History of World Water Day

World Water Day and often referred to as the World Day for Water is a day of celebration is intended to draw the attention of the world community ( international ) the importance of water for life and to protect water resources management in a sustainable manner . World Water Day is held every March 22. Also in 2011 . Warning the world of water or World Water Day held on March 22, 2011 all over the world , including in Indonesia .

History of World Water Day . Based on the history of World Water Day held triggered the first time when the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) or Earth Summit by the UN in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 .

At the UN General Assembly 47th which was held on December 22, 1992 , exit Resolution No. 147/1993 which establishes the implementation of a warning for World Water Day every March 22 and started first celebrated in 1993 .

The theme and logo of World Water Day . Each year World Water Day has its own theme and logo of the United Nations set . For example, in the past 2009 years the theme is " Shared Waters Shared Opportunities " which in - Indonesiakan be " Shared Water , Shared Opportunities " . Being on World Water Day 2010 theme is " Clean Water for a Healthy World " .

And now the World Water Day celebration in 2011 , the theme is " Water for Cities , Responding to the Urban Challenge " . This theme is translated in the theme of the national water into " Urban Water and challenge ". Interestingly , the official logo of World Water Day 2011 which was released by www.worldwaterday2011.org ( official website World Water Day 2011 ) were made in 40 different languages ​​. And it turns out one of these logos are made in Indonesian .

World Water Day - Word Water Day in 2011 . Of theme and logo is seen that the specific issue raised in the United Nations World Water Day in 2011 related to water in urban areas and a variety of problems , especially related to urbanization.

In Indonesia, he said water-rich country , it also can not be separated from the question of water . In cities , water issues have plagued every person . The availability of clean water is increasingly expensive and scarce and water pollution becomes a real problem , especially in big cities in Indonesia.

To that end , the World Water Day 2011 is supposed to be the first milestone of our consciousness that we need to take real action to save our water . Three things the most simple yet profound impact we can do is to start saving water , reducing water pollution , and rain water plant .

History of the Stone Age

Stone Age is a period when humans are the dominant tools made ​​of stone even though there are tools supporting human life is made ​​of wood or bamboo . But the tools are made ​​of wood or bone does not leave a mark at all . This is because these materials are not durable . In this age of the tools produced are still very rough ( simple ) just because subsistence only. Old stone age is expected to last approximately 600,000 years ago , during the Pleistocene ( diluvium ) . At the time of this paleolithikum , the tools they produce is still very rough .

Paleolithic or old stone age is called so because the tools manmade stone still roughly trimmed , honed or polished no . When viewed from the corner of his living this period is called period of hunting and gathering food simple level . Human support today is Pithecantropus Erectus , Homo Wajakensis , Meganthropus paleojavanicus and Homo Soloensis . These fossils are found along the river Bengawan Solo . They have a culture and Ngandong Pacitan . 

Culture Pacitan in 1935 , Von Koenigswald finding stone tools and axes handheld Pacitan area . How it works gripped by hand . The ax in the kingdom is still very rough manner . Experts call tool at the time by the name Paleolithikum chopper . This tool is found in the layer Sandpipers . Besides in Pacitan , the tools of this era found in the area Paleplithikum Progo and Gombong ( Central Java ) , Sukabumi ( West Java ) , and Lahat ( South Sumatra ) .

History of Toxins

Toxins has been known since the time of Ancient. Hunted animals die from poison arrows smeared. Too many events, people die from poisoning. Even in Indonesia, human rights activist Munir also believed to have died of poisoning. How history poison? In English, the poisons are called toxins. The word is derived from the Greek term 'toxicon' which refers to poison arrows.

The early history of the poison, as written in wikipedia, is closely associated with myths and beliefs. 2500 BC, the Sumerians worshiped a goddess known toxin called sugar. a Greek mythology, there are few references on poisons, among which are kosah about Medea, granddaughter of Helios (the sun god). Medea wanted to kill her stepson, Theseus with wine toxin. but, the effort was thwarted by Aegeus, Medea husband. The oldest writings about the toxins found in Egypt and dates to the years around 3000 BC and documents about the poisonous plant research conducted by Menes, the king of Egypt.

In the history of Greece, the poison has been used as a so-called death penalty Country or State Poison Poison. One of the philosophers who ever put to death in this way is a Socrates. During the reign of the Roman Empire, poisoning at dinner time, especially among the upper classes became commonplace. [5] This is one way to get rid of family members who are not favored, as he had done by the 246-year Nero. in BC, Chinese developed a ritual drama called Chou, in which there are 5 kinds of ritual burning poison.

Entering the Middle Ages, in the year 8 AD, the toxin developed because Arab chemists managed to convert arsenic into powder which is odorless and tasteless so the detection of the toxin was difficult diketahui.Di that time, toxins commonly traded in pharmacies and obtained by the public with easy. A variety of academic texts about the poison was also written by the monks, one of which is The Book of Venoms (1424) by Magister Santes de Ardonis which contains toxins that are known at that time, the mechanism works, and how to cure.

In the 14th century and 15, Italian chemists trying to make poison stronger than ever and it spread from Italy to Paris.Usaha to restrict the sale of poisons made by Louis XIV in 1662 which introduced a rule banning pharmacies for selling toxic compounds, except to buyers who had registered their destination. In 1836 and 1841, Marsh and separately Riensch successfully developed a method for detecting arsenic so many people who commit crimes, especially murder by poison eventually be arrested. In the 20th century, the poison began to study to be used as a weapon. Also encourage the growth of the field of toxicology berkembangan control systems and the spread of toxic compounds. Not only in the archipelago, the use of poison has been widely applied to many centuries ago for a variety of purposes. Detikhealth revealed, some motive or purpose of use of toxins in the past include:

1. Get rid of opponents

In the Roman Empire, poison often used to kill political opponents, business competitors, or those who are considered dangerous. Because of the rampant practice of this dirty, poison scourge of the Roman Empire. And finally a dictator Lucius Cornelius reformers felt it needed a legal first in the world on a poison called Lex Cornelia.

2. Capital punishment

The use of injectable toxins for executions was implemented in some countries. The Greeks were the first to introduce the poison as a form of capital punishment. Ironically, Socrates was a great philosopher who undergo this execution. Unlike the death penalty in the modern era, Socrates 'requested' drank poison to end his life.

3. Motif Asmara

Suicide drinking poison insects because love is no longer a surprise. It could be the culprit inspired by the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet. Two lovebirds under the age of dying by drinking poison because her love was blessed each family.

4. Ritual

Since the period of 246 years before Christ, the Chinese have preserved the ritual drama called Chou. This ritual consists 6 using feather ceremonial dances accompanied by burning 5 types of toxins, which poison cinnabar or mercury, or arsenic realger, green vitriol or copper sulfate, lodestone and other toxins are not known.

5. Not Strong Bear the Shame or Defeat

In recorded history, narrated Queen Cleopatra of Egypt end his life by reaching into a nest of snakes poisonous. Cleopatra is the lover of Julius Caesar, the Roman leader. After Caesar died, he had a relationship with one of the later Roman leader, Mark Anthony.

Cleopatra accompany Anthony in battle in Greece. Unfortunately Anthony Roman defeat and went home to his country and then commit suicide. The Queen is also home to Egypt and followed her lover to the afterlife.

History of Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the Triassic period until the end of the old lime many types of dinosaurs were already extinct ten thousand bird species living today have been classified as dinosaurs. In addition to the existence of fossilized feather impressions, Archaeopteryx was very similar to a small predatory dinosaurs. Compsognathus, since the research has identified theropod dinosaurs as the most likely direct ancestors of birds; most paleontologists today regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped in a biology class. Other close relatives of crocodiles dinosaurs survived until now .. Such as dinosaurs and birds, crocodiles are also members of Archosauria. group of reptiles that first appeared during the period of very old and dominate the middle of the Triassic period.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientists believe dinosaurs community as a cold-blooded animals are dumb and slow. However, many studies conducted since the 1970s (called the dinosaur renaissance) have supported the view that dinosaurs were active animals with high metabolic and diverse adaptations for social interaction. The resulting changes in the scientific understanding of dinosaurs gradually filtered into popular consciousness.

Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early nineteenth century, which is woven into the framework of dinosaurs poluler performances in museums around the world. Dinosaurs became popular world culture and continue. They became a topic in the best-selling books and films (most known Jurassic Park), and new discoveries are regularly expressed in the media. Dinosaurs first appeared around 225 million years ago in the Triassic Period. The animal was kept alive until the Jurassic Period and grown into a giant in the Cretaceous period. About 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth.

