History of Bungee Jumping

Bungee Jumping is an activity in which a person jumping from a high place ( usually a few hundred feet / meters ) with one end of the elastic cord attached to the body or ankles and tied them to the end of his rope jump point . When a person jumps , the rope will be stretched after taking energy from the jump , and the jumper will be thrown back when the rope retracts . Jumper will oscillate up and down until the energy of stepping out. The word bungee ( read latticework ) was first used in 1930 and is the name of a rubber eraser.

Bungee jumping or also known as bungy jumping , the sport is one of the most sought after adrenaline boosters . Imagine if you were dropped from a height of hundreds of feet from the ground and your body weight just in the crutch by a rope tied at the legs and waist . But the interesting part of this exercise is not when you make the leap , but when you are bouncing back several times by an elastic rope tied to energy rope had actually stopped .

The word bungee appeared around the year 1930 which is the name of a rubber eraser . Whereas once , the first time instead of jumping is done using a rubber strap , but the strap is made ​​of ivy .

Chris Baker of Bristol , England which inspired the film footage made ​​in 1950 by David Attenborough and the BBC crew of " country divers " of Pentecost Island in Vanuatu , which features a young man who jumped from tall wooden stage with ivy tied to their ankles as a test of courage ; then replace the sweet plant into elastic rubber .

The first time this is done in modern bungee Clifton Suspension Bridge , Bristol with a height of 250 feet by 4 members dangerous sports club , led by David Kirke . Unfortunately, shortly after the action they later arrested . But the incident was not deterred them , they instead moved to the U.S. and commit horrendous acts at the Golden Gate and Royal Gorge Bridges which then spread throughout the world the concept of jumping . Even in 1982 they were desperate jump from a hot air balloon !

The operator first bungee jumping , AJ Hackett from New Zealand to make the leap premiered at Auckland 's Greengithe Bridge in 1986 and the next few years he did a variety of different bridge jump scene even other structures such as the Eiffel Tower . This then raises the forerunner bungge as one of the sport and also makes Hackett as bungee largest commercial operators spread across several countries .

Despite the danger , jumping the highest ranks , does not stop millions of successful jumps since 1980 . This resulted in tighter bungee operators perform his ritual before doing jumps , such as adjusting the weight and length of rope , and even power cords and keelastisitasannya .

Unfortunately accidents in this sport tend to be weird and amazing . Accident occurred is relatively rope is too long . Enough rope should be shorter than the height of the stage springboard for stretching space .

History of World Water Day

World Water Day and often referred to as the World Day for Water is a day of celebration is intended to draw the attention of the world community ( international ) the importance of water for life and to protect water resources management in a sustainable manner . World Water Day is held every March 22. Also in 2011 . Warning the world of water or World Water Day held on March 22, 2011 all over the world , including in Indonesia .

History of World Water Day . Based on the history of World Water Day held triggered the first time when the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) or Earth Summit by the UN in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 .

At the UN General Assembly 47th which was held on December 22, 1992 , exit Resolution No. 147/1993 which establishes the implementation of a warning for World Water Day every March 22 and started first celebrated in 1993 .

The theme and logo of World Water Day . Each year World Water Day has its own theme and logo of the United Nations set . For example, in the past 2009 years the theme is " Shared Waters Shared Opportunities " which in - Indonesiakan be " Shared Water , Shared Opportunities " . Being on World Water Day 2010 theme is " Clean Water for a Healthy World " .

And now the World Water Day celebration in 2011 , the theme is " Water for Cities , Responding to the Urban Challenge " . This theme is translated in the theme of the national water into " Urban Water and challenge ". Interestingly , the official logo of World Water Day 2011 which was released by www.worldwaterday2011.org ( official website World Water Day 2011 ) were made in 40 different languages ​​. And it turns out one of these logos are made in Indonesian .

World Water Day - Word Water Day in 2011 . Of theme and logo is seen that the specific issue raised in the United Nations World Water Day in 2011 related to water in urban areas and a variety of problems , especially related to urbanization.

In Indonesia, he said water-rich country , it also can not be separated from the question of water . In cities , water issues have plagued every person . The availability of clean water is increasingly expensive and scarce and water pollution becomes a real problem , especially in big cities in Indonesia.

To that end , the World Water Day 2011 is supposed to be the first milestone of our consciousness that we need to take real action to save our water . Three things the most simple yet profound impact we can do is to start saving water , reducing water pollution , and rain water plant .

