapid development of Kampung Medan "Princess", is also not free from tobacco that is very popular with Delinya tobacco, which is tobacco for cigar wrappers. In 1863, Sultan Deli gives Nienhuys Van der Falk and Elliot from the firm Van Keeuwen en Mainz & Co., the land of 4000 shoulder (1 shoulder = 0.74 ha) in erfpacht 20 years in Cape Sepassi, near Labuhan. Examples of tobacco deli. March 1864, an example of the crop shipped to Rotterdam in the Netherlands, to test its quality. It turns tobacco leaves are very good and of high quality for wrapping cigars.

Later in 1866, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, Cremer and Nienhuys establish de Deli Maatscapij in Labuan. Then the expansion of new plantations in areas Martubung, Sunggal (1869), Rice and Klumpang River (1875), the total amount to 22 oil companies in 1874. Considering the tobacco trade is already very broad and growing, Nienhuys move their corporate offices to Labuhan Kampung Medan "Princess". Thus the "Kampung Medan Daughter" becomes increasingly crowded and then developed with a name better known as "the city of Medan".

According to the legend at the time immemorial have lived in the old Deli Sultanate approximately 10 km from the Kampung Medan in Deli Tua now a very beautiful princess and her beauty was named Princess Green. Beauty Princess is celebrated everywhere from Aceh to the northern tip of the island of Java.

Sultan fell in love with the princess and asked her to be his queen. Sultan proposal was rejected by both his men Putri Hijau. Sultan of Aceh was angry because rejection is considered as an insult to him. Then came the war between the Sultanate of Deli Sultanate.

According to the legends mentioned above, using the magic of his green princess transformed into a dragon and a longer sepucuk cannon firing incessantly Aceh army until his death.

KesultananDeli long suffered defeat in the war and dismay Crown Prince who becomes cannon exploded partially ejected to the rear and the front Labuhan Deli high flatness Karo approximately 5 Km from Kabanjahe.

Green's daughter is captured and put in a glass coffin is loaded into vessels for onward brought to Aceh. When the ship reached the end Jambo Aye, Putri Hijau please held a ceremony for him before the crates unloaded from the ship. At his request, to be submitted to him some rice and a thousand eggs and host Princess petition granted. But it just started suddenly uapacara berhembuslah almighty gale followed waves were very high.

From the sea comes the brother who had been transformed into a serpent and using the jaws of it took his sister locked chest, and brought into the sea.

This legend samapai still famous among the Deli and indeed also in the Malay community in Malaysia.

At Deli Tua there are the ruins of Fort and Castle which dates back to the Princess Green, being the remaining cannon brother Putri Hijau incarnation can be seen in the courtyard Maimun Medan.

Dutch colonized the archipelago more than half a century, but to master the Land Deli them very much under challenge is not small. They had a war with the prince Diponegoro Java circa 1825-1830. Netherlands is very much a loss while to master Sumatra, the Dutch war against Aceh, Minangkabau, and Sisingamangaraja in Tapanuli.

So to master the Dutch Land Deli just over 78 years starting from the year 1864 to 1942. After the war ended then Governor-General of Java J.Van den Bosch Dutch troops deployed to Sumatra, and he expected to master the whole of Sumatra takes 25 years. Dutch conquest on Sumatra was stopped half way through because the Dutch Minister of Colonies sent JCBaud time Dutch troop in Sumatra although they have beaten Minangkabau known as Padri War (1821-1837).

Sultan Ismail ruling Riau suddenly attacked by a mob boss named Britain with Adam Wilson. Since at that time the Sultan Ismail limited powers seek refuge in the Netherlands. Since then there is an opportunity for the Dutch to dominate the kingdom of Siak Sri Indrapura the king is Sultan Ismail. On February 1, 1858 Netherlands Sultan Ismail urged to sign the agreement so that the area conquered the kingdom of Siak Sri Indrapura including Deli, Langkat and Serdang entered the Dutch East Sumatra. Since the area has entered the Dutch Deli otomatislah Kampung Medan a colony of the Netherlands, but the Dutch have a physical presence mastered Land Deli.

In 1858 Elisa also appointed Resident Netscher Riau region and since then also he made himself a defender of the ruling Sultan Ismail Siak kingdom. Netscher's goal is to seat him as a defender of Sultan Ismail political course will be easy for Netscher ruled the empire conquered the Siak Deli which includes Kampung Medan Putri.

The development of a center of trade Medan daughter had pushed into the center of government. In 1879, the capital was moved from Resident Assistant Deli Labuhan to Medan, March 1, 1887, Resident of East Sumatra capital of Bengkalis also moved to Medan, Deli Sultanate Palace which was originally located in Kampung Bahari (Labuan) also moved with the completion of the construction of the Palace on the 18th Maimoon May 1891, and thus capital Deli has been officially moved to Medan.

In 1915 Residency of East Sumatra improved his position to Gubernemen. In 1918 Medan officially became the Gemeente (Township) with Mayor Baron Daniel Mac Kay. Based on the "Acte van Schenking" (Deed of Grant) No. 97 Notary JM de-Hondt Junior, dated November 30, 1918, the Sultan of Deli relinquish land to the Gemeente Medan Medan, thus officially became the territory under direct rule of the Dutch East Indies. At the beginning of this township, Medan is composed of four villages, namely Kesawan Kampung, Kampung Rengas River, Petisah Kampung Kampung Hulu and Downstream Petisah.

