History of Garuda Indonesia

As we all know that the airline Garuda Indonesia is the pride of the nation of Indonesia. Services have many services that he gave to the Indonesian nation. As to whether history to be the name of Indonesia's nation .Let's look at the history of airline Garuda Indonesia below.

DC-3 aircraft Garuda Indonesia

Garuda is a joint venture between the Government of Indonesia with the Dutch airline Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KLM). At first, the Government of Indonesia has a 51% stake and during the first 10 years, the company is managed by KLM. Because of nationalist coercion, KLM sold part of its stake in 1954 to the Indonesian government.

Many Burmese government helped the airline carrier at the beginning of this period. Therefore, when the airline inaugurated as the company on March 31, 1950, the Burmese government donated a Garuda DC-3 aircraft. At first, Garuda had 27 aircraft, educated staff, airports and flight schedules, as a continuation of KNILM. This is very different from other pioneering companies in Asia.

DC-3 aircraft cockpit

In 1953, the airline has 46 aircraft, but in 1955, they must retire Catalina aircraft. In 1956 they made the first flight path to Mecca. 1960s is when the airline rapid progress. 1965 Garuda gets two new aircraft are jet aircraft turboprop Convair 990 and Lockheed L-118 Electra. In 1961 it opened the path to Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong and in 1965 came the era of the jet, the DC-8 flight they make a point to Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Europe.

1970s Garuda took a small Jet DC-9 and Fokker F28 when the F28 Garuda had 36 aircraft and is the largest aircraft carrier in the world for this type of aircraft, while in the 1980s adopted the device of Airbus, such as the A300. As well as Boeing 737, McDonnell Douglas MD-also 11. In 1990, Garuda had some misfortune, and the airline is experiencing difficult economic period. However, in the 2000s the airline has been able to overcome the problems in the economy and in good condition.

Name Origin of Garuda Indonesia

On December 25, 1949, representatives of KLM is also a friend of President Soekarno, namely Dr. Konijnenburg, facing and report to the President in Yogyakarta that KLM interinsulair Bedrijf will be submitted to the government in accordance with the results of Round Table Conference (RTC) and ask him to give a name for the company because the plane that would take him from Yogyakarta to Jakarta will be painted according to the name it .

In response, President Sukarno responded by quoting a line from a poem Dutch spin-poet famous, Raden Mas Noto Soeroto in colonial times, ie Ik ben Garuda, Vishnoe's vogel, die zijn Vleugels uitslaat hoog boven uw Eilanden which means I'm a Garuda, Vishnu's bird spread its wings towering. Then on December 28, 1949, occurred the historic flight of the DC-3, registered PK-DPD-owned KLM flight carrying interinsulair Yogyakarta to President Sukarno of Kemayoran - Jakarta for his inauguration as President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) with a new logo, Garuda Indonesian Airways, the name given to the company's President Sukarno's first flight.

Began in June 2009, Garuda Indonesia has been using the new livery on a few planes that are on the latest Airbus A330-200 with registration PK-GPH, PK-GPI, PK-GPJ and PK-GPK, 6 pieces of the Airbus A330-300 with registration PK-GPA , PK-GPC, PK-GPD, PK-GPE, PK-PK-GPF and GPG, 1 Boeing 737-300 with registration PK-GHX, 4 Boeing 737-500 with registration PK-GGC, PK-GGD, PK -GGE, PK-GGF, Boeing 747-400 PK-2 and PK-GSG GSI, as well as 19 units of Boeing 737-800 with registration The aircraft has been updated several exterior appearance with new livery for Garuda Indonesia airline refreshing appearance.

Garuda Indonesia aircraft cabin is also equipped with a new PTV [Personal Television] including AVOD [Audio Video On Demand] on every seat, 11-inch to 8-inch business class and economy class. The blue color is dominant on the long seat aircraft also changed. Maroon red color used on business-class seats, while the combination of dark brown color with light brown used on economy class seats.

History of Lion Air in Indonesia

History of Lion Air domestic flight originated from the small. After 13 years of experience in the tourist business which is marked by the success of Lion Tours travel agency, brothers and Rusdi Kirana Kusnan determined to make their dream of owning a business flight become a reality. Equipped with high ambitions and an initial capital of 10 million U.S. dollars, Lion Air is legally established in October 1999 and started a new history in the world of commercial flight. But the operation has been running at start on June 30, 2000. Currently, Rusdi Kirana as one of the owners of Lion Air held the position as President and Director.

