History Bandung of City from Indonesia

Once before I had posted an article about the history of The Origin of Jakarta, on this occasion I will post an article on the History of Origin of Bandung. The town is located in the province of West Java is known as the city of Paris Van Java or her paris Java. Let us refer to the review of the Historical Origins of the following Bandung.

Origin of Bandung City Name

Do you know the origin of the name of the city of Bandung? According to the historical records of the word "London" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu which later formed the lake. However, according to local myth name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats were tied up side by side called the boat used by the Regent of Bandung Bandung. Bandung is the biggest metropolitan city in West Java and also the capital of the province. In addition, the city of Bandung is also the third largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya. Another name of the city is the City of Flowers, and the duo also formerly known as Parijs van Java.

In addition it is also known as the city of Bandung city shopping, with malls and factory outlets are widely spread in the city. And in 2007, the British Council made the city of Bandung as a pilot project city terkreatif East Asia. Currently the city of Bandung is one of the cities major tourist destination and education. Duniabaca.com following quote from Wikipedia about the historical origins of the city of Bandung.

Historical Origins of Bandung

The word "Bandung" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu ago to form the lake. Legend as told by older people in London say that the name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats tied up alongside the so-called boat used by the Regent Bandung Bandung, RA Wiranatakusumah II, to sail the Ci Tarum in seeking the seat of the new district to replace the old capital in Dayeuhkolot.

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Bandung city began to be used as a residential area since colonial Dutch East Indies, through the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels that time, issued a decree dated 25 September 1810 on the development of infrastructure for the region. This event later immortalized as the anniversary of the city of Bandung. Bandung city officially got the status gemeente (city) from the Governor-General JB van Heutsz on 1 April 1906 with an area of ​​approximately 900 ha at the time, and increased to 8,000 ha in 1949, until the last increase to the current area.

During the war of independence, on March 24, 1946, the city partially burned by the freedom fighters as part of the strategy of the war at that time. The event known as the Bandung Ocean of Fire and immortalized in the song Halo-Halo Bandung. In addition the city is later abandoned by most of its inhabitants were displaced to other areas.

On April 18, 1955 at the Merdeka Building formerly named "Concordia" (Jl. Asia Africa, now), opposite the Savoy Homann Hotel, was held for the first time Asian-African Conference which was then re-Asian-African Summit 2005 was held in this city on 19 April-24 April 2005.

Population Bandung

Is the most populous city of Bandung in West Java, where the population is dominated by ethnic Sundanese, Javanese, while a large minority population in the city compared to other ethnicities. Bandung city population growth initially closely related to the existing railway transportation built around 1880 that connects this city with Jakarta (formerly Batavia). In 1941, there were 226 877 population of the city life then after the event known as the Long March Siliwangi, the city's population increased again in 1950 which recorded a population of as many as 644 475 people.

Bandung City Government

In the administration of local government, headed by the mayor of the city of Bandung. Since 2008, residents of this city directly elect mayors and their representatives in the election, while the previously selected by city councilors.

Government representatives Bandung

According to the constitution in force city parliament represents the people's representative, the previous 2004 legislative elections the city parliament amounted to 45 people. In accordance with the development and population growth in the 2009 legislative elections the city parliament increased to 50 people, who then composed of representatives of eight parties, and consists of 41 men and 9 women.

Bandung Tourism and Culture

Since the opening of Highway Padaleunyi, Bandung has become a major goal of enjoying the holiday weekend, especially from people who came from surrounding Jakarta. In addition to being a tourist town shopping, the city of Bandung also known as large number of old buildings architecture Dutch heritage, including the Sate House now serves as the office of West Java provincial government, which is now a Pakuan building official residence of the governor of the province of West Java, Building Dwi Color or Indische Pensioenfonds now used by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia for the Regional Office of Directorate General XII pembendaharaan Bandung, Villa Isola is now used Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung Hall Station or Station and Post Office Building in Bandung.

Bandung city also has several public arts spaces such as museums, theaters and galleries such as Gedung Merdeka, the venue for the Asia-Africa in 1955, Sri Baduga Museum, which was founded in 1974 by former Kawedanan using old buildings Tegallega, Museum of Geology Bandung, Mandala Museum Wangsit Siliwangi, Barley Museum, Building Foundation Cultural Center, a building formerly Sues Indonesia Ir place. Pledoi deliver phenomenal Soekarno (Indonesia Sues) in the Dutch colonial era, West Java Cultural Park (TBJB) and Rumentang afternoon.

The city has several areas into an urban park, in addition to functioning as the lungs of the city also became a place of recreation for the people in this city. Bandung Zoo is one of the tourist areas are very interested in the community, especially during Sundays and school holidays, the zoo was inaugurated in 1933 by the colonial Dutch East Indies and is now managed by the Wildlife Foundation of the Castle. In addition, some other tourist areas including shopping malls and factory outlets also spread across the city including, in the area of ​​Jalan Braga, Cihampelas area, with craftsmen Cibaduyut Cigondewah with shoes and textile merchant. Dozens of shopping malls are scattered in the city, some of which Istana Plaza Bandung, Bandung Supermall, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, and Bandung Indah Plaza.