In 1918 the population was recorded as 43,826 souls field comprising 409 people from Europe, Indonesia 35 009 people, 8269 China Eastern and other foreign people 139 people.

Since then the city of Medan growing more rapidly. Various facilities are built. Some of them are the Office of Experiment Stations AVROS in Kampung Baru (1919), now RISPA, relationships Railway Base Brandan - Besitang (1919), the American Consulate (1919), School Teacher Indonesia on Jl. H.M. Yamin now (1923), Weekly Soematra (1924), Association of Pool Field (1924), Central Market, RS Elizabeth Hospital Eye Clinic and Sports Ground Flower (1929).

Historically the development of the city of Medan, since its inception has been positioned at the center of trade (export-import) since past. 'm maketh field as deli capital of Medan has also evolved into a center of government. in addition to this one area of the city, as well as well as the capital of North Sumatra Province.

History of Halloween

Halloween, celebrated each year on October 31, is a mix of ancient Celtic practices, Catholic and Roman religious rituals and European folk traditions that blended together over time to create the holiday we know today. Straddling the line between fall and winter, plenty and lack and life and death, Halloween is a time of celebration and superstition. Halloween has long been regarded as the day when the dead can return to earth, and ancient Celts would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off these roaming ghosts. Celtic holiday of Samhain, the Catholic Hallowmas period of All Saints 'Day and All Souls' Day and the Roman festival Feralia all affect the modern holiday of Halloween. In the 19th century, Halloween began to lose the religious connotation, becoming a children's holiday more secular community-based. Although the superstitions and beliefs surrounding Halloween may have evolved over the years, as the days grow shorter and the nights colder, people can still look forward to parades, costumes and sweet treats to usher in the winter.

Ancient Origins of Halloween

the origin of Halloween dates back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain

The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in what is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. Today marks the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of winter, dark and cold, the time of year that is often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to causing disruption and damage to crops, Celts thought that the presence of other-worldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For people who are entirely dependent on the volatile natural, this prophecy is an important source of comfort and direction during the winter, long and dark.

To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and try to tell the fortune of each. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.

By AD 43, Romans had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the four hundred years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals Roman origin combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain.

The first is Feralia, one day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the dead past. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. Symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of "bobbing" for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.

With 800s, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands. In the seventh century, Pope Boniface IV designated November 1 All Saints 'Day', a time to honor saints and martyrs. It is widely believed today that the pope sought to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with special, but church-sanctioned holiday. The celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the night before, the night of Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween. Even later, in AD 1000, the church would make November 2 All Souls Day ", a day to honor the dead. It is celebrated with Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up costumes as saints, angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, ahead of All Saints', All Saints', and All Souls', were called Hallowmas.

Halloween Comes to America

As European immigrants came to America, they brought their varied Halloween customs with them. Since the rigid Protestant belief systems that characterized early New England, celebration of Halloween in colonial times was very limited there.

This is much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups, as well as American Indians, together, obviously the American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebration was "play parties," public events held to celebrate the harvest, where neighbors would share stories of the dead, each one predicting, dancing, and singing. Colonial Halloween festivities also featured telling ghost stories and making all kinds of crimes. In the mid-nineteenth century, annual autumn festivities ever, but Halloween not celebrated everywhere in the country.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, America was flooded with new immigrants. The new immigrants, especially the millions of Irish fleeing the potato famine in Ireland in 1846, helped to popularize the celebration of Halloween nationally. Taking from Irish and English traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today's tradition of "trick-or-treat". Young women believed that, on Halloween, they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings, or mirrors.

In the late 1800s, there was a movement in America to mold Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers, than about ghosts, pranks, and witchcraft.

At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for children and adults became the most common way to celebrate the day. Parties focused on games, foods of this season, and festive costumes. Parents are encouraged by newspapers and community leaders to take anything "frightening" or "weird" from the Halloween celebration. Because of their efforts, Halloween lost most of superstition and religious tone at the beginning of the twentieth century.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween had become a secular holiday, but people-centered, with parades and town-wide parties as entertainment features. Despite the best efforts of many schools and communities, vandalism began to plague Halloween celebrations in many communities during this time. In the 1950s, city leaders that successfully limited vandalism and Halloween had evolved into a holiday directed mainly at the young. Due to the high number of young children during the fifties baby boom, parties moved from urban centers into the classroom or home, where they could be more easily accommodated. Between 1920 and 1950 the practice of centuries of trick-or-treating was also revived. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for an entire community to share the Halloween celebration. In theory, families could also prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. A new American tradition was born, and continues to grow. Currently, Americans spend about $ 6.9 billion per year for Halloween, so the second largest commercial holiday in the country.

History of April Fool's Day or April Fool's

April 1. Many people, especially members of the older generation, often referred to this special date "April Fool". Mop is a Dutch word meaning a joke. In English it is called April Fool `s Day. What do they know about the April Fool's Day is a big lie often repeated in the media to attract public attention. But do they know the history of April Fool's Day. It was a lie to say, regardless of the severity of the sound according to Azly Eliswan.