Based on the history of water lion we know that until mid-2005, along with other international airlines, Lion Air Terminal Two Sukarno-Hatta Airport, while local airline or domestic flights occupy Terminal One. These factors, in addition to providing the convenience of passengers connecting flights to Indonesia or from Indonesia to other international destinations, also giving more advantages in terms of prestige. Lion Air but then moved to Terminal One, until today.

In 2005, Lion Air has 24 aircraft flight consisting of 19 MD80 series aircraft and five DHC-8-301. To meet the low-cost services, fleet dominated by Lion Air MD80 for efficiency and comfort. In an effort to rejuvenate its fleet, Lion Air has ordered 60 Boeing 737-900ER that will be transferred gradually from 2007 to 2010. In June 2008, Lion water will turn into full-service. Lion Water also plans to compete favorably with the eagle and saudi arabia water to fly these routes Umrah pilgrimage even with 777 aircraft.

History lion water also noted that in 2011 the lion water will announce the book as much as 201 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft and as many as 29 Boeing 737-900ER aircraft. The airline currently has a lot of water lion route service flights even for a single service flights can reach 3 to 5 times a day flight. Branches and ticket sales lion water has now spread almost throughout the corners of Indonesia, we expect in addition to providing cheap and affordable ticket prices, lion water can also provide service and safety for passengers when traveling air using water lion.

History of Tablet PC in the World

Now this who is not familiar Tablet PC, this latest gadget is a trend among gadget freak and even the general public. Tablet PC is a laptop or portable computer shaped book. Having a touch screen or digital tablet technology that enables computer users to use a stylus or digital pen than a keyboard or computer mouse. The term was popularized by Microsoft in 2001, but tablet PCs now refer to any tablet-sized personal computer, even if you are not using Windows but another PC operating system. Tablets may use virtual keyboards and handwriting recognition for text input through the touchscreen.

The idea of ​​tablet computers is not new. Tablet history began in 1968, a computer scientist named Alan Kay noted that with advances in flat-panel display technology, user interface, miniaturization of computer components and some experimental work in WiFi technology. Alan Kay is not one - only because it previously had many names - big names who have contributed to the process of invention and perfected until now. The next tablet history, in 1972, he published a paper on the device and called it a "Dynabook". Sketch of the Dynabook showed a very similar device to the tablet computers that we have today, with some exceptions. On the Dynabook, both screen and keyboard * all * on the same plane. But Kay's vision even further. He estimates that with the right touch screen technology, you can display the virtual keyboard, the configuration on the screen itself.

Kay leading at that time. History proves that the tablet takes almost four decades before the tablet is similar to what he imagined taking public heart. But that does not mean there is no market for tablet computers in the fourth decade and the Dynabook concept in addition to the famous Apple iPad. Tablet first appeared on the market is GRiDPad. First produced in 1989, GRiDPad including monochromatic capacitance touch screen and stylus cables. Weighing just under 2.26 pounds. Compared to today's tablets, GRiDPad was large and heavy, with short battery life that lasts only three hours. And the people behind it are GRiDPad Jeff Hawkins, who later founded the Palm. Then there are also other pen-based tablet computers, but he did not receive much support from the community.

Apple was the first to enter the field with Newton tablet, a device that receives the amount of love and ridicule over the years. Most of the criticism of Newton focuses on handwriting recognition software. Until finally peaks tablet history began when Steve Jobs revealed the iPad first to market, and to assure the market that the tablet computer can be a viable consumer product. Currently, companies such as Apple, Google, Microsoft and HP are trying to predict consumer needs, while designing the next generation of tablet devices. The discovery of the tablet pc is a refinement and development of existing computer technology. Then is never mentioned specifically who find it.

History of Pens

Ballpoint pen or a pen or starting vulve (Dutch language) which means stationery. a sharp-pointed pen which has a grip that contains the ink bag can be filled again. Water-based ink with a pen filled through the eyes of a vacuum mechanism that includes a bottle of ink from the ink into the ink room. Unlike the pen, fountain pen does not need to be pressed when writing. The ink flows from the ink to the nib room with the help of capillarity and gravity. First time fountain pen / pen / ballpoint ink bag comes with a shape derived from the 10th century AD At 953, the caliph al-Mu'izz Ma'ād of Egyptians want a pen that does not contaminate the hands and clothes with ink. He was given a pen that has ink storage, and the ink flows into the pen with the help of capillarity and gravity.