Dinosaurs in the Garden of Eden

Dino in Water. Eden Communications copyrighted. At the beginning of Creation, dinosaurs are not vicious or dangerous. When God finished making the animals, God says "it was good". If so what form? How different are the dinosaur skeletons were found killed by the Flood with the first dinosaurs were created by God? Unfortunately, no one knows what they look like humans or dinosaurs (or other animals) when God created time immemorial. Originally, dinosaurs must have been harmless - designed to please humans and beneficial to the world, like all other animals. When first created, all dinosaurs ate only plants and fruits.

Dinosaurs in the earth after the flood

leaf After the flood, dinosaurs and all other animals are made to be afraid of humans (Genesis 9:2). Animals stay away from people. They are no longer trusting and obedient. God probably did this to protect human and beast of the earth after the flood. Humans and dinosaurs live in separate areas - such as humans and wild animals at this time. Fossil bones, teeth and stomach contents of many dinosaurs were killed during the Flood have been found. So far, it shows that when the plant-eating dinosaurs and harmless - a few hundred years after mankind fell into sin. They may not be much different from an elephant or a giraffe.

Asteroid Killer Dinosaurs

Until now, astronomers have known more than 40 families of asteroids, fragments of a larger body, and calculate when the blast occurred. However, they have not managed to find an asteroid which is responsible for the great extinction.

Dinosaurs, large and small, once ruled the earth at least 120 million years to the Cretaceous period. Then they disappear within a few thousand years, according to fossil evidence, when the Tertiary period began about 65 million years ago. Disappearance of the dinosaurs was a mystery until 30 years ago, when Walter Alvarez, a geologist at the University of California-Berkeley, and his father, Luis, find the cause. They claimed an unidentified object from space hit the Earth and cause huge crater in the earth's crust in the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, and spread the pieces in the form of a rare element called iridium.

This theory is very controversial. But as time went on, began to gain support. Discovery of the so-called Chicxulub crater near the Yucatan Peninsula, plus the iridium and glassy shards thousands of kilometers around the crater, reinforce the idea.

Evidence supporting this theory increases with David Nesvorny and his discovery of the Southwest Research Institute in Bouklder, Colorado, United States. At the beginning of this year, they have identified a new group which they named Baptistina family, according to the name of the group was the largest asteroid, which has up to 40 kilometers. Dinosaur killer asteroid there is a possibility of missing members of this family, which is formed by the impact on the inside of the asteroid belt 160 million years ago.

Nesvorny team had calculated that the asteroid 10 kilometers it has collided with the earth. The asteroid is one of 300 that the original host rock fragments reach 170 kilometers. Other denominations likely hit Venus and is responsible for the formation of Tycho, the youngest craters on the moon. Baptistina composition is also compatible with the shards found in the earth. The scientists also calculated the possibility of another asteroid that hit the Earth is less than 10 percent. A recent study says mass collision in space 160 million years ago caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Asteroid impact caused debris flying through the solar system including a large blob that hit the Earth and then sweeping the dinosaurs. The team of researchers from the United States and the Republic believe other fragments hit the Moon, Venus and Mars, and the impact of the punch then creates holes.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Egyptian pyramids is the name for the pyramid located in Egypt, known as "the land of the pyramids". Pyramids in Egypt are generally used as the tomb of Ancient Egyptian kings known as pharaohs. However, for centuries the pyramid is often used as the target of looting and tomb robbers because the kings bring his wealth and all sorts of artifacts to in the afterlife, even given some sort of protection with curses to prevent it. So at the time of the ancient Egyptian kings next, the tombs of kings and nobles were placed in a hidden valley as well as the tomb of King Tutankhamun were found intact and complete.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Giant pyramids of Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world at this time, since the first is seen as mysterious and magnificent building by the people. However, despite how many years have passed, after scholars and experts using a large number of accurate research tools and sophisticated, still unknown, who actually has made a gigantic building that tall and majestic it? Derived from human intelligence and achievements Which can not be imagined in the building? As well as what makes the purpose of the building? And at that time he had a usefulness that how or what it means? Puzzles that kept turning in the minds of all people for thousands of years, from the beginning to the end is a mystery that can not be explained. Although historians say it was founded in 2000 over BC, but such an opinion can not even explain the uncertainties that are initiated by a large number of research findings.

Since the 6th century BC, Egypt was the royal escape Poshi, who lost his position after standing more than 2,000 years, receiving power from outside the kingdom of Greece, Rome, the Islamic kingdom and the power of other nations. During that time a large number of famous works of Pharaoh destroyed, literacy and religious beliefs of the Egyptians themselves were gradually replaced by other cultures, so that the culture of ancient Egypt to be receding and destroyed, generations later also lost a large number of relics that can decipher clues left by the predecessor.

The year 450 BC, after a Greek historian around and arrived in Egypt, append word: Cheops, (Khufu Greek alphabet), supposedly said, was destroyed after 50 years. To some extent the Greek historians use the phrase "people said," meaning that the truth needs to be proven again. However, since the opinion of the Greek historians quote generations later even became as important evidence that the pyramids were founded in the 4th dynasty.

In Egypt, there are so many pyramids of various sizes, the standard is not only much smaller, the structure was rough. Pyramid of which the kingdom was established in the 5th and 6th, many of which have been damaged and destroyed, a pile of debris, such as the pyramid of King Menkaure as shown. Then, the great pyramid was built during the early, in a devastating earthquake in the 13th century, where most stone walled outer door had been destroyed, but because the inside of the wall is supported by a buffer, so that the whole structure is still very strong. Therefore, when building a giant pyramid, not just simply arrange 3 million stones into a cone shape, if there are flaws in the design of this particular construction, partially damaged, it can lead to completely collapse due to the weight supported.

After all, how is the project of building a giant pyramid was done, remains a topic that makes dizzy scholars. In addition to considering the large number of stone and labor required, the most important factor is the culmination of the pyramid should be in the field of elementary right at the midpoint of the 4 corners. Because if all 4 corners slightly tilted and distorted, then when closing the cusp may not converge at one point, meaning the building project has failed. Therefore, is a very important point, how is putting some 2.3 million -2.6 million pieces every stone boulder weighing 2.5 tons from ground level to as high as more than a hundred feet in the air and installed from start to finish on the right position.

Master Li Hongzhi in his talk at the 2002 North American circumference also never mentioned that possibility. "People can not understand how the pyramids were made. Stones were so big how humans transported? Some of giants whose height is five feet carrying something, it's the humans now move a big rock is the same. To build the pyramid, five meter high human just like we are now building a big building. "

Thought so inevitably makes us imagine, that the giant pyramid and a large number of stone buildings of ancient mammoth found in various parts of the world have the same doubt bring to everyone: big tall and stately, formed by using a very large stone structure, even drafting very perfect. Like for example, in the northern suburb of Mexico there Sacsahuaman Castle drawn by giant stone that weighs more than 100 tons, of which there is a giant rock that reaches 28 feet high, weighing up to 360 tons estimated (equivalent to 500 family cars). And in the plains west of England there is a giant rock formation, surrounded by dozens of giant rocks and formed a large circle, in between some rocks high as 6 meters. Actually, a bunch of people that how they are? Why always use a giant rock, and do not use stones whose size is within the range of our ability to build?

Sphinx, lion-faced man who is also an important object of research scientists, 20 meters high, 73 meters overall length, is considered established by the work of the Pharaoh Khafre 4th. However, the former being eaten by rust (erosion) on the surface of the body of the Sphinx, scientists estimate that the period of manufacture may be earlier, at least 10 thousand years ago before Christ.

Mathematician Swalle Rubich show: in the year 11,000 BC, Egyptians must have had a great culture. At that time the Sphinx was there, because the body of the lion-faced man, in addition to the head, obviously no trace of erosion. Our estimate is on a devastating flood in 11,000 BC and successive heavy rains and erosion resulted in the former.

Washeth and Robert S. also shows: technology of the ancient Egyptians could not possibly carve out such a large scale at the top of a giant rock, intricate technique art product.

If the observed overall, we can logically conclude, that in ancient times, in the land of Egypt, there was a highly developed culture, but because of the earth's plates shift, land submerged rock in the ocean, and a very ancient culture at that time finally removed, leaving the pyramids and the Sphinx with a perfect building technology.