Yeyen, a student from the University of East Jakarta Dharma Persada, when he was interviewed on Sunday said it had now knowledge of the history of this crazy "day." What I knew was a mistake made by a variety of media to deceive the public. "

"Perhaps, a serious incident occurred in the past, but in April and how the incident became popular as an April Fool's is a point beyond my knowledge," he said.

Meanwhile, the Feizy who happens to be a student at the State University of Jakarta (UNJ) were contacted by cell phone April Fools states may be associated with the habit of lying to the public media to turn their attention to a particular object in the history of news.

"All I know it's only April Fool's Day, as my parents tell the story of April Fool's Day," he joked.

"When I was in high school, my teacher never explained and finally I made my own interpretation of it has to do with the rotten lies in the media," said Feizy.

Cindy, a student at Trisakti University, said on April Fool's Day is not just to do with the lies in the media. It is also regarded as a friend `s.

"I know April Fool's supposed to be a joke but as a lie can be done by one person against another to make him angry.," He said, adding that therefore we should suspect the strange information that we receive on that date.

Apparently most kids today do not know about April Fools. Every strange news to date has resulted in the massacre of Muslim barbarians in Spain, 1 April 1487.

Unfortunately, Muslims in Indonesia are not many know the history of April Fool's Day (April Fool's) and then choose to celebrate by lying to the public through the media or personal contact.

A Muslim intellectuals, Ir H Asmara Dharma, reached by phone at his home in Medan, April Fool's celebration begins with the attack Western troops in Spain, which was then under the domination of a Muslim caliphate in March, 1487.

He said the city of Zaragoza in Spain and in North America and Leon, Vigo and Valencia Forto East and West, Lisbon and Cordoba in the south and in the center of Madrid and Granada port occupied by the attackers.

The Muslim community who survived the attack were promised would not be harmed if we wanted to leave Spain by boat are available at the port of Grenada. Western forces are committed to letting Muslims released by the ship if they surrender their weapons.

When thousands of unarmed Muslims gathered at the port of Granada to wait their turn to leave Spain as promised by the army, they were brutally slaughtered and ship them to the fire.

Asmara also said that the genocide of Muslims and breaking promises that occurred April 1, 1487, which became known as April Fool's Day. Furthermore, this event is a ritual popularized as "April Fools" (this term became popular in Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period, the mop is a Dutch word meaning joke). It is then used to criminalize people new and action.

After learning the history of April Fool's Day as described by Asmara, Yeyen said that media has on April 1 in the country is a bad thing for the West easily misled public that Western forces had done to Muslims in Granada in the past.

On the other hand, Feizy even says that on 1 April inappropriate to observe a day of mourning for Muslims.

In celebration of the lies of the West "which ended in mass murder Muslim, 1 April 1487, we hope that young Muslims are not so easily duped by the West in many aspects of life, including politics, he said.

"Today, we are asking for more political and economic aid from the West to solve our problems, the more we're stuck in a hole in the chaos," he said, adding: "The more help we have received from the West, the more we will be in their offices For surprice us. problem never solved. "

"That's because no country wants to be on par with the western countries, especially the developing countries dominated. Westerners do not ever want to see Muslims living well," said Feizy.

History of Batik Indonesia

Batik is historically derived from the days of our fathers, known since the seventeenth century, written and painted on palm leaves. At that time batik motif or pattern is still dominated by the shape of animals and plants. But in its development history of batik have evolved, from painting motifs of animals and plants gradually turn to an abstract motif that resembles a cloud, temple reliefs, wayang beber and so forth. Furthermore, through the merger of the painting with the art of decorating style clothing, batik art emerged as we know it today.

The type and style of traditional batik quite so much, but the patterns and variations in accordance with the philosophy and culture of each region are very diverse. Indonesian cultural treasures so rich nation has been driving styles and types of batik tradisioanal characterized by its own particularity.

Development of Batik in Indonesia

History of batik in Indonesia is related to the development of the Majapahit kingdom and the kingdom afterwards. In some records, the development of batik is mostly done in times of Mataram kingdom, and in the kingdom of Solo and Yogyakarta.

Art of batik is an art image on the fabric for clothing that becomes one of the family culture of Indonesian kings of old. Initially batik is done only limited in the palace alone and proceeds to dress the king and family and his followers. Because many of the followers of the king who lived outside the palace, the art of batik was brought by them out palace and worked in place of each. In the development of batik art gradually imitated by the people nearest and subsequently expanded into the work of women in the household to fill his spare time. Furthermore, batik clothes that used only the royal family, then became a popular folk clothes, both women and men.

White fabric that is used when it is the result of homespun. Medium coloring materials used consist of plants native to Indonesia who made himself among others of: noni tree, tall, Soga, indigo, and materials made from soda ash soda, as well as salts made from mud.

So this batik in Indonesia has been known since the time of Majapahit kingdom and continued to grow until the next kingdom. The start spreading this batik art belongs to the people of Indonesia and Java in particular tribe is after the end of the eighteenth century or early nineteenth century. Produced batik batik is all until the early twentieth century and printed batik is known only after the world war was over unity or around 1920. Now, batik has become part of traditional Indonesian clothing.