In 1696 serorang German nationality, Daniel Schwenter make pen with feather edge and On May 25, 1827, inventor Romania, Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for his creation in the first pen with a cartridge that can be replaced. Design allows the pen to write smoothly without spilling ink or torn paper. Since the 1850s, numerous patents filed related to the pen, and the pen production continues to increase. However, a new fountain pen writing instruments are popular after the discovery of gold nib iridium tipped, hard rubber, and ink flowing smoothly.

In 1880 s / d 1920 Waterman fountain pen brands, the production of the United States dominate the market share and Wirt pens origin Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania finished second. At that time, most of the pen filled with ink holder opening section, and dripping ink into the ink room using eye dropper (pipette). How to fill inks are hard and sloppy. In addition, the ink leaked into the cap or on the connection with the ink room. Once the materials are suitable for making pens have been found, the remaining problem is the ink charging system that is simple, easy, and leakage.

A pen that can be filled without having to open the ink found room around the beginning of the 20th century, partly thanks to the discovery of A. A. Waterman, Walter A. Sheaffer and Parker. In Europe, the German supplier known as Pelikan, introduced their first fountain pen in 1929. Pelikan previously bought the patent for a pen with solid ink factory Slavoljub Penkala from Croatia (patented in 1907 and begin mass production since 1911), and patent ink filler piston models of Theodor Kovacs Hungarian origin.

Pens began to be produced in a variety of colors and models after Celluloid gradually replaced rubber as a material pen holder. Parker Duofold and Vacumatic from, as well as Pelikan 100 pens are models that were popular in the days between World War I and World War II. Although already found a pen, a pen is still very popular between the 1940s and 1950s. Still expensive pens, and ink still leaking or jammed, while ink technology is mature and mass produced. The models were popular in the 1950s are Parker 51, Sheaffer Snorkel from, and from the Eversharp Skyline.

In the 1960s, the technology is getting advanced pen and began to replace the pen for everyday use. Now, manufacturers are still holding pen, Pelikan terutamaMontblanc and further promote the collection of objects and a pen as a symbol of status rather than everyday stationery.

History of Rhoma Irama

In the seventies, Rhoma Irama has become famous singers and musicians after the band set up and downs in the music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet that since October 13, 1973 was hoisted. Sonnet with a group he leads, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes.

Based on sales data tapes, and the number of spectators who starred in the films, fans Rhoma no less than 15 million or 10% of Indonesia's population. It records up to mid-1984. "There is no kind of cutting-edge art that has such a broad scope," wrote TEMPO magazine, June 30, 1984. Meanwhile, Rhoma himself said, "I'm afraid of publication. Apparently, I was dragged away."

Rhoma Irama is counted as one of the most successful entertainers in the mass gathering. Rhoma Irama not only appear in the country but he has also performed in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Brunei with nearly the same number of viewers when she performed in Indonesia. Rhoma Irama often in concert, the audience fainted due to crowding. People call music is music dangdut Rhoma, while he himself would prefer if the music is referred to as the Malay rhythm. Let us refer to the following detailed information about Rhoma Irama.

Biodata

Real Name: Raden Oma Irama

Name Beken: Rhoma Irama

Birth: Tasikmalaya, December 11, 1946

Dad: Raden Burdah Anggawirya

Mother: Tuti Juariah

Wife: Ricca Rachim (11 April 1959)

EDUCATION

* SD Kibono Manggarai Jakarta

* SMP Negeri Jakarta XV

* SMA VIII Jakarta (to grade II)

* SMA PSKD Jakarta

* St Joseph Solo

* High School August 17 Tebet Jakarta

* Faculty STIR University August 17

ALBUM

* Wandering (1978)

* Dollar (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* Human Rights (1977)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Joget (1975)

* To Bina Ria (1974)

Filmography

* Oma Irama Curious (1976)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Young Blood (1977)

* Rhoma Irama Wandering I (1978)

* Wandering Rhoma Irama II (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* King of Dangdut (1978)

* Love Triangle (1979)

* Camelia (1979)

