The History

Etymology historical

In terms of European languages, the history of the origin of the term used in Indonesian literature that there are some variations, however, many are recognizing that the term originated-origin history, in Greek historia. Known in English history, French historie storia Italian, German Geschichte, which means that the case, and the Dutch are known gescheiedenis. look at the linguistic meaning of the various languages in the above can be affirmed that the sense of history regarding the time and events. It is therefore a matter of time is important in understanding the events, historians tend to overcome this problem by making periodization.

Historical records

Historians information about the past from a variety of sources, such as written or printed records, currencies or other historical objects, buildings and monuments, as well as from interviews (which is often referred to as "the history of storytelling", or oral history in English). For modern history, the main sources of historical information are: photographs, moving images (eg, movies), audio, and video footage. Not all of these resources can be used for historical research, because it depends on periodeyang want investigated or studied. Historical research also relies on historiography, or historical perspective, which is different from one another.

There are many reasons why people save and preserve historical records, including: administrative reasons (eg, census purposes, tax records, and records of trade), political reasons (to give praise or criticism on the country's leaders, politicians, or important people), religious reasons, the arts, sports achievement (eg Olympic record), note descent (genealogy), personal records (eg correspondence), and entertainment.

But in the writing of history, these resources need to be sorted out. This method is called by critics the source. Source criticism divided into two kinds, namely external and internal. External criticism is criticism that the first time should be done by the historian when he wrote his work, especially if the source is a matter of history. Namely by looking validisasi physical form of the work, ranging from the shape, color and anything that can be seen physically. Moderate internal criticism is criticism that seen from the contents of the source, whether justifiable or not.

Methods of historical study

Leading historical experts who helped develop the historical study methods include: Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Rudolf Geoffrey Elton, G. M. Trevelyan, and A. J. P. Taylor. In the 1960s, historians began to leave the historical narrative that is both epic nationalistic, and chose to use a more realistic chronological narrative.

The historian of the French introduced the method of quantitative history. This method uses a large amount of data and information to trace the lives of people in history. Historians of America, especially those inspired era and the civil rights movement, trying to better engage ethnic groups, ethnic, racial, and social and economic groups in the study of history.

Learning from history

History of science is a topic that is very interesting. Not only that, history also teaches things that are very important, especially regarding: the success and failure of our leaders, economic system ever, other forms of government, and other important things in human life throughout history. Of history, we can learn just about anything that affects the progress and fall of a nation or a civilization. We can also study the background of political activity reason, the influence of social philosophy, and cultural viewpoints and diverse technologies, throughout the ages.

One of the most famous quotes about the importance of our history and learn about the history written by a philosopher from Spain, George Santayana. He said: "Those who do not know his past, are condemned to repeat it." German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel argues in his thinking about history: "It is taught by history and experience: that people and governments have never learned anything from history or principles derived from it." This sentence is repeated by the statesmen of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, said: "The only thing we learn from history is that we do not really learn from him."

Another view states that the history is so large that the power may not be changed by human effort. Alternatively, although there may be able to change the course of history, the people in power are usually too bothered by the problem itself so fails to see the overall picture.

There is still another view which states that history is never repeated, because each is a unique event in history. In this case, there are many factors that cause the occurrence of an event history, not all of these factors may emerge and over again. Thus, existing knowledge about an event in the past can not be perfectly applied to events in the present. But many consider that this view is not entirely true, because the lessons of history remain and must be taken of every event in history. If a general conclusion can be drawn from this incident carefully, then this conclusion may be an important lesson. Eg: natural disaster emergency response performance can be improved constantly and although every natural disaster is, by itself, unique.

History Chair

Seat is one of the oldest and major furnishings in the community. New chair is commonly used in the seventeenth century. Prior to the chair, people usually use a wooden crate or large pieces of wood as a seat. These objects are very large and heavy so it is difficult to be moved. Therefore, people began to think of making a body more efficient and ultimately created the chair.