Batik Pekalongan

Although there is no official record of when batik became known in Pekalongan, but according to estimates Pekalongan batik already in 1800. Even according to data recorded at the Ministry, batik motif that was created in 1802, as a small tree motif in the form of clothing material.

But significant progress is expected to occur after a major war in 1825-1830 in the kingdom of Mataram which is often referred to as Java Diponegoro war or war. With the onset of this battle royal family and urged his followers were many who left the kingdom area. They then spread towards the East and the West. Later in the area - a new area that the family and followers develop batik.

To the east of Solo and Yogyakarta batik batik patterns that have been perfected in Mojokerto and Tulungagung to spread to Gresik, Surabaya and Madura. Looking West toward developing batik in Banyumas, Kebumen, Tegal Cirebon and Pekalongan. With the migration, the batik Pekalongan preexisting growing.

Over time, Pekalongan Batik experiencing rapid development compared to other regions. In this area batik evolves around the beach area, which is in the city and region Pekalongan Buaran, Pekajangan and Wonopringgo. Pekalongan public encounter with the various nations such as China, Dutch, Arabic, Indian, Malay and Japanese in ancient times has colored the dynamics of color motifs and batik art procedures.

In connection with it some kind of motif influence results from various countries came to be known as Pekalongan batik identity. The motives are batiks Jlamprang inspired from Indian and Arab Affairs, batik Encim and Klengenan, influenced by Peranakan Chinese, Dutch batik Morning Afternoon, and batik Hokokai, growing rapidly since the Japanese occupation.

The development of print culture techniques using dye motifs cover the night (candles) on the fabric which is then called batik, is inseparable from the influence of those countries. It shows the resilience context of batik from time to time.

Pekalongan batik became very distinctive because relies entirely on hundreds of small entrepreneurs, rather than on a handful of large employers have capital. Since the past decades up to now, most of the production process Pekalongan batik is done in homes. Consequently, Pekalongan batik closely integrated with people's lives Pekalongan now divided into two administrative regions, namely the Municipality Pekalongan and Pekalongan.

Pekalongan batik tidal developments, showing decent Pekalongan become an icon for the development of batik in the archipelago. Icon for works of art that never gave up with the times and always dynamic. Now, batik has become a breath of everyday life Pekalongan residents and is one superior product. This was due to the many industries that produce batik. Since the famous batik products, known as the City Pekalongan Batik. The nickname comes from a long tradition rooted in Pekalongan. During that long period, various properties, the variety of uses, type design, as well as batik quality is determined by the climate and the presence of fibers of local, historical factors, trade and community readiness to accept and understand new ideas.

Batik is an art culture that admired the world, among the traditional variety produced with dye technology hurdles, none of whom were able to be present as beautiful and as smooth as batik Pekalongan.

History of Pants

* In the 1980s, the brand name and designer started gaining popularity and importance in consumer spending habits. Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein, the two designers are still popular today, grew up in the fashion world and has a lot of influence on business style.

* Jeans come in acid washed, which create light, bleached blue and white style, and often ripped or torn. Jeans turned into cut, straight-leg relaxed and often handcuffed on the

bottom.

* Leggings are a major part of women's fashion. Stretchy leggings, fitted trousers which come in various colors and are often cropped above the ankle. It is part of the trend of "dance" featuring neon colored leg warmers and leotards as part of everyday fashion.

* The 1990s saw the transformation to a casual approach to fashion, along with influences of hip hop culture.

* Baggy jeans are all the rage, especially for men. In the late 1990s, hip hugging, jeans swell began to make a comeback as well, but not quite as extreme as the bell style in the 1970s.

* In the revolt of the traditional nature of denim (and their presence in the closet of their parents), the younger generation turning to cargo pants, sports and fabric choices, such as Dockers khaki pants. Denim overalls worn by the youth as well, often leaving the front hook was canceled to look totally relaxed.

* Leggings are still popular among girls and worn with a baggy, oversized sweatshirt and t-shirt and tennis shoes simple. This trend reached its peak in the early nineties, but faded in the later years of the decade.

Trends in Pants: Pants Trends 1970: the 1970's

1970 saw a continuation of the hippie movement and the development of the disco era, two major cultural events in the United States. Fashion is influenced by the music and style of clothing remained eccentric with bright colors and designs of wild flowers and psychedelic patterns. Style pants this decade is no exception.

* Bell basis through the seventh and became the trademark of the decade. Denim dominate during the day while the polyester disco mode dominated the night, but eventually some form of basic bell pants worn by both men and women, and is often paired with platform shoes.

* Hot pants also remained on the scene and became even more popular than ever. Women wear very short pants shows a complete transformation of the conservative era early sixties.

* Music Disco also brought about "setting time" classic popular among men is a blend of business and casual viewing. This show-inspired casual blazer jacket and matching polyester pants, often in bright or pastel colors, plaid or print.

Trends in Pants: the 1960's

1960's saw many new, convention-breaking style as society as a whole is facing a transition and change. Drastic changes were seen even in the past decade. Here's a look at some of the highlights of pants trend for "swinging sixties".

* During the first half of the 1960s, conservatives are still the dominant force, and women rarely wear pants except under very relaxed. They never received in school or at work.

* When a woman is wearing pants, they often wear Capris, shorts that hit just above the ankle.