History of the Meter

Meter is the basic unit of length in the SI system . This unit is defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum ( vacuum ) during 1/299.792.458 seconds . Meter abbreviated using the symbol m . Meters can be written as in English meter , or meters with the American spelling .

It should be noted that the definition of the meter as the basic unit of length is dependent on the definition of the second , as indicated by the above equation .

History

Meter was originally defined by the French Academy of Sciences ( Académie des sciences ) as 1/10.000.000 distance along the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the Equator meridian through Paris in 1791 , and on 7 April 1795 the French use the meter as an official for a long distance . The uncertainty in the measurement of the distance causes the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ) set 1 meter as the distance between two etched line platinum - iridium on the rods stored in Sevres , France in 1889 .

In 1960 , when the laser was introduced , the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures / CGPM ) to change the definition of the meter - 11 as 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength of light orange-red spectrum of krypton - 86 atom in a vacuum chamber . In 1983 , the BIPM set the meter as the distance traveled by light in vacuum 1/299.792.458 sec ( speed of light is set at 299,792,458 meters per second ) . Because of the speed of light in a vacuum is the same in any course , this definition is more universal than the long- distance ukurlilit earth or certain metal rod . Therefore , if the metal rod was lost or destroyed , the length of a standard meter can still be repeated in any laboratory . Besides, he could in theory be measured more precisely than the other sizes .

The size of the meter turns fluctuate throughout the ages have always been revised by the scientists of each era. Here's his review :

May 8, 1790 - The French National Assembly ( French National Assembly ) set 1 meter is equal to half the length of a pendulum which cover the period of one second .

March 30, 1791 - The French National Assembly approved the proposal of the French Academy of Sciences stated that 1 meter is equal to 1/10.000.000 times the distance along the surface of the earth from the north pole to the equator meridian through Paris .

1795 - Created a temporary restriction of 1 meter brass .

December 10, 1799 - The French National Assembly set a limit of 1 meter platinum made ​​on June 23, 1799 and deposited in the National Archives , is used as a final standard .

28 September 1889 - General Conference on Weights and Unit ( General Conference on Weights and Measures - CGPM ) was held for the first time and determine the 1 -meter as the distance between the two platinum finish line on the rod with a mixture of 10 % iridium, measured at the temperature of the melting point of ice ( 0 degrees Celsius ) .

October 6, 1927 - 7th Conference CGPM adjusts the definition of 1 meter for distance , at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius , between the axes of the two central lines marked on the panel yan platinum - iridium prototype , this panel becomes the subject of a standard atmospheric pressure and support on two cylinders at least 1 cm in diameter , symmetrically placed in a horizontal plane at a distance of 571 millimeters from each other.

October 14, 1960 - Conference on the 11th CGPM set 1 meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength in a vacuum with respect to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 quantum levels of the krypton - 86 atom ( Kr - 86 ) . ( From other sources that mention 1 meter is equal to 1,650,761.73 times the wavelength of orange light emitted by the atoms of the gas krypton - 86 ( Kr - 86 ) in the vacuum chamber on an electric stepping . )

October 21, 1983 - Conference on the 17th CGPM set equal to 1 meter distance the speed of light ( in a vacuum ) in Waku 1/299.792.248 second interval .

2002 - International Committee on Weights and Unit ( The International Committee for Weights and Measures - CIPM ) considers the meter to the unit proper length and thus recommends that limits the definition of " short enough length ℓ with the effects predicted by general relativity can be ignored for realization of uncertainty " .

History of Welding

Since about 5000 years ago , humans have been able to do welding . Welding is done by connecting the metal by heating the metal until it reaches two melting point of the metal . Then the two metals had to be stacked and then hammered to form a strong bond .

One piece of evidence is found in the valley area of ​​the kingdom in 1922, which suggests that the coffin of King Tutankhamen is estimated to be made around 1360 BC with the involvement of the welding process .

Fire to heat the metal is obtained from burning wood or charcoal , this technique is called forging welding techniques . But in this way would be time consuming and not very practical . For centuries , welding forging is used as the main process to connect the metal without much experience growth .