Human-headed lion Sphinx statue is believed to be the head of Cheops. Has a length of 3 meters and 20 meters high. Symbolizes the character of dashing like a lion and gentle like a human personality.

Neighboring sphinx near the giant pyramid looks very ancient. Scientists confirm that of the body, such as irrigation channels and water eroded, he had experienced most humid weather, therefore estimates that he is very likely to have existed prior to 10 thousand years ago.

History of World Trade Law

Trade Law is the laws that govern human behavior are participating in the trade for a profit. or laws that govern the legal relationship between the human and legal bodies to each other in the field of trade. Commercial law system in broad terms divided by 2 is written and unwritten rules of trade. Basically trade law and civil law are two inter-related laws. This can be evidenced in Article 1 and Article 15 of the Civil List.

History of Commercial Law

Since medieval Europe (1000/1500) that occurred in the state and cities in Europe and at the time it was in Italian and southern French cities have been born as a trading center (Genoa, Florence, vennetia, Marseille, Barcelona and Countries other). but at the time of Roman law (corpus straight civilis) can not solve the matters of trade, the new law made in addition to an independent Roman law in the 16th century is called the law merchant (koopmansrecht). Due to the rapid increase of trade relations in the 17th-century codification of the law of trademarks held by finance ministers of the king Louis XIV (1613-1715) ie Corbert regulations (ORDONNANCE DU COMMERCE) 1673. And in the year 1681 prepared ORDONNANCE DE LA MARINE governing tenteng sovereignty.

And in 1807 in France created its own commercial law from civil law there is (CODE DE COMMERCE), composed of ordonnance du commerce (1673) and ordonnance de la marine (1838). At that time Nederlands wants a separate commercial law that is KUHD Dutch, and in 1819 the KUHD drencanakan have 3 books and do not know the special court. and in 1838 finally passes. Netherlands based on the principle of concordance KUHD KUHD 1838 dutch an example for  KUHD in Indonesia in 1848. and at the end of the 19th century Prof. molengraaff designing bankruptcy law as a book III in KUHD Nederlands be a stand-alone Act (1893 applicable 1896). KUHD Indonesia, and until now has two books, namely, concerning trade in general and about the rights and obligations of the order of the cruise.

Commercial Indonesia mainly derived from:

1) The law codified written:

a. Book Trade Justice Act (Commercial code) or Wetboek van Koophandel Indonesia (WvK)

b. Book of the Civil Law Act (KUHS) or Burgerlijk Wetboek Indonesia (BW)

2) written law that has not been codified,

the specific regulations governing matters relating to trade (CST Kansil, 1985: 7).

The nature of commercial law which is binding agreement the parties entered into the agreement.

At first berinduk commercial law in civil law. However, over time seirinbg codify commercial law (collecting) the rules of law that created the Book Trade Justice Act (Commercial code) which now has a stand alone or apart from the Code of Civil Code (Civil Code).

Prof. Subekti found beside KUHD KUHS presence is now considered out of place. Hali is because the law of trade relative to the civil law. Other than that "trade" is not an understanding of the law but an understanding of the economy. The division of civil law in the Commercial code was based on history, that is because of the pre-eminent Roman law regulations as currently contained dalah KUHD, for developing new inter-state trade in the Middle Ages.

Codification of Civil Law and Commercial Law

In Indonesia, on the basis of the principle korkondansi (Article 131), shall apply the BW and WVK in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies announced the publication date 31 April 1847, 5 in 1843 23). In Indonesia dualisma never apply the law in European law and customary law. This is what should be sought as one national law which sistemhukum Indonesia to achieve legal unity TSB, Indonesia took a long time, especially in the field / in the field of civil law. Where still valid brbagai variety of civil law, namely:

1. Civil law for citizens who use the Civil Code (BW).

2. Civil law for the citizens who use the customary law.

Usakan to unite civil law for all the people of Indonesia is running very slow.

UNDERSTANDING THE MERCHANTS AND DEEDS BY LAW commerce

According to Article 2 of the old KUHD that:

• Traders are those who commit acts of commerce as the work day
• The act of commerce under section 3 of the old Commercial code is perbuaan commerce in general is the act of purchasing goods for sale again.

Goods are goods moving under the law, except section 3 long KUHD trade act also stipulated in Article 4 that includes several other acts within the meaning of the act of commerce, among others:

1. Company police
2. Commerce notes and letters
3. Merchants, bankers, and brokers cashier
4. Construction / repair and equipment onboard the ship for the purpose.
5. Expedition and transporting goods.
6. Sale and purchase of equipment and vessels purposes
7. Carter charter boats which are agreements on sea trade.
8. Agreement with labor relations and child Nakoda ship to ship interests.
9. Intermediary or broker sea.
10. Insurance companies.

History of April Fool's Day

April 1 is known as April Fools Day in Indonesia as an April Fool's familiar. How history? April Fools 'Day, known as April Fools' Day in English, is celebrated annually on 1 April each year. On this day, people may be lying or giving jokes to others without being considered guilty. This day is marked by deceit-deceitful and other jokes on friends and neighbors, with the aim to embarrass them-they are easily duped. In some countries, the jokes only be done before noon. This day is also commemorated on the internet a lot.

If you hear this cry on the 1st of April, meaning there's one more person fooled! On this day people believe that legitimate deceive others. For example, calling people to come to work even though it was his day off or change the content of salt or sugar bowl with one hour advance so that he was present at an event earlier and many other classic jokes.

The mass media also often play a joke on which by some is considered obligatory to lie. According snopes2.com, Jokes successfully managed to spread a radio station in Canada, which broadcast that the Royal Canadian Mint, scoring two-dollar coins made of pure gold. listeners find their loose change in a collection. Until pegel hand guns also will meet.

One of the successful prank that broadcast media is ever reported by Panorama, British BBC TV show in 1957. Announcer said spring came early this year, thus harvest rose Italian spaghetti or noodles ready earlier. The report is accompanied by a video that describes women farmers were harvesting spaghetti from trees. Shortly after the broadcast, the BBC flooded with phone calls asking where exactly the event that harvest and where they could buy spaghetti trees! Heh ... what next? Trees fried rice?

April Fools Day is celebrated allegedly began in the 16th century in France,. According to the USIS website before beginning the new year falls on 1st April. How to celebrate like the present, with parties, dances dance until morning. Years later in 1562, Pope Gregory introduced a new calendar year begins in January. But there are some people who have not heard or did not believe in this change. So they continued to celebrate the new year on April 1. people is called April Fools or literally means people deceived in April.

Another theory that appeared in The Washington Post says the tradition began in ancient Roman times, when people celebrate the festival of Ceres early April. Ceres is the goddess of harvest who had his daughter kidnapped Pluto, god of the unseen world. Ceres is told to follow the echo of his screams, it is impossible, because the echo is very difficult to find the source of origin. So Ceres is said to carry "a fools Errand" or a fool's errand.

Habit of lying to friends and family members, allegedly spread from France, to England and Scotland, and the time of the emigration to America to the Europeans there. In France, called Poisson d'Avril or April Fish. They believe it's easy to get caught small fish. Scotland gowk April term, which means that there doves symbolize innocence. There, April Fools Day actually celebrated for two days. The second day specifically to tease limb and called Taily Day. Oke2 wrote that you stick to the words "Kick Me" on the butt of your friend. Another in the UK, if you cheated and called April noddie. In Indonesia, popularly known as April Fools. In Dutch mop mean prank. There is a full day of conclusion about this joke, quoting the famous writer Mark Twain: The first day of April is the day we remember what we are the other 364 days of the year.

History of Mother's Day in Indonesia

History of Mother's Day begins with a meeting of the warrior women hold first Indonesian Women Congress on 22 to 25 December 1928 in Yogyakarta, in the building which became known as Mandalabhakti Wanitatama in Jalan Adisucipto. Attended by about 30 women's organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. Results from one congress to form the Women's Congress is now known as the Congress of Indonesian Women (Kowani). Women's organization itself has existed since 1912, inspired by the struggle of the heroine of the 19th century such as M. Christina Tiahahu, Dien His Cut, Cut Mutiah, R.A. Kartini, Walanda Maramis Dewi Sartika, Nyai Achmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said Rangkayo and others.