At the time it was found, the chair is a symbol of power and dignity. For example in the Ancient Egypt (3110-1070 BC). Chair for the king made of Mahak, whether it's ebony, ivory, or gold-plated wood, carved or painted brightly, then wrapped in expensive cloth or animal skin. Seats are usually similar toe foot beast, complete with claws or nails.

Similar to Egypt, in ancient Greek society, (110-400 BC), seat determines the owner's social status. However, the nation had a chance to find a seat models 'klysmos' the chair without the typical hand-shaped, two front legs curved like the letter C gaping forward, reverse two hind legs like the letters C facing backwards. Curved back support and the stand was made of rope. The back seats popular in the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Different again with the ancient Romans (700-400 BC), although many imitate Greek style, they have their own characteristics with more use of bronze and silver. The Romans succeeded in developing a curule stools that are frequently occupied the bench of judges. Curule usually of wood combined with ivory or metal casted. Model curule survived until the Middle Ages (400-1300 AD). Then followed with a chair with ottoman, side panels high, or canopy of damask or velvet fabric. Canopy panels and wind it as an antidote.

In Japan, India, and China-especially in the Han Dynasty (202-200 BC) - has generated oriental furniture of high artistic value. Skilled Chinese artisans connect between sections without nails or pegs, and rarely use glue. The trick, at the ends of the connection carved with highly skilled, so get in one another.

In the European Middle Ages skills in making furniture had fallen sharply. Upholstery fabric usually of wool, embroidered fabrics, rugs or material. 19 century, chair reflects the rapid development of technology. 1928 Samuel Pratt patented the first homemade seat using wire springs of iron or steel which eventually applied to the lounge chairs to be more comfortable. In the twentieth century, a new material known as plastic for the seat. Plastic is very flexible for everything.

History of Rubber

Rubber history began when Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1476. that time, Columbus was amazed to see the Indians play ball with the use of a material that can rebound when dropped to the ground. The ball is made of a mixture of roots, wood, and grass mixed with a material (latex) and then heated above the bed and rounded like a ball.

In 1731, scientists got interested to investigate these materials. an expert from France named Fresnau reported that many plants that can produce latex or rubber, of a kind Havea brasilienss them growing in the Amazon jungle in Brazil. Currently these plants become the main rubber-producing plants, and has been cultivated in Southeast Asia which became the main rubber producer in the world today.

A chemist of Iggris in 1770 reported that, the rubber used to erase the pencil writing from. since 1775 began to be used as a rubber eraser pencil marks, and be chewing it in the UK is called by the name Rubber (from word to rub, which means deleting), previously used breadcrumbs to erase the pencil marks. Basically, given the scientific name for elastic objects (like rubber) is an elastomer, but the title was rubber-more popular among the general public.

Rubber goods that are produced when it has always been stiff in winter and sticky in the summer, until a man named Charles Goodyear who conducted research in 1838 found that, with sulfur and heated dicampurkannya keret then it becomes elastic and no longer affected by the weather. Most scientists agree to establish as an inventor Charles Goodyear vulcanization process. The discovery of the vulcanization process eventually be called the beginning of the development of the rubber industry.

At the time of the Japanese occupation in Southeast Asia in WWII, supplies of natural rubber in the country to be a critical ally and is expected to run out within a few months. The U.S. government encourages research and production to produce synthetic rubber to meet urgent needs. This huge effort to fruition in a short time and continues to grow after WWII ended in 1945. Within a period of 3 years after the end of WWII, a third of the world dikonsumsioleh yag rubber is synthetic rubber. In 1983, nearly 4 million tons of natural rubber is consumed by the world, by contrast, synthetic rubber used has exceeded 8 million tons and growing until now.

History Of Wheels

History Discovery Wheel (Wheel's History of Invention) Ivan Taniputera May 3, 2012 which is considered the inventor of the Nation is the nation's wheels Elam who lived in Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates valley). Considered as such, because the sculptures they created is the oldest depiction of the wheel. Although there is a possibility that the wheel is older than the nation of Elam, but it must be coming from the area around the place of their residence. Why is that? Because the wheel is not found in other regions of the world, except in the nations where ever coming into contact directly or indirectly with the Tigris Valley culture - Euphrates [1]. Kish also in Mesopotamia, found 5,000-year-old wheels. So we may conclude that the wheel was found in the Mesopotamia region.