The development of Welding Types

Elekctric Arc Welding

After electrical energy is found then the development of welding processes running at a rapid pace . In 1885 the means of electric arc welding ( Elekctric Arc Welding ) is found by Bernardes . Electric arc welding with electrode carbon rod without wrapping using the battery as a power source . The main drawback of electric welding process is the oxidation of carbon is high enough to cause the weld welding be easily corroded rust , so the welding technique is no longer used .

Resistance Welding

At the same time , precisely in 1877 , a British physicist named James Joule , find welding resistance ( Resistance Welding ) . In 1856 he heats two wire rods with electricity . During the heating process , the two wires are pressed to each other . It turns out the two wires attached to each other after over heated . Las prisoners achieve rapid development of various types of robots being created . Developed to meet the needs of the various forms of electrical resistance welding include spot welding , interval , seam ( lines ) and projection . This welding in the process applying heat and pressure . Electrode serves as a drain flow and pressure plate -shaped object being welded . In further developments , resistane welding produces several types of welding processes , such as welding flash ( Flash Welding ) in 1920 .

Thermit Welding 

In the next decade , introduced Thermit welding ( Thermit Welding ) . Thermit welding is obtained by pouring molten metal between the two ends of the metal to be connected so it would melt . After the second freeze fused metal and liquid metal is poured serves as added ingredients .

Oxygen Acetylene Welding 

Acetylene gas in 1892 was found by Thomas Leopard Wetson . Acetylene and oxygen gas mixture with ratio and pressure when burned will produce temperatures high enough to melt the metal . Oxygen gas is produced by liquefying air so pure oxygen can be taken . How this is done by Brins brothers, the French in 1886 . Tools for burning acetylene and oxygen gas mixture called brander , discovered by Fouche and Picord . This tool into use in 1901 . This welding wrought managed to shift the use of welding and welding processes dominate for several decades to develop electric welding .

In 1925 welding oxygen acetylene is shifted by an improvement in electric arc welding in which the arc welding electrode wear wrapped . After burning , wrapping electrode produces gas and slag . Gas protect welding crater of oxidation during the welding process is underway . Slag protects the weld during the freezing process to cool ( until the slag is cleaned ) . Limitations of arc welding electrode rod is limited so long ektode any given period should stop replacing welding electrode .

The starting point of weakness at the end of the 1930s created the electrode arc welding rolls . In principle , the welding does not need to stop before reaching the end of the weld lines . And welding can be performed by means of semi- automatic or automatic . Used as the protective flux . Flux poured shortly in advance so that the electrode electric arc flash by latent fluxes . The advantage , operators are not dazzled by the electric arc flame , weakness , limited welding position under hand only at other positions scattered flux will fall before the function .

Tungsten Inert Gas

In 1941 in the United States found Tungsten electrode . Tungsten is not melted by the heat of an electric arc flash that does not feed in the weld . Used as the protective gas core ( Inert ) which can last for a few moments on his condition . Core ejected gas to the welding area so that the weld avoid oxidation . Because it uses the core as a protective welding , welding is often called TIG ( Tungsten Inert Gas ) .

The success of the use of gas tungsten core on a pedestal at the base electrode also tried a roll in the early 1950s . This process is hereinafter referred to as Gas Metal Arc Welding ( GMAW ) or MIG welding ( Metal Inert Gas ) . Because the gas meter is very expensive then used a mixture of argon and oxygen gas or CO gas is quite active . Welding is commonly called the Metal Active Gas ( MAG ) . Can also be used protective argon mixtures with CO for no more than 20 % the result is quite good because it does not leave slag . Keep in mind that the protective gas is very expensive , so the only way is used for special purposes .

Flux Core Arc Welding

Next discovered electrode arc welding weld rolls with floured protector . In order to be used in all positions , electrodes made ​​hollow like a pipe to put flux . This process is cheaper than the gas arc welding , can be for all welding positions and techniques can be developed in a semi- automatic or fully automatic welding is called flux cored arc welding ( Flux Core Arc Welding ) .

Stud Welding

Furthermore, there electrode as components to be mounted on the other . This is called welding stud welding. Stud mounted on the main body through the three stages of the layout position , the search ends and objects stud stud emphasis on primary and main object shortly after arc ignition is turned off .

Induction Welding

After that developed a high -frequency electric welding of 10,000 to 500,000 Hz . High frequency electric welding is often called induction welding . In terms of the process of unification of the object being welded , the welding including weld heat -assisted solid to break the oxidation layer or dirt on the surface of the object being welded . The heat generated is very thin on the surface of the object being welded so that it is suitable for welding thin plate .