* Culottes are also trademarks of the decade, a wide-leg pants that fall just below the knee. It is often attached to the top as a complete outfit, and has a pretty wide leg pants that they often resemble a skirt.

* The second part of the 1960's faced protests Vietnam War, Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination and social unrest. This led to the transformation of the fashion scene, as "hippies" came into the picture.

* Bell bottom pants are a highlight, worn by both men and women. It can be found in denim or colorful wild prints, but all its flaming leg openings that give shape to the great bell. It inspired flare jeans are seen everywhere these days.

* "Hot Pants" also made an appearance for women in the late sixties, very shorts in bright colors.

Trends in Pants: Pants Trends 1950: the 1950's

1950s can be characterized with a lot of innovation and design for casual wear more feminine clothing. It was in this decade that finally considered appropriate for women to wear pants as casual wear.

Let's see how the pants develop in the 20th century:

* In 1948, the European fashion designer, Sonja de Lennart, found Capri pants (Capris) known as trousers, about three-fourths as long pants.

* In 1955, James Dean wore jeans appeared in the movie "Rebel without a Cause" Since then, blue jeans have become a symbol of rebellion. And all American teenagers began to follow the trend of denim that. Around this time when Levi Strauss began selling its national Levi.

* After the post-World War II baby boom, in the 1950s introduced a new market - teen fashion. young people started wearing Capri pants, stretch pants with stirrups, and Bermuda shorts.

* shorts are worn when dressing up in the early 1950s. However, they began to lose their popularity at the end of this decade, but the kids were very young. Shorts also worn as casual wear summer.

* The decade of the 50's was a revolutionary change in sports apparel. Ski pants with elastic inserts are one of the main innovations of the sports industry.

Trends in Pants: 1900's-1940 Trends in Pants: 1900's-1940

It's amazing how just a century to change the perception of people towards fashion drastically. The word "pants" is considered appropriate in the 19th century, but in the 20th century people began to create a new style pants and be more appropriate for women to wear. Here is some history of the first half of 1900:

* From the late 19th century until the 1940's, men's flannel trousers known as not having waistline. There's one really suitable for everyone. These pants are held with the help of braces or belt and looked very loose.

* At the beginning of the 20th century women began wearing men's trousers altered for outdoor work. Men's pants are also popular with aviatrixes (female aviator). The girls wore Wigan pit brow for their risky work in coal mines. They still wore skirts over their pants due to the disagreement.

* In the 1900s, actresses such as Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn often photographed in trousers, which greatly influenced Western society by making the pants more acceptable to all women.

* During World War II, women working in factories and other industries doing work wearing trousers. In the post-war period, accepted as a casual dress pants for gardening and various types of sports and recreational activities.

Early History Early History Pants Pants

Pants have really become the wardrobe staple everywhere and favorite for mankind. We can see pants as trousers, keg, pants or trousers, but does not change the significance of the impact on human history.

Let me highlight the fact that the most interesting and important in the early history of the pants':

# Press to be part of the fashion world after expanding from breeches worn tight clothing from the waist to the knee with stockings covering the rest of the foot; pants first gained popularity in 1760.

* Pants into men's standard lower-body in the16th century.

* Nomadic Eurasian horsemen as Iranian Scythians, along with Achaemenid Persia, considered one of the early adapters pants.

* In ancient China called Chinos pants and worn only by soldiers.

* Sailors thought to have played a central role in the dissemination of trousers as a fashion trend all over the world. In the 16-18 centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as wide pants fit. Sailors also the first to wear jeans.

* In the 1860's knee pants worn when hunting and golf.

* Lady Bloomers Pants, pants for women consisting of short skirts and slacks, first appeared in New York in 1850. They are worn mostly by women's liberation army and bicycle women.

History of Condoms

From historical records condoms have been used since a few hundred years ago.

Around 1000 BC the ancient Egyptians used a linen sheath to prevent the disease confectionary.

In the year 100 to the year 200 AD the earliest evidence of condom use diEropa came from cave paintings such as landscape Combrelles, France.

The 1500's for the first published description and trials of equipment

prevent disease in the form of condoms in Italy. When was Gabrielle Fallopius

claim to find gloves made of linen and were tested on

1100 men as a condom. From this experiment it was not one of them

infected with syphilis. The discovery proves that linen

useful to prevent infection. However, later known as the condom

tools to prevent pregnancy. It starts from experiments on linen

moistened with a liquid chemical in the 1500's. When linen soaked in

chemical liquid is then dried and subjected him the cloth could

kill sperm.

In the 1700s, condoms made from animal intestines. Material changes were made

condom prices become more expensive compared to condoms made from linen.

When that condoms are known as' armor against pleasure and nets

spiders prevent infection. ' Condoms were used repeatedly type.

In 1894, Goodyear and Hancock began to mass-produce condoms

made of rust rough rubber vulcanised to reverse the

strong elasticity. In 1861 for the first time published condoms

in the U.S. newspaper The New York Times. Condoms in 1880

made of latex, but its usage is widely novel of the 1930s.

In 1935 over 1.5 million condoms produced each day in the U.S.

States.

Then in the 1980s and 1990s the condom market in the United States

dominated the local condom factory. New year 1987 Japanese production of condoms

with the Kimono brand into the U.S. market. Condoms are thin and soft

ad was menekankankan that pleasure is as important as

prevention.