While some traditional market area is very well known in this city such as New Market, Market and Market Gedebage Andir. Tutug oncom particular culinary potential, pancake, spiced, and colenak also continue to grow in this city. Additionally Cireng also has a special food dish Bandung, while similar Peuyeum made from fermented cassava fermented, also widely known by the people on the island of Java. Bandung is also known as a city full of memories of the historical struggle of the Indonesian people in general, some of the monuments have been established to commemorate several historical events, including West Java Struggle Monument, Monument Bandung Ocean of Fire, Prison Banceuy Monument, Monument Railway and Heroes' Cemetery Cikutra.

History About Calculator

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of Computer Networks

The concept of computer network born in the 1940s in America of a development project in the computer lab I MODEL Bell and Harvard University research group led by professor H. Aiken . At first the project simply want to take advantage of a computer device that must be used together . To carry out the process without much wasting some free time made ​​the streak ( Batch Processing) , so that multiple programs can be run in a computer with the rules of the queue .

Year 1950 when the types of computers began to swell until the creation of a super computer, a computer must serve multiple terminals ( see Figure 1 ) was found for the distribution of time-based concept known as TSS ( Time Sharing System ) , then for the first time form network ( network) applied computer . In some terminal TSS system connected in series to a host computer . In the process began to appear TSS blend of computer technology and telecommunications technology that was originally grown on their own .

Entering the 1970s , after the workload increased and the price of a large computer devices began to feel very expensive , then start to use the concept of process distribution ( Distributed Processing ) . As in Figure 2 , in this process some of the host computer is doing a great job in parallel to serve multiple terminals which are connected in series in each host computer . Dala distribution process has been absolutely necessary blend of deep between computer technology and telecommunications , because in addition to the process that must be distributed , the host computer must serve all the terminals in a single command from the computer center .

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

In general, a computer network is divided into five types , namely ;

1 . Local Area Network ( LAN )

Local Area Network ( LAN ) , a private network within a building or campus-sized to several kilometers . LANs are often used to connect personal computers and workstations in a corporate office or factories to use shared resources ( eg printers ) and exchange information .

2 . Metropolitan Area Network ( MAN )

Metropolitan Area Network ( MAN ) , essentially a version of the larger LAN and normally uses the same technology as the LAN . MAN can include corporate offices are located adjacent or also a town and can be used for private purposes ( private ) or public . MAN is able to support data and voice , can even relate to the cable television network .

3 . Wide Area Network ( WAN )

Wide Area Network ( WAN ) , the range covers a wide geographical area , often covering a country or even continent . WAN consists of a collection of machines intended to run programs ( applications ) user .

4 . Internet

Actually there are many world networks , often using hardware and software that is different . People who are connected to the network often expect to be able to communicate with other people who are connected to other networks . Desire like this requires a relationship between network often not kampatibel and different . Usually to do this requires a machine called a gateway to engage and carry out the necessary translation , both hardware and software . This is a collection of interconnected networks called the Internet .

5 . Wireless Network

Wireless networks is a solution to the communication can not be done with the wired network . For example, people who want to get information or to communicate despite being located above a car or an airplane , it is absolutely necessary because the cable network without a wired connection may not be made in a car or plane . Nowadays wireless networks have been rapidly adopted by utilizing satellite services and is able to provide faster access speeds than the wired network .

History of Invention Cells

In 1665 , Robert Hooke observed incision of the stem Quercus suber cork using a microscope . He found the empty spaces in the thick walled observations . Robert Hooke called the empty spaces with cellulae term means cell . Robert Hooke discovered cells are the cells that have died cork . Note the Fig. Since that discovery , some scientists are racing to find out more about the cell .

Cork cells ( top ) and Robert

Dutch scientist called Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) designed a single -lens microscope small . Microscope was used to observe the straw soaking water . He found that moving organisms in the water , which was then called bacteria . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to discover the living cell .

Leeuwenhoek microscope

The development of discoveries about cells induce the development of the perception of the cell . From this he went on theories about the cell . Some theories about the cell as follows .

a. Unity Is a cell or Structural Unit of Living Things

This theory was put forward by Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Theodor Schwan ( 1810-1882 ) . Schleiden 1839 , the German botanist , make observations of the microscopic plant cells . At the same time Theodor Schwan observations of animal cells . From their observations draw the following conclusion .

1 ) Every living thing is composed of cells .

2 ) The cell is the smallest structural unit of living beings .

3 ) a single -celled organism is composed of a cell , other organisms are composed of more than one cell called a multicellular organism .

b . Functional unit cell As Sentient Beings

Max Schultze (1825-1874) stated that protoplasm is the physical basis of life . Protoplasm is not only the structural part of the cell, but also an important part of the cell as a place of ongoing chemical reactions of life . Based on this theory comes the cells which states that the cell is the functional unity of life .

c . As the unit cell of Living Growth

Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) Omnis cellula ex found cellulae ( all cells come from cells previously ) .

d . Heredity unit cell As Sentient Beings

Science and technology promotes discovery units of inheritance contained in the nucleus , the chromosomes . In the chromosomes are genes that are hereditary units . Through this discovery came the theory that the cell is the unit of heredity of living beings . Findings that support the development of the cell theory as follows .

• Robert Brown ( 1812 ) , the Scottish biologist , discovered a small object floating in the liquid cell which he called the nucleus .
• Felix Durjadin ( 1835 ) , assumed that the most important part of the cell is the cell fluid is now called protoplasm .
• John Purkinye ( 1787-1869 ) , the first to propose the term protoplasm to name the egg embryonic material .