Electron Beam Welding

In the 1950s , the electrical energy is converted into a beam of electrons is fired at the object to be welded . The heat generated is larger and electron former dimensions much smaller than the electric flame arc , the welding process is very fast so it is suitable for mass production . Hot region becomes more narrow so it is suitable for materials that are sensitive to changes in heat . Weld quality is very good and accurate , it's just very expensive equipment . This method is commonly referred to weld electron ( Electron Beam Welding ) .

Friction Welding

In 1950 , AL Chudikov , an engine from the Soviet Union , revealed the results of his observations on the theory of mechanical energy can be converted into heat energy . The friction on engine parts that move caused many losses because most of the mechanical energy is converted into heat generated . Chudikov argues , such a process should be used in the welding process . Once through experiments and research he managed to weld by utilizing the heat caused by friction . To increase the heat that occurs , not only the welded objects rotated , but also pressed one against the other . Pressure also serves accelerate fusion . This method is called friction welding ( Friction Welding ) .

Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding ( Plasma Arc Welding ) . The plasma process is actually a refinement of tungsten welding , flame electric arc just does not appear between the electrodes with the object to be welded , but appears between the tip electrode with core gas flowing around it . Plasma welding turned out better than tungsten because arc welding flame appears more stable electricity with a smaller diameter so that the heat is more concentrated . Welding process can run faster , besides that tungsten was never touched objects welded .

Ultrasonic Welding

Early 1960 was marked by the discovery of welding that uses high -frequency sound ( Ultrasonic Welding ) . It also uses an electric welding process works , there is no power on the object being welded , the heat generated is solely the result of the process and it is only to help in the process of unification of the object being welded . The voice that used ranges from 10,000 to 175,000 Hz , the sound vibrations are channeled through sosotrode mounted on a welded object . Then pressure is applied to the object being welded during the process . The advantages of this process is suitable for thin objects and not affected the type of material which you connect . Not wearing thermal energy as the primary energy is its own advantages in certain materials and thin , only less successful for the thickness of the welded objects above 2.5 mm x 2 .

Laser Welding

In 1955 the physicists managed to find a laser beam , is simply the light being produced at a particular wavelength and parallel , then enlarged , the beam will be focused next . The heat generated at the focal point is very high . By 1970 , the laser was implemented on a pedestal , as the laser beam can be set accurately so that laser welding is very appropriate for special equipment . Laser welding can be used to weld objects with a thickness of 0.13 mm to 29 mm at a shear rate range of 21 mm / sec to 1.2 mm / sec . Issues arising at the base of laser welding as well as electrons , estrangement welded very small objects between 0.03 to 0.15 .

History of the Wedding Cake

Ritual presents a wedding cake at the wedding began in Britain in the Middle Ages or the 15th century . When the wedding cake made ​​of wheat , and oddly enough , the cake was thrown to bride as a symbol of fertility . At that time , the wedding cake is also served as dessert .

Not only wedding cakes but also all of the baked goods , which includes scones and biscuits , stacked high and the couple tried to kiss cake topper . The higher the pile , the better and if successful kissed the top of the cake without dropping it believed all marriages will have prosperity .

In the 1600s, a French chef who came to visit the UK quite surprised with a cake piling ritual is considered less neat . He recommends using a broom handle as a milestone that hold the cake . But this does not last long.

In the 17th century , " bride pie " is a popular wedding cake . Start of sweet pie to pie contains minced mutton . At that time , imitation ring inserted into the pie into the eagerly awaited for the invitation is still flunky . If they got in the ring in the pie , they mean next bride .

The Modern Age

Wedding cakes like this start to be made since the 18th century in London . The story begins when William Rich intern falls in love with the daughter of his boss . William inspired by the beauty of the church of St. peaks . Bride and trying to impress his hero by making a big cake and beautiful . The women were impressed with the form of cakes served William as different from general pastries shaped flat at that time .

Even so , the wedding cake is not a popular multilevel served until 1840. Magnificent wedding cake and filled with ornate eventually become compulsory served as served at the wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert ( London ) . Splendor symbolized by the many wedding cake decoration of sugar and fondant , which used to be a luxury item because the sugar price is expensive .