The event is considered as one of the important milestones of the history of the struggle of Indonesian women. Leaders of women's organizations from various parts of the archipelago as unifying the mind and spirit come together to fight for independence and improvement of women's lot. Various issues when it is thought to work on union women archipelago; inclusion of women in the struggle against independence, inclusion of women in various aspects of nation building; trafficking of children and women; improvement of nutrition and health for mothers and infants; early marriage for women , and so on. Without fanfare colored gender equality, women's fighters do critical thinking and various efforts are very important for the progress of the nation.

Determination dated December 22 as the celebration of Mother's Day was decided in the third Indonesian Women Congress in 1938. 25-year anniversary in 1953 Mother's Day is celebrated festive in no less than 85 cities in Indonesia, ranging from Meulaboh to Ternate. President Sukarno set by Presidential Decree. 316 of 1959 that December 22 is Mother's Day and is celebrated nationally until now.

Mission Mother's Day was originally more to commemorate the spirit and the struggle of women in order to improve the quality of this nation. From there also reflected the spirit of women from different backgrounds to come together and work together. In Solo, for example, 25 years Mother's Day is celebrated by making a charitable market which result Labour Welfare Foundation to fund scholarships for women and girls. At that time Mother's Day Solo committee also held a rally which passed a resolution asking the government to control prices, especially staple food ingredients. In the 1950s, Mother's Day commemoration took the form of a march and rally to voice women's interests directly.

An important moment for the women is the first time a woman is Maria Ulfah minister in 1950. Before independence the Congress Women are involved in the international movement and the struggle for independence itself. Kowani 1973 became a full member of the International Council of Women (ICW). ICW serves as a consultative council of the category of the United Nations.

Today, Mother's Day commemorated in Indonesia to express love and gratitude to the mother, praised the mother-to-late mothers. Various activities at the memorial is a special gift, flower editing, a surprise party for mothers, various cooking competitions and berkebaya, or free the mother from the burden of day-to-day domestic activities.

History of Short Stories

Short stories found in the world's oldest palm leaf sheet is estimated dituis around the year 3000 BC. In addition it was also found that flash at the tombstones of old graves in Egypt. In Greece, the classic short story in the form of a fable is a story that the perpetrator of the humanized animals. This fable began circulating in the community about 500 BC but only neatly written in the second century. In the eighth century, was born the classic verbal serial short story of 1001 Nights. Themed Romanesque classic short story was first published in book form in 1704 in France.

Modern short stories emerged as their own genre in the early 19th century. Early examples of the short story collection includes tales Brothers Grimm (1824-1826), Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (1831-1832) works of Nikolai Gogol, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1836), and the works of Edgar Allan Poe Twice Told Tales (1842) by Nathaniel Hawthorne. At the end of the 19th century, the growth of magazines and journals give birth to a strong market demand for short fiction between 3,000 and 15,000 words in length. Among the well-known short stories that appeared in this period is "No Room. 6" by Anton Chekhov.

In the first half of the 20th century, a number of leading magazines such as The Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's, and The Saturday Evening Post, all published short stories in each publication. Demand for short stories so great quality, and paid for the stories were so high that F. Scott Fitzgerald repeatedly turned to short story writing to pay his numerous debts.

Demand for short stories by the magazine reached its peak in the mid-20th century, when in 1952 Life magazine published Ernest Hemingway's long short story long (or novella) Old Man and the Sea. The issue containing this story sold 5,300,000 copies in just two days. Since then, the number of commercial magazines that publish short stories have been reduced, although some famous magazines like The New Yorker continues to load. Literary magazines also provide a place for short stories.

Since that's the short story and popularize modern short story was born. The work was published in various print media, especially the literary magazine. Short story evolved rapidly since the mid-nineteenth century, not only in Europe but also in the United States. Washington Irving (1783-1859), Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) and Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) was named as the father of the short story by critics the world.

In France, the birth stories spearheaded by Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893). Guy is also the father of the short story includes world. Guy who had studied at the seminary, known expert in arranging the plot written in a language that is very beautiful and gives the impression of softness. One short story titled The Neckale worldwide. The short stories collected in the book collection entitled Contes du jour et de la nuit (1885). In addition there are 11 other book of short stories, which were published only in a span of five years. Then he wrote the novel and the script drama.Ia very productive, in the midst of busy life in the political arena.

Anton Chekhov, the Russian writer, even a first author who wrote short stories are very short. Chekhov is known as a difficult writer emulate, except by Guy de Maupasssant. The greatness of the work lies in its short Chekov. But his most short was still intact, complete and beautiful. In addition, he also wrote novels, plays and film scripts. While touted as Edgar Allen Poe wrote a short story writer who is able to type well-made short-story is very beautiful and intact. Short story called The Cask of Amontillado extremely famed. Another with Washington Irving, the appeal lies in his short work of the theme that deemed capable of entertaining its readers. He raised social issues to be a short story spiced humor. The author diligently to study, especially the study of the history of Europe and America.

In Indonesia, the old Malay literature, the actual writing of this short story models have been initiated by Haji Ibrahim from the Sultanate Biting, Riau since 1865. However, when the genre is not got a meaningful response from the public especially literary circles, so it can not compete with the saga, poems and rhymes. Therefore, short stories are not experienced significant development. It was only when entering the 20th century, photographers began to progress very well that at the time of New Poet (1930) and developed rapidly since the time of independence. Short story writer figures in Indonesia, among others Sitor Situmorang, Abd Sani, Iwan Simatupang, Budi Darma, WS Rendra, Umar Kayam, Subagio Sastrowardoyo.

History of ASEAN

ASEAN was established in Bangkok on August 8, 1967 by five countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand through Bangkok Declaration. PERBARA (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) are more famous with ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a geo-political and economic organization of countries in Southeast Asia. This organization aims to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural development of its member countries, as well as promote peace in regional level. ASEAN gets new members on January 7, 1984, namely Brunei Darussalam, followed by Vietnam as ASEAN's new members are seventh on 28 July 1995 and up till now, is all the ASEAN member countries in Southeast Asia, except East Timor and Papua New Guinea.

Main principle of Asean

• Respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, national, and national identity of each country
• The right of every state to lead a national presence for free rather than interference, subversion or coercion outsiders
• Non-interference in domestic affairs of fellow members
• Settlement of differences or dispute peacefully
• Reject the use of deadly force
• Effective cooperation between member

ASEAN was founded by five countries initiators, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand in Bangkok through the Bangkok Declaration. The foreign minister Bangkok Declaration signatories at the time was Adam Malik (Indonesia), Narciso Ramos (Philippines), Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia), S. Rajaratnam (Singapore), and Thanat Khoman (Thailand).

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Bangkok Declaration contents are as follows:

• the growth accelerate economic, social progress and cultural development in Southeast Asia
• Promote peace and regional stability
• Improve cooperation and mutual assistance in the common interest in the economic, social, engineering, science, and administration
• Maintain close cooperation in the middle - the middle of regional and international organizations that exist
• Enhance cooperation to promote education, training, and research in Southeast Asia

Brunei Darussalam became the first ASEAN member countries beyond the five initiators. Brunei Darussalam became a member of ASEAN on January 7, 1984 (exactly a week after commemorate freedom). Eleven years later, ASEAN again accepting new members, namely Vietnam became the seventh member on July 28, 1995. Two years later, following the Laos and Myanmar joined the ASEAN, namely on July 23, 1997. Although Cambodia plan to join the ASEAN together with Myanmar and Laos, the plan had to be postponed because of the political problems in the country Cambodia. Even so, two years later, Cambodia finally became a member of ASEAN, namely on December 16, 1998.

History of the Tower of Pisa Italy

In Italy a lot of old buildings are amazing one of them is the pisa tower. The tower is so famous for building tilts up to 5 meters. Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or abbreviated Torre di Pisa) is the campanile or bell tower of a cathedral in the city of Pisa, Italy.

History of the Tower of Pisa (Leaning Tower of Pisa) Italy

Pisa history began about 180 years before Christ on the banks of the Arno River, about ten miles inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea. Known as Pisae, the city was part of the colony of the Roman Empire. In the year 1075, as well as elder statesmen of Pisa develop legal code known as "conseutudini in mare". These rules create a legal environment that allows the chamber of commerce from Pisa to grow and prosper. And in the 12th century city of Pisa became one of the richest cities in Europe which has enjoyed a series of military victories and had a magnitude of historical monuments to achievement. Pisa tower history written since 1172, when a wealthy widow named Berta Bernardo left a will in the form of 60 gold coins to be used as capital to buy the stone for the construction of a bell tower for the cathedral in the city center.