Perhaps the idea of ??reinventing the wheels came from wooden rollers placed at the bottom of the board to make it easier to place the burden of moving. So the burden was rolled upon the rolls, and after that rolnya moved forward, and so on. Thanks to the use of the wooden rollers, cow age tractor can load longer. Wooden rollers which serves as the hoop likely the forerunner of wheels. Subsequent developments are entirely conjectural. Neither the board nor the load carrying wooden roller will both wear out after repeated use. The result is the notch on wooden rollers. In the meantime, this is a good thing, because it will prevent the wood roller slips out of the board where the load. However, if the wear and tear it gets in the form of the notch, then the middle between the two notches will rub against the board where the load. As a result, the movement becomes smooth.

People and find a way, how so this does not happen. They then make that the center of the roller to be smaller than the edges. Be two wheels connected by a shaft to be one with him. However, because both are fused with its axis, the wheels are forced to move with the same speed, so it can not turn easily. Mankind is not fond despair, and they were looking for another reason. Created with a fixed pivot each wheel spinning him. Thus, both of them can spin at different speeds. This makes it easy to turn. That was the forerunner of the wheel as it is now. Wheel then spread to various places. Ancestors of Europeans, most of Asia, and several African nations have known the wheel for several thousand years. But other nations are new to the wheel before modern times. For example, the Egyptians have known that using a chariot wheel. In the tombs of the kings of Egypt can be found the remains of chariots, which would use the wheel. Thanks to an advanced chariots, the Assyrians under Sennacherib (approximately 720 BC) managed to develop their vast empire. [1] See Wheels: A Pictorial History, page 9. SOURCE: Tunis, Edwin. Wheels: A Pictorial History, The World Publishing Company, 1954.

History of sugar

Sugar is a new food popular in the middle ages. Sugar is virtually unknown in the classical civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome. The Greeks (who have the most to all of it) does not even have a word for sugar. Arabs who had made the sugar as a popular commodity in the world, which has now become a staple of all nations, with global production exceeding 120 million tons per year.

During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution, Arab entrepreneurs adopted the techniques of sugar production from India and then refine and transform the sugar into a large-scale industry. Arabs set up factories and sugar plantations of the first and distribute to Europe and Africa. The word "sugar" in English comes from the Arabic word "Sukkar", which is derived from the Sanskrit word "sharkara". Sugar translations in several languages ?? have the same etymology, for example, "azucar" in Spanish, "sucre" in France, "zucker" in German, and "Seker" in Turkey.

Chemicals that are not natural

So formidable sugar permeates our lives, most of us do not realize that sugar is an unnatural chemicals. Nothing like sugar crystals in nature. Is the result of refining sugar (refined) sugar cane or beet juice after all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, enzymes and other beneficial nutrients removed. As a result, the sugar does not contain a variety of nutrients and fiber found in other, more complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Excess sugar is converted into fat by the body. According to the American Heart Foundation, "sugars contribute zero nutrients, but it adds a lot of calories which can lead to extra weight, or even obese, thereby reducing heart health." Sugar can also cause dental problems. Sugar residues in the teeth that are not properly brushed naturally encourage the proliferation of bacteria that produce acid, so it is easy dental cavities. Furthermore, according to some experts, the sugar slowly cause damage to the pancreas, adrenal glands and disrupt the entire endocrine system. Sugar causes large fluctuations in blood glucose.

Therefore, nutrition experts always recommend that mengsonsumsi not excessive sugar. Unfortunately, this suggestion does not seem much ignored. Indonesia's per capita consumption of sugar now reached 12 kg per year, the trend continues to rise. Per capita means every man, woman, child and infant Indonesia average consume 1 kg of sugar a month. Most people consume far above average, others below average.