History of Java

Java programming language is the first born of The Green Project , which runs for 18 months , from early 1991 until the summer of 1992 . The project is not using a version called Oak . The project was led by Patrick Naughton , Mike Sheridan , James Gosling and Bill Joy , along with nine other programmers from Sun Microsystems . One result of this project was made ​​by the Duke mascot Joe Palrang .

Project meeting took place in an office building Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park . Around the summer of 1992 the project was closed by generating a Java program first Oak , which is intended as a hardware controller with touch screen technology (touch screen ) , as in today's PDAs . The new technology is called " * 7 " ( Seven Star ) .

After the era of Star Seven completed , a subsidiary of Cable tv plus a few people interested in the project The Green Project . They are concentrating their activities on an office space at 100 Hamilton Avenue , Palo Alto .

The company recently increased forward : increasing the number of employees in a short period of 13 to 70 people . At the time span is well established use of the Internet as a medium that bridges work and ideas between them . In the early 1990s , the Internet is still a stub , which is used only in academic circles and the military .

They make the browser ( browser ) Mosaic as an initial basis for making the first Java browser called Web Runner , inspired by the 1980 movie , Blade Runner . In the development of the first release , the Web Runner renamed Hot Java .

In about March 1995 , for the first time the Java source code version 1.0a2 opened . Their success was followed by news for the first time in the newspaper San Jose Mercury News on May 23, 1995 . Honey discord among them one day at 04.00 in a hotel room Sheraton Palace . Three of the main leaders of the project , Eric Schmidt and George Paolini from Sun Microsystems with Marc Andreessen , Netscape form .

Oak name , taken from an oak tree that grew in front of the workspace window " Father of Java " James Gosling . Oak 's name is not used for Java release version as a other software already registered with the trademark , so that the replacement name is " Java " . The name is taken from the ground pure coffee beans directly from ( brewed coffee ) A Gosling . It is said that this coffee comes from the island of Java . So the name of the Java programming language is nothing but derived from the Javanese (English for Java is Java ) .

History of Beatbox

Beat boxing is one art form that focuses in producing rhythmic sounds and drum beats , musical instruments , and imitation of other sounds , especially the sound of turntables , through the human vocal organs such as the mouth , tongue , lips , and cavity - said another cavity . Players beatbox or better known as beatboxer , able to demonstrate any form of sounds with the powerful . Beat box is always associated with vocal percussion and with multi vocalism. Although basically the same , but in general the difference lies in its association with the beat box culture and Hip Hop music . However , in practice beatbox also applied to other musical genres such as Rock , Pop , R & B , and so on .

Traditional

Imitation is already known to the public voice of the world since time immemorial . Although there is no direct relationship with Hip Hop culture , arts like music vocal percussion Bol in India , Kouji in China , as well as techniques of African percussion vokla also form the basis for beatboxing . In Indonesia alone there Kecak dance which background music is a blend of sounds from a particular vocabulary .

Era of Hip Hop

Beatbox in the world of Hip Hop became known in the 1980s . The word " beat box " literally refers to the first generation of drum machines , therefore the beatboxer in that era often referred to as " the Human Beat Box " . Musicians who became a pioneer Doug E. diataranya Fresh , Darren " Buffy " Robinson of the group The Fatboys , and Leonardo " Wise " Roman of Stetsasonic . Each musician pioneered the distinctive features and different styles and inspire generations berikunya beatboxer . In addition to generating knocking sound and rhythm , in this era of musicians Biz Markie also memperknalkan MCing and singing techniques combined with percussive sounds .

Modern era

In the 1990s, many musicians beatbox berkonstibusi and also in the spread beatbox all over the world. Beatboxer is quite famous among other Vaughan Chadderton , Rahzel , Kenny Muhammad , and Matisyahu. The development of the Internet is also a positive impact on the development beatbox all over the world .

In 2005 , for the first time beatboxing world championship was held in Leipzig , Germany . This championship was followed by a beatboxer from all over the world such as Tom Thumb and Joel Turner from Australia , White Noise of Ireland , Roxorloops of Belgiua ) , Poizunus of Canada , as well as Faith SFX from England . At the end of the championship , dinobatkanlah Joel Turner from Australia as the winner pertamannya . While the runner - up was given to Roxorloop of Belgium .

History of the Elevator

Ranging from ancient times to the middle ages and into the 13th century , human and animal power is the driving force . In 1850 was introduced steam and hydraulic elevators . Occurred in 1852 a new chapter in the history of the invention of the elevator is the first safe elevator by Elisha Graves Otis World .