Construction began in August next year that it took over approximately 200 years to complete and eventually became one of the tower's architecture Paing admired around the world for the elegance of the trend slope is remarkable. It's a spectacular achievement for a cathedral bell tower. Although until now the original architect is still confusing and shrouded in mystery, but many people believe that the designer of the tower of Pisa attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a local artist who popularized the bronze mold in the Pisa Duomo.

At first tower of Pisa stands vertically like other towers in general, but the strangeness began to be detected 12 years later (1185). The first signs of the decline of the soil, which leads to the tendency for the tower and caused the slope to the north.

Construction re-started back in 1275 by Giovanni di Simone and finished the second half of the 14th century. With a circular design, it shows a small loggia with arches theme on the wall columns. On the inside of the Tower of Pisa are 294 steps, while at the top end with the cell tower diameter cylinder is lower than the center of the tower. And at the entrance of this section there is a statue of Madonna with child, which allegedly came from Andrea Guardi and now preserved in the Museum Opera Dome.

High tower of Pisa is 55.86 m from ground level and weight is estimated at 14,500 tons. Pisa tower so far lasted for eight centuries and procedures done to preserve the tower besieged by future generations. Because the tower is shifted further 1.2 millimeters each year. Moreover, when the cathedral collapsed in Pavia in 1989, killing four people, the Italian government finally did not allow the tourists to climb the tower of Pisa until now.

Since then the association committee of engineers and art historians began to try to prevent the collapse of the tower. Several proposals have been made such strange attach helium balloons to the north side. Although most of the committee's plan has not been completed, but they are sure that the appeal of Pisa will remain there for decades to come.

History and Mystery of Atlantis Continent

continent of Atlantis (the lost continent) apparently kept a mystery throughout history. The term, from the era to the present bahula tetep leaving a question mark for mankind. Here's journey throughout the history of the lost continent of Atlantis because of its civilization.

History and Mystery of Atlantis Continent

Plato, philosopher born in Greece (Greek philosopher) who lived 427-347 BCE (BCE) was a disciple of Socrates, wise philosophers, who then was poisoned to death by Athenian authorities dzolim in 399 BC. After the death of his teacher, Plato often adventurous, including his trip to Egypt. In 387 BC he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, a school of science and philosophy, which later became the model for today's modern university. The most famous pupil of the Academy was Aristotle whose teachings had a great influence on philosophy to this day.

For the sake of maintaining the value of the Academy, many works of Plato are saved. Most of his writing form letters and dialogues, most notably the Republic. Her writings cover subjects that spanned from sciences to the happiness, from politics to science. Two of the dialogue, Critias timaeous and load satu2nya an indigenous reference about atlantis island (the island of atlantis). Plato claimed that tens of thousands of years ago there was a variety of simultaneous volcanic eruptions, earthquakes pose, melting ice, and flooding. The incident resulted in most of the earth's surface to sink. That part is called or the lost continent of Atlantis.

Research conducted by Aryos Santos, asserted that Atlantis was what is now called Indonesia. After doing research for 30 years, he produced a book Atlantis, The Lost Continent Finally Found, The Definitifve Localization of Plato's Lost Civilization (2005). Santos featuring 33 comparisons, as an area, weather, natural resources, volcanoes, and agricultural practices, which ultimately concluded that Atlantis is Indonesia. Terasisasi system typical Indonesian rice fields, he said, is the form adopted by the Borobudur Temple, Pyramids in Egypt, and ancient buildings Aztecs in Mexico.

It is no coincidence when Indonesia in 1958, the idea of ​​Prof. Dr.. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja through Law no. 4 Interim Law in 1960, sparked the Declaration Djoeanda. The effect that the country of Indonesia with the inland waters of the archipelago is unity. The fact was later recognized by the International Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. Referring to research Santos, during which tens of thousands of years ago the territory of Indonesia is a unified continent. Not fragmented in tens of thousands of the island as it is today. Santos determined that in the past that Atlantis was a continent that stretches from the south of India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, continue eastward to Indonesia (which is now) as its center. In the region there are dozens of active volcanoes and surrounded by ocean that blends named Orientale, consisting of the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

Ancestor of the Atlanteans

"Poseidon and Cleito have five pairs of male twins. He then divides the island of Atlantis into ten parts. He gave to the eldest son of the first twin pairs and their mothers residence surrounding area which is the widest and best land. He also made him king over his brothers. Poseidon gave the boy the name Atlas. And hence the whole island and the ocean was called Atlantic. " (Critias)

Atlantis Technology

"They built temples, palaces and harbors. They also set the entire region, organized as follows: first they built a bridge to connect the water to the land area surrounding the ancient city. Then make your way to and from the direction of the palace. They build castles in space residence of the gods and their ancestors who continue to be maintained by the next generation. every king lose uncanny ability next to the king until they are able to build enormous buildings and beautiful. " (Critias)

"And they built a canal 300 feet wide with a depth of 100 feet and a length of 50 stadia (9 miles). They also make a driveway large enough to pass by even the largest ships and Through this channel they can sail to the outer zone." (Critias)

Destruction of Atlantis Island

"9,000 years is the number of years that have taken place since the war between those who dwelt outside the pillars of Hercules with those who dwell in it. Wars is what I will describe." (Critias) "Troops are led by the cities of Athens. On the other hand, forces led by the kings of Atlantis, which as I have explained, an island larger than Libya and Asia combined, which was destroyed by an earthquake and a pile of mud to be a barrier for the explorers who sailed to other parts of the ocean. " (Critias)

"Many of the flood that has occurred during the year 9000, the number of years that had happened when I was talking. And during that time there has been a lot of changes. Never happened in the history of so many land accumulation that fell from the mountains in the area. However land have fallen Atlantis and stockpiling area and cover it from the eye. " (Critias) "Because just overnight, unusually heavy rains that sweep the earth and at the same time an earthquake. Then appear that the flood swept through the region." (Critias)

"But after that, an earthquake and flood that powerful. Within one day and one night, all its inhabitants sank into the bowels of the earth, and the island of Atlantis disappeared into the vast ocean. And for this reason, there became part of the ocean can not be bypassed and explored because there are heaps of mud caused by the destruction of the island proficiency level. " (Timaeus)

Plato's theory explains that the lost continent of Atlantis is due to the eruption of a volcano erupting simultaneously. At that time most of the rest of the world is still d iliput by ice sheets (the Pleistocene). With the outbreak of dozens of volcanoes simultaneously mostly located in the territory of Indonesia (first), then drowned the continent and partly covered by water home from the melting ice. Of which the eruption of Mount Meru in South India and Mount Semeru / Sumeru / Mahameru in East Java. Last volcanic eruption in Sumatra which formed Lake Toba with Somasir island, which is the top of the mountain that erupted at the time. The most devastating eruptions in the future is the Krakatoa volcano (Krakatoa) which breaks part of Sumatra and Java, and others as well as forming the Sunda straits plains.

Atlantis Sanskrit Atala, which means heaven or sighting tower (watch tower), Atalaia (Potugis), Atalaya (Spanish). Plato insisted that the Atlantic at that time was the center of world civilization in the form of culture, natural resources, science / technology, and others. Plato was determined that the location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean now. At the time, he insisted that the earth is flat and surrounded by the ocean (ocean) as a whole. Ocean derived from the Sanskrit word meaning ashayana surrounds thoroughly. The opinion was later challenged by experts in the future such as Copernicus, Galilei-Galileo, Einstein, and Stephen Hawking.

Santos differ with Plato about the location of Atlantis. Brazilian scientists argue, that at the time of the eruption of the volcano range, causing the ice to melt and flow into the ocean so that the extent of increase. Water and mud from the volcanic ash and essentially burdening the ocean, resulting in tremendous pressure on the earth's crust to the ocean floor, particularly on the continental coast. This pressure resulted in the quake. This earthquake erkuat dip again by mountains in a row then erupted and caused devastating tsunami waves. Santos named Heinrich Events.

In an effort to express opinions based on history of the world, looks Plato had made two mistakes, first about the shape / position of the earth which he said flatly. Second, the location of which is said to be the continent of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean are opposed by Santos. U.S. military research in the Atlantic region proved unable to find traces of that lost continent. Therefore there is not arbitrary proverb that says, "Amicus Plato, sed magical amica veritas." It means, "I am delighted to Plato, but I am more than happy to truth." However, there are circumstances present that between Plato and Santos agreed. Namely:

first, that the location of the sunken continent of Atlantis and by Santos confirmed as the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Second, the number or length of the chain of volcanoes in Indonesia. Of which is Kerinci, Gutters, Krakatoa, Malabar, Galunggung, Pangrango, Merapi, Merbabu, Semeru, Bromo, Supreme, Rinjani. Most of the mountain that has been or is being active again.