In the 1990s, emerged a variety of condoms and also for the first time

polyurethane condoms available. In 1993 the annual production of latex condoms

8.5 million billion.

History of Electricity

The early history of electricity was discovered by a Greek scholar named Thales, which mengemungkakan phenomenon that amber when rubbed - rub the fur would be interesting as a phenomenon of electricity. Then after many - years after Thales ideas put forward, and then appeared again penapat - opinions and new theories regarding electricity as researched and presented by William Gilbert, Joseph priestley, Charles de Coulomb, AmpereMichael Farraday, Oersted, etc..

information about the history of the inventor of electricity is presented in bentu panel and supported by the audio device that presents visual clone of experiments - experiments that have been done by scientists.

Ben Franklin

Many people think Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity famous kite experiment in 1752, but

electricity was not discovered all at once. At first, the electricity associated with light.

People want a cheap and safe way to light their homes, and scientists thought possible electrical path.

Battery

Learning how to produce and use electricity is not easy. For a long time there

no reliable source of electricity for the experiment. Finally, in 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, makes a major discovery. he's soaked paper in salt water, zinc and copper are placed on opposite sides of the paper, and observe the chemical reaction produces an electric current. Volta had created the first electric cell. By connecting many of these cells together, Volta was able to "current string" and make batteries. It is in honor of Volta that we measured in volt battery. Finally, sources of safe and reliable electricity is available, making it easier for scientists to study electricity.

An English scientist, Michael Faraday, was the first to realize that

electric current can be generated by passing a magnet through

copper wire. It was an amazing discovery. Almost all electricity

we use today are made with magnets and coils of copper wire in a giant

power plants.

Both the electric generator and the electric motor is based on this

principle. A generator converts the energy of motion into electricity. A

Motors convert electrical energy into motion energy.

Thomas Edison

n 1879, Thomas Edison

focused on creating a

Light the lamp, which

will last a long time before

burning. The problem is

find strong material for

filament, a small wire

inside the bulb that does

electricity. Eventually, Edison used

ordinary cotton thread

been soaked in carbon.

These filaments do not burn at

all it is bulb;

that is, it shines.

The next challenge is to develop systems that can power

provide people with a practical source of energy to power these new

lights. Edison wanted a way to make practical electric and

cheap. He designed and built the first power plant

capable of generating electricity and took it to people's homes.

Edison's Pearl Street Power Station began a generator which in

September 4, 1882, in New York City. About 85 customers under

Manhattan received enough power to light 5,000. Her

electricity customers pay a lot for them, though. In today's dollars,

electricity costs $ 5.00 per kilowatt-hour! Currently, the cost of electricity

about 12 cents per kilowatt-hour for residential customers, and

about 7 cents per kilowatt-hour for the industry.

AC / DC

The turning point of the electric age came a few years later with

development of AC (alternating current) power systems. with

alternating current, the power plant can carry a lot of electricity

further than before. In 1895, George Westinghouse opened the first

The main power plant at Niagara Falls using alternating current. while

Edison's DC (direct current) power plants can only carry

within one square mile of his Pearl Street Power Station, Niagara

Plants falling capable of transporting electricity over 200 miles!

Electricity does not have an easy start. Many people

pleased with all the new discoveries, but some people fear

electricity and alert brought to their home. many social

critics today see power as an end to a simple, less hectic

life. Poets commented that electric lights are less romantic than

gas lamps. Maybe they are right, but the new electric age can

not dim.

In 1920, only two percent of the energy in the U.S. is used to make

electricity. Today, about 41 percent of the energy used to make

electricity. As we use technology grow, that number will continue to

increased.

History of Programming Languages C

In 1978, Brian W. Kerninghan and Dennis M. Ritchie of AT & T Laboratories developed a language B into language C. B language created by Ken Thompson is actually a development of the language BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) which was created by Richard Martin.

Since 1980, C language is widely used in Europe the previous programmers using languages B and BCPL. In its development, the C language became the most popular language among other languages, such as PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN.

In 1989, the world C programming experience key events to the issuance of the C language standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). C language created Kerninghan & Ritchie later known as ANSI C.

Beginning in 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup of AT & T Bell Laboratories from developing the language C. In 1985, the official language of the new born product of the development known as C C + +. Actually the language C + + experience two phases of evolution. The first C + +, released by AT & T Laboratories, named cfront. C + + version kunoini just a compiler translates C + + to C language

In the subsequent evolution, Borland International Inc.. developed a C + + compiler into a compiler that converts C + + directly into machine language (assembly). Since this evolution, starting in 1990 a C + + object-oriented language that is used by most professional programmers.

C might be called middle-level programming language (middle level programming language). Meaning level (level) here is the ability to access the functions and basic commands machine language / hardware (basic machine instruction set). The higher level programming language (eg Java), the easier to understand human languages, but diminishing influence the ability to directly access basic machine language instruction. And vice versa with low-level programming language (eg assembler), which is more difficult to understand humans and only contains commands to access the machine language. In easy to understand the human perspective, C can be classified into high-level languages, but C also provides capabilities that exist in low-level languages, such as bit operations, byte operations, memory access, and so on.