* Struggle and Prayer (1980)

* Melody Love Rhoma Irama (1980)

* Earlier Happy Hurricane (1981)

* Devotion (1984)

* Glimpses of Love at Orange Sky (1985)

* Reaching the Sun I (1986)

* Reaching the Sun II (1986)

* The tones Rindu (1987)

* Flower Village (1988)

* Jaka Swara (1990)

* Tone and Propagation (1991)

* Takbir Blue (1993)

Address: Jalan Pondok Jaya VI/14, Prapatan Mampang, South Jakarta

BIOGRAPHY

In the 1970s, Rhoma already become a singer and musician in the band's music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet group since October 13, 1973. Sonnet group together, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes. On October 13, 1973, Rhoma proclaimed the motto "Voice of Moslem" (Muslim Voice) which aims to be a reformer agent Malay music that combines elements of rock music in the Malay music and improvise upon arrangements, poems, lyrics, costumes and performances on stage.

Rhoma also active in politics. During the New Order, he had become an important figure in the PPP, then moved to Golkar, and was elected a member of Parliament from the constituency in the 1997 general election Jakarta. In the 2004 election, Rhoma Irama also appear on stage MCC campaign. Rhoma Irama is known as a preacher and Muslim preacher and became chairman of the Muslim Forum (FUI), a religious organization that does not favor any party.

His success in the world of music and acting world had set up a company to make Rhoma Irama Rhoma Film Productions movie that succeeded in producing the film among Struggle and Prayer (1980) and Love Twins (1984). Now, Rhoma commonly called Bang Haji, much to fill his time with both through music and preaching sermons on television up to the archipelago. With his unique style and spirit, Rhoma together as a group Sonetanya Sound of actively expanding Moslem religious symbols.

History of Remote Television

1955 Zenith eliminates cables and replace them with light technology (Flashmatic), in which a beam of light / rays emitted from the remote module for control cells contained pictures on TV. Unfortunately the photo cells on the TV can not identify where the light is coming from the remote and light coming from other sources, so sometimes when exposed to room light / sunlight, ato the volume on the TV channel can move by itself.

1956 Robert Adler developed a new technology with ultrasonic waves (Space commands). In the remote modules are producing piezoelectric ultrasonic waves, while the TV has an embedded microphone in tune at the same frequency. Many complaints from consumers that the waves generated from the remote disturbing pets especially dogs. Then the channel or volume can move itself when the frequency of the other tools that match the frequency on the TV. Basically the technology is susceptible to frequency interference.

The use of remote control is further complicated when in 1970 the BBC introduced modes trademarks Ceefax teletext with the world of commercial broadcast TV. Teletext requires technology that can enter binary data on the TV, not only the removal of the channel and volume as well as a TV remote past. We in Indonesia also had to know the teletext in the mid 90's but did not last long. Beginning of Ceefax teletext system itself still relies on the cable because there was as yet no wireless technologically qualified for Teletext mode. New in 1977, ITT developed remote control technology using infrared rays. This system is still used to this day and ITT protocol became the standard system for the use of a form of telecommunication that uses infrared light.

Inventors TELEVISION REMOTE

Talk about the TV remote, never forget the services of a physicist named Robert Adler. He's the one who contributed to create a tool that not only makes practical in watching television, but also affect human civilization. Remote control findings Adler introduced half a century ago, precisely in 1956, when he served as Director of Research Zenith Electronics, a U.S. television producer. Called Space Command remote control that was born when the U.S. entered the nation's golden era of television, when television functions changes from the original goods Luks (deluxe) a source of information and entertainment community.

Indeed, when first released, Space Command gadget that is not classified as "comfortable" if measured by today's standards. How not, it weighs only about 1 kg (about 8 ounces), while the price reached 100 U.S. dollars at the time, equivalent to a third the price of the television set. Nevertheless, the findings of the Space Command remote control listed as state of the art and the peak performance of a search term. Should be recognized, Robert Adler is not the first to find the remote control. More precisely it as a complement the previous findings that also launched by Zenith with a variety of disadvantages.