Third, the issue of mudflows from the eruption of volcanic ash mixed with sea water to mud. Silt in the sea and then seep into the ground on the mainland. Mud is mixed with natural gas which is impossible barrier of mud (mud barriers that can not be passed), or in navigable (impassable), can not be penetrated or entered. In the case in Sidoarjo, never done remote sensing, remote sensing, which indicates the existence of canalization system in the region. There is a possibility that the former distribution canalization mudflow of the past.

An American researcher claimed to have found the remains of the lost city of Atlantis in the bottom of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, but the head of the archeology Cyprus doubt. Robert Sarmast, researchers said sonar used to comb the seabed 80 kilometers southeast of Cyprus has been a marked man-made walls, one as long as 3 kilometers, and trenches at a depth of 1,500 meters. "It is a miracle that we found the wall- wall location and length equal to Plato's description of Atlantis in his writings, "Sarmast said, referring to the famous Greek philosopher.

Regarding the above statements, the head archaeologist Cyprus, Pavlos Flourentzos, respond to skeptics. He said Sarmast's claim must be supported by more evidence. Sarmast, an architect from Los Angeles. 2.5 years he devoted his time to locate the lost city described in Plato's dialogue, 'the Timaeous and the Critias. "With the expedition ship" Flying Enterprise, "he examines the region based on the previous sonar data obtained from Russian and French expeditions.

Keep in mind, Plato wrote that Atlantis was an island in the western sea, which has been widely interpreted as the Atlantic Ocean. An earthquake meneggelamkan the island and on it. According to Plato, Atlantis was at that time highly civilized nation, and in legend it has become associated with a country prosperous. English philosopher, Francis Bacon, in his book in 1627 also mentioned the ideal state and the Atlantis expedition conducted by Robert Sarmast certainly say that Atlantis is not Indonesia.

What was raised by a foreign nation, and what is done by foreign nations is part of the curiosities of human nature. Myth of a lost continent, may also have eliminated the human civilization of the past. The lost civilization, perhaps the history of the Indonesian nation as well. Atlantis is a myth to say Indonesia, precisely this nation should learn from foreign nations about their own history. Maybe this will remind us all, learn yourself is the basis for a progress. UFOs or crop circles phenomenon has led many people to research and track it that ultimately makes humans create technology space. We can only wait and when the foreigners were able to get the results, we are only able to watch. When foreign nations become stronger again, we become a nation angry at didzolimi. Surely nothing is done by our nation when the Americans claimed that Atlantis was not a myth Indonesia because it does not belong to our nation. But we can also understand it, the possibility of what is conveyed by Sarmast is Sponsored by expidisinya because negara2 advanced and has the funds are interested in studying history.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Egyptian pyramids is the name for the pyramid located in Egypt, known as "the land of the pyramids". Pyramids in Egypt are generally used as the tomb of Ancient Egyptian kings known as pharaohs. However, for centuries the pyramid is often used as the target of looting and tomb robbers because the kings bring his wealth and all sorts of artifacts to in the afterlife, even given some sort of protection with curses to prevent it. So at the time of the ancient Egyptian kings next, the tombs of kings and nobles were placed in a hidden valley as well as the tomb of King Tutankhamun were found intact and complete.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Giant pyramids of Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world at this time, since the first is seen as mysterious and magnificent building by the people. However, despite how many years have passed, after scholars and experts using a large number of accurate research tools and sophisticated, still unknown, who actually has made a gigantic building that tall and majestic it? Derived from human intelligence and achievements Which can not be imagined in the building? As well as what makes the purpose of the building? And at that time he had a usefulness that how or what it means? Puzzles that kept turning in the minds of all people for thousands of years, from the beginning to the end is a mystery that can not be explained. Although historians say it was founded in 2000 over BC, but such an opinion can not even explain the uncertainties that are initiated by a large number of research findings.

Myth and History of Archaeological Findings

Since the 6th century BC, Egypt was the royal escape Poshi, who lost his position after standing more than 2,000 years, receiving power from outside the kingdom of Greece, Rome, the Islamic kingdom and the power of other nations. During that time a large number of famous works of Pharaoh destroyed, literacy and religious beliefs of the Egyptians themselves were gradually replaced by other cultures, so that the culture of ancient Egypt to be receding and destroyed, generations later also lost a large number of relics that can decipher clues left by the predecessor.

The year 450 BC, after a Greek historian around and arrived in Egypt, append word: Cheops, (Khufu Greek alphabet), supposedly said, was destroyed after 50 years. To some extent the Greek historians use the phrase "people said," meaning that the truth needs to be proven again. However, since the opinion of the Greek historians quote generations later even became as important evidence that the pyramids were founded in the 4th dynasty.

The Outstanding Building Techniques

In Egypt, there are so many pyramids of various sizes, the standard is not only much smaller, the structure was rough. Pyramid of which the kingdom was established in the 5th and 6th, many of which have been damaged and destroyed, a pile of debris, such as the pyramid of King Menkaure as shown. Then, the great pyramid was built during the early, in a devastating earthquake in the 13th century, where most stone walled outer door had been destroyed, but because the inside of the wall is supported by a buffer, so that the whole structure is still very strong. Therefore, when building a giant pyramid, not just simply arrange 3 million stones into a cone shape, if there are flaws in the design of this particular construction, partially damaged, it can lead to completely collapse due to the weight supported.

After all, how is the project of building a giant pyramid was done, remains a topic that makes dizzy scholars. In addition to considering the large number of stone and labor required, the most important factor is the culmination of the pyramid should be in the field of elementary right at the midpoint of the 4 corners. Because if all 4 corners slightly tilted and distorted, then when closing the cusp may not converge at one point, meaning the building project has failed. Therefore, is a very important point, how is putting some 2.3 million -2.6 million pieces every stone boulder weighing 2.5 tons from ground level to as high as more than a hundred feet in the air and installed from start to finish on the right position.

Master Li Hongzhi in his talk at the 2002 North American circumference also never mentioned that possibility. "People can not understand how the pyramids were made. Stones were so big how humans transported? Some of giants whose height is five feet carrying something, it's the humans now move a big rock is the same. To build the pyramid, five meter high human just like we are now building a big building. "

Thought so inevitably makes us imagine, that the giant pyramid and a large number of stone buildings of ancient mammoth found in various parts of the world have the same doubt bring to everyone: big tall and stately, formed by using a very large stone structure, even drafting very perfect. Like for example, in the northern suburb of Mexico there Sacsahuaman Castle drawn by giant stone that weighs more than 100 tons, of which there is a giant rock that reaches 28 feet high, weighing up to 360 tons estimated (equivalent to 500 family cars). And in the plains west of England there is a giant rock formation, surrounded by dozens of giant rocks and formed a large circle, in between some rocks high as 6 meters. Actually, a bunch of people that how they are? Why always use a giant rock, and do not use stones whose size is within the range of our ability to build?

Sphinx, lion-faced man who is also an important object of research scientists, 20 meters high, 73 meters overall length, is considered established by the work of the Pharaoh Khafre 4th. However, the former being eaten by rust (erosion) on the surface of the body of the Sphinx, scientists estimate that the period of manufacture may be earlier, at least 10 thousand years ago before Christ.

Mathematician Swalle Rubich show: in the year 11,000 BC, Egyptians must have had a great culture. At that time the Sphinx was there, because the body of the lion-faced man, in addition to the head, obviously no trace of erosion. Our estimate is on a devastating flood in 11,000 BC and successive heavy rains and erosion resulted in the former. Washeth and Robert S. also shows: technology of the ancient Egyptians could not possibly carve out such a large scale at the top of a giant rock, intricate technique art product.