Some of the reasons why using the C language:

* C is the most popular programming languages today, with many C programmers, the more influence we find easy solutions that we get when writing a program in C language Another positive effect is that more developed compilers for various platforms (influential to portability).

* C is a programming language that has high portability, we write C programs for a kind of platform, we can compile and run on other platforms with no or only minor changes. This can be realized by the ANSI standards for C.

* C is a programming language that is flexible, with mastering the language C, we can write and develop different types of courses ranging from operating system, word processor, graphics processors, spreadsheets, or a compiler for a programming language.

* C is a modular programming language, C program written in the usual routine called by function. The functions that we have created, we can use again (reuse) programs or other applications.

History of Money

Money as we know it has undergone a long process of development. At first, people do not know the exchange because everyone is trying to meet kebutuhannnya their own. Humans hunt if he is hungry, make their own clothes from simple ingredients, look for fruits for their own consumption; nutshell, that's what he got used to meet their needs.

Further development of human mengahadapkan on the fact that what is produced alone was not enough to memenuhui all needs. To obtain items that can not be produced by themselves, they look for people who want to exchange goods with other goods owned by him required. As a result came the barter system ', which is the goods in exchange for goods.

But in the end, many of the perceived difficulties with this system. Among these are difficult to find people who have the desired item and want to exchange its goods and difficulties to obtain goods that can be exchanged with each other to exchange value equal or nearly equal in value. To fix this, start the thoughts arise to use certain objects to be used as a medium of exchange. Defined objects as a means of exchange that are the objects received by the public (generally accepted), selected objects of high value (difficult to find or have magical and mystical values), or objects that is a primary need day-to- day, for example salt used by the Romans as a medium of exchange or as a means of payment. The influence of the Romans are still visible to this day; British people call wages as salary comes from the Latin meaning salarium salt.

Although the means of exchange existing difficulties in the exchange remain. These difficulties were partly due to objects that have not been used as a medium of exchange so that the determination of the fractional value of money, storage (storage), and transportation (transportation) becomes difficult and also difficulties arise due to the lack of durability of these objects so easily destroyed or not durable.

Then came the so-called coins. Metal chosen as a medium of exchange because it has a high value so that the public favored, durable and not easily broken, easily broken without reducing the value, and easily moveable. Metal used as a medium of exchange because it meets these requirements is gold and silver. Gold and silver coins as money is also called a full (full bodied money). That is, the intrinsic value (the value of materials) cash equal to the face value (the value listed on the currency). At the time, everyone is entitled to forge money, melt, sell or use, and have unlimited rights in storing coins.

Along with economic development, difficulties arise when the development of the exchange to be served with a coin increased while the amount of precious metals (gold and silver) is very limited. Use of the coin is also difficult to deal large amounts of paper money that was created

First banknotes in circulation is evidence of ownership of gold and silver as a tool / brokers to conduct transactions. In other words, paper money in circulation at that time the money is guaranteed to be 100% by gold or silver that is stored on the smart gold or silver and can be redeemed at any time full guarantee. In further developments, the public no longer use gold (directly) as a means of exchange. Instead, they make 'paper-proof' as a medium of exchange.

History of money for thousands of years. Numismatics is the scientific study of money and its history in all its forms.

Many articles have been used as commodity money such as naturally scarce precious metals, cowries, barley, pearl, etc., as well as many other things that are seen as having value.

Modern money (and old money) is basically a sign - abstraction in other words, a. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, objects of gold and silver has many important properties of money.

Non-monetary exchange: barter and gifts

Contrary to popular conception, there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter. Instead, non-monetary societies operated largely under the principles of gift economics. When bartering is really happening, it's usually between two strangers or potential enemies.

With barter, someone with a material object of value, as the grain size, can directly exchange objects to other objects are considered to have the same value, such as small animals, clay pots or tools. The ability to conduct transactions is very limited because it depends on some chance want. Seller foodgrains must find a buyer who wants to buy wheat and also can offer something in return, the seller wants to buy. There is no common medium of exchange where sellers and buyers can change the items that can be traded them. There is no standard that can be applied to measure the relative value of various goods and services.

In a gift economy, goods and services that are useful on a regular basis without the explicit consent given for reward or future (ie no formal quid pro quo). Ideally, simultaneous or recurring giving serves to circulate and redistribute valuables within the community.

There are several theories about social economics prize. Some see the donation as a form of reciprocal altruism. Another interpretation is that social status is given in return for the "gift". Consider, for example, the distribution of food in some hunter-gatherer societies, where the sharing of food is a protection against the failure of the daily foraging individuals. These habits may reflect altruism, can be a form of informal insurance, or can bring with it social status or other benefits.

The emergence of money

Mesopotamian civilization developed an economy based on large scale commodity money. The Babylonians and their neighboring countries town later developed the first economic system than we think right now in terms of the rules on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to commercial practices and private property. The money is not just appearance, it is a necessity.

Code of Hammurabi ca best preserved ancient law, has been made. 1760 BC (middle chronology) in ancient Babylon. It was adopted by the sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi. Previous collections laws including the Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (ca. 2050 BC), Eshnunna Code (ca. 1930 BC) and code-Ishtar of Isin Pleated (about 1870 before JC). Formal legal codes of the role of money in a civil society. They fix the amount of the interest on the debt ... fines for 'malpractice' ... and monetary compensation for the breach of formal law.