Many people are addicted to sugar so eat sugar than they need. Most people also do not underestimate the intake of sugar. In fact, each 1 gram of sugar contains 4 calories. 20 grams of sugar loaf will instantly add 80 calories to your body. In fact, without us knowing our babies are also taught to addicted to sugar. According to a study by the University of Calgary, more than half of all food products targeted to toddlers and infants in Canada have too many calories from sugar. There has been no similar studies in Indonesia, but the likely outcome is not much different.

Recommended consumption

According to the American Heart Foundation, women should not consume more than 100 calories of added sugar per day and men 150 calories per day. That is, no more than 25 grams per day for women and 37.5 grams for men. The amount is already included sugar in drinks, food, snacks, sweets, chocolates and all that you consume that day.

Historical eruption of Mount Krakatau in Indonesia

Krakatoa is a volcano is still active and located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. This volcano has erupted on August 26, 1883. Very powerful eruptions and resulting tsunami killed about 36,000 people. Until December 26, 2004, this is the terdahsyat tsunami. Krakatau eruption voice to be heard in Alice Springs, Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Africa, 4653 miles. Yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.

But the explosion that occurred around 416 AD It was destroyed three-quarters of the body mounts and leaves three big islands, namely Sertung Island, Rakata Island, and Long Island, as well as a third caldera in the center of the island. before 1883 came the two mountain chains and mountain named Mount Danan lam deeds which then gradually united with rakata Island and commonly referred to as Mount Krakatoa alone.

In 1880, the so-called period of strombolian, volcanic activity lasted for several months, and Mount Deeds active lava issued. After that period, there is no volcanic activity until eventually emerge will mark the eruption in May 1883.

Then on August 27, 1883 Mount Krakatoa erupted. According to historical records, which until now has always promoted the ranks of Lampung tourism, Mount Krakatoa erupted very powerful, earth-shattering. bursts of lava and ash reached an altitude of 80 km. While the ash around the earth for several years. emergency visits North America and Europe, as it appears in blue in the sun and the moon appears orange (orange).

This eruption produced great dust that can penetrate up to 90 km distance. The eruption also impacted the ocean waves up to 40 m vertically and has killed around 36,000 people in 165 villages in both South Lampung or the west of West Java. And because it has eliminated the eruption of Mount Danan and deeds from the earth and leaving the three islands of Long Island, Sertung Island, and a large and sebuahkaldera Rakata Island located in the middle third of the island with a diameter of 7 km.

Forty years later the birth of new wonders. Around 1927 fishermen who go to sea in the middle of the Sunda Strait suddenly surprised. Black smoke at sea level immediately poking among three islands, namely in the former caldera eruption was so terrible before. Then on the 29th december 1929 a crater wall appears to the sea surface as well as the source of the eruption. Only two years after the mystery cloud of smoke in the sea, and then came the strange object. "Faces" that monstrosity original increasingly apparent and it turns out that the latter is called Mount Anak Krakatau.

But the mystery of Mount Anak Krakatau not stop there. This mountain is unique, because it is always adding mountain altitude of about one inch per day. Mount Anak Krakatau that originally only a few meters away, now can reach 230 meters above sea level, and since the advent in 1927. This mountain has erupted recorded about 16 times since December 1927 until August 1930 and 43 times since 1931 to 1960 and 13 times since 1961-the year 2000.

History of Indonesian Currency

2 November 1949 is the date of the enactment of the rupiah as the official currency of the Indonesian rupiah and printed as well as its use is set by Bank Indonesia. Although at that time the Riau Islands and West Irian rupiah has their own variation, but their use was disbanded in 1964 in 1974 in Riau and West Irian.

Indonesian money. Government deems it necessary issuing its own currency in addition to functioning as legal tender is also used as the main symbol of which is an independent state. Word "dollars" is derived from the words "rupees", the currency of India. Indonesia has been using the currency of the Dutch Gulden 1610 to 1817. After 1817, the currency was introduced Gulden Netherlands Indies.