If the observed overall, we can logically conclude, that in ancient times, in the land of Egypt, there was a highly developed culture, but because of the earth's plates shift, land submerged rock in the ocean, and a very ancient culture at that time finally removed, leaving the pyramids and the Sphinx with a perfect building technology. Human-headed lion Sphinx statue is believed to be the head of Cheops. Has a length of 3 meters and 20 meters high. Symbolizes the character of dashing like a lion and gentle like a human personality. Neighboring sphinx near the giant pyramid looks very ancient. Scientists confirm that of the body, such as irrigation channels and water eroded, he had experienced most humid weather, therefore estimates that he is very likely to have existed prior to 10 thousand years ago

History of May Day

Every May 1 is celebrated as the workers of the world. Where on the date of the workers of the whole world got together and voiced their rights as if oppressed with working hours that could be considered not worth the wages they get. Well, this time going to try to set history knowledge to share insights about the History of the Birth Buddies all International Labor Day (May Day) is. Here's more information.

History of May Day is inseparable from the struggle of the working class in demanding 8 hours. The 19th century was a period where the working class faced with the fact that out of 24 hours a day, on average they worked 18 to 20 hours. It is obvious that the demands put forward was to shorten working hours. Struggle requires 8 hours of work was initiated by the workers in the United States in 1884, which culminated in the attack carried out by the state and the tools of violence.

On May 1, 1886, 80,000 workers in the United States conduct a demonstration demanding 8 hours. In this demonstration a few days immediately responded with a general strike, which makes 70,000 factories forced to close. The demonstration continued until May 4, 1886. Disturbed the ruling class. By means of its hardness, fired state workers who do demonstrations, killing hundreds of workers.

This event has brought deep impact for the working class in the world. Therefore, the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille on July 4, 1889 (= 100 anniversary of the French Revolution), all workers in various countries get together and decide the resolution. The contents of the resolution: "Congress decided to organize an international demonstration that large, so that in all countries and in all the cities on the appointed day the toiling masses will demand the law of the state authorities reduction of working day to eight hours, as well as perform other decisions of Congress Paris. Similar demonstrations have since decided to May 1, 1890 by the American Federation of Labor convention in St. Louis, December, 1888, for a demonstration today accepted internationally. The workers from various countries must organize this demonstration according to the conditions prevailing in each country. "

On the next day, May 1 has been instilled in the minds of the workers that they are not alone. Millions of workers from all over the world have united into a class, cut the prejudice of race, tribe, ethnic nationality, skin color, caste, and religion. The workers in various countries to fight against the power of the bosses who had strangled them for years.

Power, which is based on private ownership and let millions of workers suffer, according to the power that the capitalist system. A system that put millions of working people head to the gallows the world market. Now the system is in crisis, it is clearly shown that capitalism can not provide the progress and prosperity of the working people. In contrast, most human beings all over the world haunted by the specter of poverty, the more intense exploitation, and destruction of the future.

Facing this situation, the working people in the world are faced with cuts in living standards. This has sparked demonstrations were massive demonstrations. Arab revolutions have shown the persistence of overthrowing the dictatorship of the working people. In Spain, Italy, and Greece now rocked by protests and a general strike. Therefore the message of May Day is the internationalism of the workers as a reassertion of class struggle against exploitation and snatch victory. This victory will not be achieved within the constraints of capitalism. The workers had to overthrow capitalism through a socialist revolution that will put the workers to power.

History of the Great Wall of China

if you come to China or also called State bamboo blinds, do not complete it if you do not visit the wall of china, which is a wall that stretches along 7,000 kilometers in the hills of China. Of the wall, has a history of human life in the era of the Chinese empire and make it as the seven wonders of the world.

Established history of the Great Wall of China

Behind the art is so beautiful, the walls of which China has a history of exceptional value, and this wall is one of the seven to the magic world. At the time of the kingdom of China, this wall is used as a military stronghold ancient spend time or a very long period of development with the largest size in the world. China looks magnificent transverse wall starting from the west to the east of China with a length of 7,000 kilometers!.

Great Wall of China (Traditional Chinese: 长城, China Brief: 长城, Pinyin: Changcheng; harf. "Airport / city long") or (Traditional Chinese: 万里长城, China Brief: 万里长城, Pinyin: Changcheng Wànlǐ; harf. "Wall length of 10,000 Li (里) "[1]), is one of China's last stronghold siri is fostered around 200 BC and strengthened between the late 14th century to the beginning of the 17th century, during the Ming Dynasty, in order to protect the northern Chinese than Mongol tribe attacks and Turkik.

Development History Wall of China Great Wall along the lake can be searched until the 9th century BC. At that time the Chinese government in the center of the castle and tower fire connect into one long wall. The connection is a point guard troops on the border in order to more easily determine the existence of a particular ethnic attacks that come from the north of China.

In the future leader of Chunqiu, the kingdom is very often fought. And the State or part of a royal prince led solely for the sake of security, then successively build the Great Wall as a fortress on the hill and a mountain located in the border area. In 221 BC, Emperor Qinshihuang issued an order, the walls that have been built by various states are connected into one large wall, and serves as a stronghold to defend ethnic nomadic cavalry attack on the Mongolian grasslands are located in North China.

At that time the Great Wall of China has reached 5,000 kilometers long over, and during the Qin dynasty pemerintaha, China back wall extended to reach 10,000 kilometers more. In the building of the wall of china history, has spent more than 2000 years to change businessmen at various times that never stopped the building of the wall to reach a total length of 50,000 kilometers. It is a measure of sufficient length to orbit the earth once more.

10 thousand Li

Great Wall of China that we see are built around the time of the Ming Dynasty who ruled between 1368 to 1644. While the western end of the stems on Jiau fortress located in Gansu Province, Western China, while the east end is located on the edge of the Yalu River, located in Liaoning province, East China. Commencing from west to east, china wall has gone through 9 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions along the 7,300 kilometers, and is equal to 14 thousand li China.

While the "Great Wall is known as 10 thousand li long wall in China," were dictated by Li Wuhan, which acts as a tour guide travel agency in Beijing. Thus, it is not enough for us to live one day in length Great Wall of China. As a fortress, the walls of china built following her mountainous peaks. Topography is very complex and prone to crossed. To adjust to a variety of topography, development work applying wall china remarkable structure and different. Everything suggests the ancestors of the Chinese intelligence course.

Great Wall of China winding down mountain peaks elongated and almost impossible to be conquered by the enemy in the ancient times. Due to the steep slopes of the mountain and an obstacle to be bypassed. According to Li as a tour guide in Beijing, in the body of the Great Wall was built with large stones mixed with soil and rock fragments, with the level of a wall up to 10 meters wide and 5 meters, which may be enough for 4 horses were ridden army patrol side by side.

With the existence of the fort, the army is very easy to maneuver and transport food and weapons. On the side of the wall has been fitted with doors and stairs to climb down. China wall built by the castle or tower of fire on every part. In each of the fire tower, you can see the natural scenery is so beautiful. Meanwhile, the vagaries of the walls makes children unique shape that we can see.

At the time, stored in the tower fire weapons and foodstuffs. The entire tower will be lit when the enemy fire came, so the news was immediately conveyed to the rest of the country in a very short time. In addition to a variety of storage needs, castle and tower fire contained walled China also functioned as a place of rest for soldiers in times of peace, as well as fortifications to fend off enemy attacks during the war. If you walk in the ancient wall, you can use the fire tower as a place to release tired after walking many miles up the steps.


Travel attic

China is an important part of the wall between the strategic trajectory of the mountain pass, and the mountain border gate is usually constructed loft it not only looks magnificent, but reflects a brilliant architectural art in the days of Ancient China. The gate is now partially attic has been transformed, and used as a tourist attraction, like the attic gate Shanhaiguan, located at the eastern end, and dubbed as China's number one gate Attic. While the sector Juyongguan Badaling Gate loft located around Beijing. In this place, the tourists can enjoy the fresh air with beautiful mountains while sipping Chinese snacks at the cafe that has been provided.

Apart from that, tourists can rent fashion emperor for photos with the background turns rung the Great Wall. For all the fashion hired, you are charged a fee of 10 yuan, and if dirupiahkan around Rp. 1.100 per 1 yuan. Not only can rent a dress and take pictures, but you also can buy typical souvenirs are sold in China Great Wall of China, with a price range between 5 to 75 yuan, ie, ranging from key chains, miniature wall paintings of China, and caps as well as a variety of souvenirs that you can use as a keepsake.

China wall that used to function as a military stronghold now no longer visible, and you can enjoy the beauty of the architecture is still attached and make you in awe. The beauty of the wall reflected on the glory, power, and greatness and layout on the mountain. How do you perceive the distance eye, it will look as far as the curve of the wall of china still visible, like a huge dragon that stretched down the mountain. Now the wall of china has become the world tourist attractions, and is the result of hard work that comes with an abundance of historical ancestors of the Chinese people in ancient times. If you look at from close range, the wall is filled with architectural appeal diverse. Maybe we all can not imagine, how can you build the wall, while in his time yet equipped with heavy equipment like today.