The Shekel reference to an ancient unit of weight and currency. The first use of the term is from Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. and return to the density of the barley that other values related to metrics such as silver copper etc., barley bronze / shekel was originally both units and one unit of currency weight, because pound sterling-denominated initial unit mass of a pound of silver.

In the absence of a medium of exchange, non-monetary societies operated largely under the principles of gift economics.

commodity money

Bartering has several problems, including that it needs a "coincidence want." For example, if a wheat farmer needs what farmers produce fruit, it is impossible to directly exchange seasonal fruit would spoil before harvest. One solution is to trade the fruits of grain commodities indirectly by the three "middle": the fruit is exchanged for finished products when the fruit is ripe. If this demand is not high commodity perish and reliable throughout the year (eg copper, gold, or wine), it can be exchanged for grain after harvest. The function of intermediate commodities as a store of value can be standardized in a common commodity money, reducing the chance to problems. By overcoming the limitations of simple barter, commodity money making in all the other markets that are more liquid.

Many cultures around the world and then develop the use of commodity money. Ancient China and Africa are used cowries. Trade in Japan's feudal system was established in koku - a unit of rice per year. shekel was an ancient unit of weight and currency. The first use of the term is from Mesopotamia around 3000 BC and is called the specific weight of barley, the other values in a metric such as silver copper etc., barley bronze / shekel was originally both units in a currency and unit weight.

Where the general trade, barter systems usually lead quite rapidly for several major products due benevolence money. In the early English colonies New South Wales, rum emerged quite soon after the completion of the market produce the most money. When a country is often adopt a currency without foreign currency. In prisons where conventional money is prohibited, it is very common for a cigarette to take monetary quality, and throughout history, gold has made unofficial monetary function.

standard currency

Historically, metal, if any, have generally been favorable to be used as a proto-money on products such as cattle, cowrie, or salt, as they are both durable, portable, and easily shared. The use of gold as proto-money has been traced back to the fourth millennium BC when the Egyptians used gold bars weighing defined as a medium of exchange, as has been done previously in Mesopotamia with silver bars. The first ruler who was formally established standards for weights and money Pheidon. The first coin stamped (marked by an authority in the form of pictures or words) can be seen at the National Library in Paris. It is a piece of electrum stater of a turtle, found on the island of Aegina. This remarkable piece dated around 700 BC. Electrum coins were also introduced around 650 BC in Lydia.

Coins have been widely adopted throughout Ionia and mainland Greece during the 6th century BC, eventually leading to the Empire BC Athens in the 5th century, the dominance of the region by exporting their pieces of silver, mined in southern Attica and Thorikos Laurion. A major discovery of silver in Laurion vein in 483 BC led a major expansion of military fleets Athena. competing standard coin at that time managed by Phocaea Mytilene and the use of electrum; Aegina used silver.

This is the touchstone discovery paves the way for commodity-based currency and coin. soft metal can be tested for purity touchstone, to quickly calculate the total metal content into one. Gold is a soft metal, which is also hard to find, dense, and storable. As a result, monetary gold spread very quickly from Asia Minor, where it gets used widely around the world.

Using the system still required several steps and mathematical calculations. Touchstone for estimating the amount of gold in an alloy, which is then multiplied by the weight of finding the amount of gold in one piece. To facilitate this process, the concept of standard currency was introduced. The rooms have been pre-weighed and pre-alloyed, as long as the manufacturer is aware of the origin of the coin, do not use a touchstone required. Coins minted by the government in general in the process of carefully protected, and then stamped with the symbol of a guaranteed weight and value of the metal. However it is very common for the government to argue that the value of the fund is a symbol, and thus further reduce the value of the currency by reducing the precious metal content.

Even though gold and silver have been commonly used for coins, other metals may be used. For example, ancient Sparta coins minted from the metal to prevent citizens from engaging in foreign trade. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Sweden does not have a more noble metal and if the "plate money" products, a large sheet of copper about 50 cm or more in length and width, the right stamp with an indication of value.

part of the precious metal has the advantage of producing a value in its own coin - on the other hand, they induced manipulations: cutting parts in an effort to obtain and recycle precious metals. A big problem is the simultaneous co-existence of gold, silver and copper coins in Europe. British and Spanish merchants values gold more than silver coins, like many of their neighbors are doing, stating that the British Guinea coins containing silver began to rise against the British crown in 1670 and is based in 1680. Therefore, the money was eventually removed to England for dubious amounts of gold into the country at a pace that no other European country stocks. This effect is compounded by the Asian traders not sharing the European appreciation of gold as well -. Gold and silver leaves Asia left Europe in the number of European observers like Isaac Newton, Director of the Mint has observed with concern.

Stability has come into the national banking system that guarantees to change the money into gold at the promised level, there has not been easy. The risk of the Bank of England in the 1730s a national financial disaster when customers asked for their money will turn to gold in times of crisis. Finally, a London merchant bank rescue and the nation with financial guarantees.

Another step in the evolution of currency coins change is the unit weight of a unit value. distinction can be made between the value of the commodity and its value in cash. The difference is these values is seigniorage.