This is where the concept of remote control Adler entered. In contrast to the results of the idea of ​​remote working principle Polley, remote control Adler, named Space Command uses ultrasonic or high frequency sound produced by tapping the buttons are made of a thin aluminum plate. This tool does not need batteries and is known as "the clickers" because it is not noisy. Campaign or promotion is quite interesting, "Nothing Between You and The Set, but Space" (There's nothing between you and the TV set, except Space (space). "Remote is rapidly replacing Flashmatic and this technology became the standard until the 1980s television industry late, when the infrared signal into a new standard remote. Anyone Robert Adler?

Robert Adler was born in Vienna on December 4, 1913 from a well-established middle class family from Austria. His mother is a doctor and her father sociologist. After obtaining his PhD in physics from the University of Vienna in 1937 when the Nazis annexed Austria-he then moved from one country to another, ranging from Belgium, England and finally to the U.S. in 1941. He immediately joined the Zenith Electronics in Chicago, which gave him the freedom to pursue whatever project he wants.

During World War II, Adler worked on the high-frequency oscillator and filter electro mechanical aircraft radio. After World War II, he continued to work in television technology, where it is able to find a number of tools and instrumental in the revolution. Adler pioneered the use of technology is the use of vacuum tubes glow that enhances the quality of television audio transmission. He was also a pioneer in the development of beginning acoustic wave technology is the basis for the development of touch screen technology (touch screen). In his role at Zenith for 60 years, starting off as a research director and a freelance consultant after he retired in 1979, Adler has won more than 180 patents. Although the remote control is the finding that leads to the peak of fame, he was proud of the other findings.

For their hard work and achievements, various awards were given to Adler. Above findings Space Command remote control, Adler received a gift of Outstanding Technical Achievement Award in 1958 from the Institute of Radio Engineers or now known as the Institute of Electronical and Electronics Engineerra (IEEE). Adler also received a gift from the IEEE Outstanding Technical Paper Award in 1974, the writing entitled "An Optical Video Dsc Player for NTSC Receivers", which is the initial presentation of his work, which was then known as digital video disc (digital video disc, DVD). Other awards are Ultrasonic Edison Achievement Medal in 1980 and 1981. Edison Medal is an annual award given to the meritorious career in electrical science, electrical engineering, and electrical arts.

Relating to television and remote control, there are unique within themselves Adler. At his home he only has three remote control fewer than the number of remote controls on U.S. family homes, which on average have at least four remote control. Problem television, while talking to The Chicago Tribune in 1996, Adler said, "I almost never turn on the TV and channel surfing (with remote control)" ..

History of Bandung country from Indonesia

Once before I had posted an article about the history of The Origin of Jakarta, on this occasion I will post an article on the History of Origin of Bandung. The town is located in the province of West Java is known as the city of Paris Van Java or her paris Java. Let us refer to the review of the Historical Origins of the following Bandung.

Origin of Bandung City Name

Do you know the origin of the name of the city of Bandung? According to the historical records of the word "London" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu which later formed the lake. However, according to local myth name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats were tied up side by side called the boat used by the Regent of Bandung Bandung. Bandung is the biggest metropolitan city in West Java and also the capital of the province. In addition, the city of Bandung is also the third largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya. Another name of the city is the City of Flowers, and the duo also formerly known as Parijs van Java.

In addition it is also known as the city of Bandung city shopping, with malls and factory outlets are widely spread in the city. And in 2007, the British Council made the city of Bandung as a pilot project city terkreatif East Asia. Currently the city of Bandung is one of the cities major tourist destination and education. Duniabaca.com following quote from Wikipedia about the historical origins of the city of Bandung.


Historical Origins of Bandung

The word "Bandung" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu ago to form the lake. Legend as told by older people in London say that the name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats tied up alongside the so-called boat used by the Regent Bandung Bandung, RA Wiranatakusumah II, to sail the Ci Tarum in seeking the seat of the new district to replace the old capital in Dayeuhkolot.

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Bandung city began to be used as a residential area since colonial Dutch East Indies, through the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels that time, issued a decree dated 25 September 1810 on the development of infrastructure for the region. This event later immortalized as the anniversary of the city of Bandung. Bandung city officially got the status gemeente (city) from the Governor-General JB van Heutsz on 1 April 1906 with an area of ​​approximately 900 ha at the time, and increased to 8,000 ha in 1949, until the last increase to the current area.