Once you step foot climb stairs and past a few castles and towers of fire, you can get a certificate or a hero card, which you can use as a proof that you have been able to successfully climb the walls and China. To get your certificate charged 15 yuan, and to get a Hero Card, you must pay 40 yuan. As soon as you step on the entrance gate, you will cross dipikiran, this wonder of the world, and then you will enjoy the splendor and beauty of nature around the Great Wall of China, which you can use as a very exciting experience. China is now the wall has become a symbol of the pride of the Chinese nation. In 1987 ago, the Great Wall of China listed in the world heritage list by the United Nations.

History of the Eiffel Tower in Paris

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance Exoposition Universelle. Eiffel originally planned to build the tower in Barcelona, ​​for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but those responsible at the Barcelona city hall thought strange and expensive, and does not fit.

Eiffel tower is actually constructed as a gateway l'Exposition Universelle of 1889, a World's Fair to coincide with 100 years of the French Revolution. Despite harsh criticism and protests from residents of Paris and the Eiffel Tower intellectual development process still done from 1887 until 1889. The tower was inaugurated March 31, 1889 with the flag fluttering at its peak. and opened to the public on May 6 of the same year. Bureau Eiffel planners make 5,300 pieces of image detail than 18,000 different parts. Associated steel in the form of a cross from 18 038 seeds were reinforced with nails 2,500,000 Framework Gustave Eiffel's masterpiece windproof, although the material of iron and heavy towers only 7,300 tons.

Eiffel tower height from the ground to the flagpole reaches 312.27 meters in 1889, now 324 meters with antenna. Currently, the French television companies to install their antennas on top of the Eiffel Tower. Winds can cause as much as the tower sways 6-7 cm and heat can cause the top of the tower up to 18 cm away from the sun. The Eiffel Tower itself had held the record for the tallest building for 40 years. Paris is owned by the Local Government and managed by a private company, "Société Nouvelle d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel", the iron frame is renovated every 7 years and painted with 50 tons of paint. Renovation work on the workers who manguasai alpinis and acrobatic sports.

Development: In January 28, 1887 - March 30, 1889 (2 years, 2 months, 5 days).

The building: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel.

Architect: Charles Leon Stephen Sauvestre.

Cost: 7,400,000 Frances.

Building materials: iron tower tempa.Pondasi made of reinforced concrete.

Height: 300.65 m (without antenna), 324 m (with antenna).

Stage 1: Height 57.63 m, 4,200 m2 surface area basis.

Stage 2: High 115.73 m, 1,400 m2 surface area basis.

Stage 3: High 276.13 m, 350 m2 surface area basis.

Weight: 7,000 tons.

Lifts (elevators): In 1889 features an elevator (lift).

Number of stairs: 1710 steps (step).

History of Nuclear Reactions

In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity of uranium. In 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolate the radioactive metal called radium In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity. According to this theory, the mass can be considered as another form of energy. According to Einstein, if we can somehow convert mass into energy, it would be possible to "liberate" a large amount of energy.

Over the next decade, a major step was taken by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr explained more precise atomic structure. They say, from the positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus. That is the core, the scientists concluded, that must be broken down or "explode" if atomic energy will be released. In 1934, Enrico Fermi Italian destroying heavy atoms with neutrons sprayed on. But he does not realize that he has acquired nuclear fission.

On December 1938, though, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin performed similar experiments with uranium and a world achievement. They have produced nuclear fission, they have split the atom that is 33 years after Einstein said it could be done that mass turned into energy. On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Over the last four months, he has made possible through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that allows to set the nuclear reaction in a large mass of uranium. ..

And this new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs ... A single bomb of this type, carried by boat or exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some surrounding areas. He urged Roosevelt to start a nuclear program without delay. Within 1 year later Einstein regretted the role he played in the development of such a destructive weapon: "I did a big mistake in my life," he told Linus Pauling, another prominent scientist, "when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made" .

At December 1942 at the University of Chicago, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This is done by setting the natural uranium lumps distributed in a large stack of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In nuclear reactors, graphite moderator is used to slow down neutrons.

On August 1942, during World War II, the United States established the Project Manhattan.Tujuan of this project is to develop, build, and test a bomb. Many leading American scientists, including physicist Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Harold Urey chemistry, associated with the project, which is led by an engineer of the U.S. Army, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves.

On May 31, 1945, sixteen people meeting in the office of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. Sixteen people were there to make the decisions about weapons average American has never heard of, the atomic bomb. They pick targets for the future "The Bomb." What they are talking about is "new human relationship with the universe," as said by Stimson. Secretary seems to say, is the most critical turning point in the entire recorded history. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

On 6 August 1945, the Enola Gay, the American plane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima, Japan, ultimately killing more than 140,000 people. On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although missed one mile of the target, but killed 75,000 people.

On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test. On December 1 November, 1952 trial, successfully performed full scale by the United States with the fusion-type. In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), civil institutions of the United States government, established the Atomic Energy Act to manage and regulate the production and use of atomic energy. Among the major programs of the new commission is the physical production of the bomb; accident prevention biological research, medical, metallurgy and electric power production of atomic, nuclear aircraft in production studies, and the declassification of data on atomic energy

History Bom Atom

Surely you know the history of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that has destroyed both the city and killed many lives just by dropping the atomic bomb. Here I am not going to discuss about the bombing, but I will give you information about the history of the invention of the atomic bomb used in the bombing of the city. History to generate atomic bomb turned out very long. Here is some important information about the atomic bomb. In 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolate the radioactive metal called radium

In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity. According to this theory, the mass can be considered as another form of energy. According to Einstein, if we can somehow convert mass into energy, it would be possible to "liberate" a large amount of energy. Over the next decade, a major step was taken by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr explains the structure of the atomic bomb is more appropriate. They say, from the positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus. That is the core, the scientists concluded, that must be broken down or "explode" if the Atomic Bomb will be released.

In 1934, Enrico Fermi Italian destroying heavy atoms with neutrons sprayed on. But he does not realize that he has acquired nuclear fission. On December 1938, though, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin performed similar experiments with uranium and a world achievement. They have produced nuclear fission, they have split the atom that is 33 years after Einstein said it could be done that mass turned into energy. On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to the President

On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Over the last four months, he has made possible through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that allows to set the nuclear reaction in a large mass of uranium .. And this new phenomenon would also lead to the development of the Atomic Bomb. A single atomic bomb of this type, carried by boat or exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some surrounding areas. He urged Roosevelt to start a nuclear program without keterlambatan.Dalam 1 year later Einstein regretted the role he played in the development of such a destructive weapon: "I did a big mistake in my life," he said to Linus Pauling, another prominent scientist, "when I signed letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made ".

At December 1942 at the University of Chicago, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This is done by setting the natural uranium lumps distributed in a large stack of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In nuclear reactors, graphite moderator is used to slow down neutrons. On August 1942, during World War II, the United States established the Project Manhattan.Tujuan of this project is to develop, build, and test an atomic bomb. Many leading American scientists, including physicist Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Harold Urey chemistry, associated with the project, which is led by an engineer of the U.S. Army, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves.

On May 31, 1945, sixteen people meeting in the office of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. Sixteen people were there to make the decisions about weapons average American has never heard of, the atomic bomb. They pick targets for the future "The Bomb." What they are talking about is "new human relationship with the universe," as said by Stimson. Secretary seems to say, is the most critical turning point in the entire recorded history. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

On 6 August 1945, the Enola Gay, the American plane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima, Japan, ultimately killing more than 140,000 people. On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although missed one mile of the target, but killed 75,000 people. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test. On December 1 November, 1952 trial, successfully performed full scale by the United States with the fusion-type.

In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), civil institutions of the United States government, established the Atomic Energy Act to manage and regulate the production and use of atomic energy. Among the major programs of the new commission are:

• Production of the physical atom bomb

• Prevention of accidents

• The study of biological, medical, metallurgy and electric power production of atomic, nuclear aircraft in production studies

• Declassification data on atomic energy.

So great power that can be generated by the atomic bomb, when seen from the history of the atomic bomb used as a powerful weapon in the war, but also nuclear mememiliki positive side as an example as power generation, medicine, etc..