Rupiah currency was first introduced officially at the time of Japanese occupation during World War 2, with the name of the Dutch East Indies dollars. After the end of the war, the Bank of Java (Javaans Bank, later to become Bank Indonesia) introduced the Java rupiah currency as a substitute. NICA gulden currency created by the Allies and a collection of printed currency guerrilla also apply at that time. Rupiah is the currency that may be exchanged for free, but traded with the penalty due to the high levels of inflation. New Currency in the history of money and function of money as well as the types of manufacturing was experiencing a lot of stories and a long history in the country of Indonesia

Economic situation in Indonesia at the beginning of independence was marked by hyperinflation caused by the circulation of a currency that is not controlled, while the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not have a currency. There are three currencies were declared valid by the government of the Republic of Indonesia on October 1, 1945, the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies, and currency De Javasche Bank.

Among the three currencies that exchange rate experienced a sharp decline is Japan's currency. Its circulation reached four billion so that the Japanese currency is the source of hyperinflation. Society who suffer most are farmers, because they are the most widely store the Japanese currency.

Economic chaos caused by the hyperinflation exacerbated by policies AFNEI Commander (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford is on March 6, 1946 announced the implementation of NICA currency in all parts of Indonesia that has been occupied by troops AFNEI. This policy was protested loudly by the government of the Republic of Indonesia, for violating the agreement that each party shall not issue a new currency for the absence of a political settlement. But the protest was ignored by AFNEI. NICA AFNEI currency used to finance military operations in Indonesia and also disrupt the national economy, so it would appear people's confidence crisis on the ability of the Indonesian government to address national economic problems. Because the protest is not addressed, then the government of the Republic of Indonesia issued a policy that banned all Indonesian people using NICA currency as a medium of exchange. This step is very important because NICA currency in circulation outside the control of the government of Indonesia, making it difficult for national economic recovery.

Therefore AFNEI not revoke the application of the NICA currency, then on October 26, 1946 the Indonesian government imposed a new currency ORI (Oeang Republic of Indonesia) as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Since that time the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies and De Javasche Bank currency is no longer valid. Thus there are only two currencies in force the ORI and NICA. Each of these currencies is only recognized by the issuing. So ORI is only recognized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the only currency recognized by AFNEI NICA. The people turned out to give more support to the ORI. This has political implications that more people siding with the government of the Republic of Indonesia of the interim government that is supported AFNEI NICA.

To set the exchange rate with a foreign currency ORI in Indonesia, the government of the Republic of Indonesia on November 1, 1946 to change the leadership of the Foundation Center Margono Djojohadikusomo Bank to Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A few months earlier the government has also changed the Japanese occupation government bank Shomin Ginko to Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Tyokin Me a Post Office Savings (KTP), which changed its name in June 1949 a Post Bank savings and finally in 1950 to the State Savings Bank ( BTN). All this serves as a bank commercial bank which is run by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Its main function is to collect and distribute funds or public money as well as service providers in the payment traffic.

Long before the arrival of the western nations, the archipelago has been the center of international trade. While in mainland Europe appears simple banking institutions, such as Bank van Leening in the Netherlands. The banking system was then taken by a western nation that expands the archipelago at the same time. VOC in Java in 1746 founded the Bank van De Leening which later became De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening in 1752. The bank is the first bank that was born in the archipelago, the precursor of the banking sector in the future. On January 24, 1828, the Dutch established the circulation by the name of De Javasche Bank (DJB). Over the decades, the bank operated and developed by an Exclusive Right of the ruler of the Netherlands, DJB Wet enacted until 1922.

During the Japanese occupation has stopped DJB and Dutch banking for a while. Then the revolution came, the Dutch East Indies experiencing duality of power, between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Banking was divided into two, DJB and Dutch banks in the region whereas NICA "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" and Bank Negara Indonesia in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 ended the conflict Indonesia and the Netherlands, then DJB defined as the central bank for the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). This status continued to survive until the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Next as a sovereign nation, the Republic of Indonesia nationalized central bank. So since July 1, 1953 DJB transformed into Bank Indonesia, the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia. The Asian economic crisis of 1998 led to the exchange rate of the rupiah fell to 35% and the weakening rupiah economic situation in Indonesia is lowered.