During the war of independence, on March 24, 1946, the city partially burned by the freedom fighters as part of the strategy of the war at that time. The event known as the Bandung Ocean of Fire and immortalized in the song Halo-Halo Bandung. In addition the city is later abandoned by most of its inhabitants were displaced to other areas.

On April 18, 1955 at the Merdeka Building formerly named "Concordia" (Jl. Asia Africa, now), opposite the Savoy Homann Hotel, was held for the first time Asian-African Conference which was then re-Asian-African Summit 2005 was held in this city on 19 April-24 April 2005.


Population Bandung

Is the most populous city of Bandung in West Java, where the population is dominated by ethnic Sundanese, Javanese, while a large minority population in the city compared to other ethnicities. Bandung city population growth initially closely related to the existing railway transportation built around 1880 that connects this city with Jakarta (formerly Batavia). In 1941, there were 226 877 population of the city life then after the event known as the Long March Siliwangi, the city's population increased again in 1950 which recorded a population of as many as 644 475 people.


Bandung City Government

In the administration of local government, headed by the mayor of the city of Bandung. Since 2008, residents of this city directly elect mayors and their representatives in the election, while the previously selected by city councilors.

Government representatives Bandung

According to the constitution in force city parliament represents the people's representative, the previous 2004 legislative elections the city parliament amounted to 45 people. In accordance with the development and population growth in the 2009 legislative elections the city parliament increased to 50 people, who then composed of representatives of eight parties, and consists of 41 men and 9 women.


Bandung Tourism and Culture

Since the opening of Highway Padaleunyi, Bandung has become a major goal of enjoying the holiday weekend, especially from people who came from surrounding Jakarta. In addition to being a tourist town shopping, the city of Bandung also known as large number of old buildings architecture Dutch heritage, including the Sate House now serves as the office of West Java provincial government, which is now a Pakuan building official residence of the governor of the province of West Java, Building Dwi Color or Indische Pensioenfonds now used by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia for the Regional Office of Directorate General XII pembendaharaan Bandung, Villa Isola is now used Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung Hall Station or Station and Post Office Building in Bandung.

Bandung city also has several public arts spaces such as museums, theaters and galleries such as Gedung Merdeka, the venue for the Asia-Africa in 1955, Sri Baduga Museum, which was founded in 1974 by former Kawedanan using old buildings Tegallega, Museum of Geology Bandung, Mandala Museum Wangsit Siliwangi, Barley Museum, Building Foundation Cultural Center, a building formerly Sues Indonesia Ir place. Pledoi deliver phenomenal Soekarno (Indonesia Sues) in the Dutch colonial era, West Java Cultural Park (TBJB) and Rumentang afternoon.

The city has several areas into an urban park, in addition to functioning as the lungs of the city also became a place of recreation for the people in this city. Bandung Zoo is one of the tourist areas are very interested in the community, especially during Sundays and school holidays, the zoo was inaugurated in 1933 by the colonial Dutch East Indies and is now managed by the Wildlife Foundation of the Castle. In addition, some other tourist areas including shopping malls and factory outlets also spread across the city including, in the area of ​​Jalan Braga, Cihampelas area, with craftsmen Cibaduyut Cigondewah with shoes and textile merchant. Dozens of shopping malls are scattered in the city, some of which Istana Plaza Bandung, Bandung Supermall, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, and Bandung Indah Plaza.

While some traditional market area is very well known in this city such as New Market, Market and Market Gedebage Andir. Tutug oncom particular culinary potential, pancake, spiced, and colenak also continue to grow in this city. Additionally Cireng also has a special food dish Bandung, while similar Peuyeum made from fermented cassava fermented, also widely known by the people on the island of Java. Bandung is also known as a city full of memories of the historical struggle of the Indonesian people in general, some of the monuments have been established to commemorate several historical events, including West Java Struggle Monument, Monument Bandung Ocean of Fire, Prison Banceuy Monument, Monument Railway and Heroes' Cemetery Cikutra.

History of Calculator

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

History Calculator 3:

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

Calculator History 4:

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

Calculator History 5

In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principle of perforated cards to do. first is finding a faster way to perform calculations for the U.S. Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete calculate. with growing population, the Bureau estimates that it would take ten years to complete the census count. Hollerith using perforated cards to enter census data which is then processed by the tool in mecanic. a card can store up to 80 a variable.In using these tools, the census can be completed within six.have advantages in speed, the card serves as data storage media.