The first passenger elevators installed by Otis in New York in 1857 . After Otis' death in 1861 , his son , Charles and Norton developed the legacy left by creating Otis Brothers & Co. . in 1867 . In 1873 more than 2000 Otis elevators have been used in office buildings , hotels , and department stores throughout the United States, and five years later the Otis hydraulic passenger elevators first . Era Skyscraper issued in 1889 Otis electric elevator engine direct -connected geared very successful first .

In 1903 , Otis introduced the design that would become the backbone of the elevator industry gearless traction electric elevator is designed and proven to outlast the building itself . This leads to a growing era of high-rise structures , including most notably the Empire State Building and the World Trade Center in New York , the John Hancock Center in Chicago and the CN Tower in Toronto .

Over the years , some of the innovations made by Otis in the field of automatic control of the Signal Control System , Peak Period Control , Systems and Multiple Zoning Autotronic Otis . Otis is a world leader in the development of computer technology and the company has made a revolution in the elevator control so as to create a dramatic improvement in terms of reaction time elevators and elevator ride quality .

History of Clowning

Clown is an entertainer who furnishes her face with a thick powder and dressed weird, and demonstrate fluent expression - expression funny . Professional clown is actually quite old . That said , since the times of ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

They not only make the rich laugh that stress through the show . But also entertain and make a living on the streets or are known as street singing . With the ability to mime the movements slapstik silly , they may be one of the oldest street vendors in the world of entertainment .

In the Middle Ages around 500 - 1500 AD is exactly the character of a very famous clown . European Society kususnya Italy , know as Arlecchino or Harlequin clown . Popularized theatrical group called Comedia del l' arte . Costumes used are still very simple , yet seheboh or today.

Arlecchino

While the clown clothing as it is known today is actually the result of developments in the ever popular costume Germany and the UK , around the 18th century . at that time Pickellhering Mime makeup and style so famous . Characteristics baggy clothes and shoes , colorful headgear and large circular lace around the neck of the clown .

In the 18th century it is also a clown began to be an important part of the circus . Understandably wrote the name right contents circus acrobat tense , well this is the presence of a strange creature into laughter anglers and is expected to be a tense nerve relaxants . Until now , the actions of these clowns into the eyes awaited event .

One of the pioneers of the use of modern clown costume circus star at the same time in the early 18th century is a character created Jocy Joseph Grimaldi . Jocy purported advantages that make it memorable in the history  of Clown is its ability to turn the clown character played . Jocy not just funny , but it also plays through the audience feeling sad expression , even fear .

Joseph Grimaldi

Towards the era of modern cinema , clown character inspired many prominent entertainment business . Comedian Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton , for example adopting the spirit of the clown in all not speak movie . Begin a new era   Clown, from street busking beginning now become an integral part of the entertainment business .

History of Billiard

Beginning

Beginning history of the sport Billiar is long and rich . This game has been played by kings to commoners. The game was played in the park as well as a popular croquet played in Eastern Europe and France in the 15th century . At the end of the game moved into the room with the table given the green cloth to resemble grass . Added a small border on the edge of the table . Ball ball driven more by long wood called " mace " . The word billiard alone is estimated to come from the word " billart " which means wooden sticks or " bille ' meaning ball . At first , the game is played with two balls on the table with six pockets like in the game of croquet wicket and straight sticks used as targets .

Game of croquet

Entering the 18th century , the goal and the target was no longer used , just balls - balls and pockets - pockets only. Since the early 1800s , the game is widely played by the nobility therefore the game is never popular with the name of the Noble Game of Billiards . But many also evidence that shows that the game has been played by people from different social levels . In the 1600s , the game is already well known . Shakespeare also mentions the game in his " Antony and Cleopatra " . 75 years later the first book about the regulations - regulations issued billiards .

A tool used

New Billiard  stick was developed in the late 1600s. When the ball is near the edge of the table , the stick is difficult to use because of the large end of the stick . If this happens then the player will usually use the other end of the stick to hit the ball . End of the stick is held called " queue " which means tail , from there then obtained the word " cue " . For the longest time , only men - men who are allowed to use the cue ; women forced to use mace because they feared would tear the coating material to the table cue sharper .

Table

Table for this game , at first having a vertical barrier at its edge that serves to prevent the ball falling . Such restraint is similar to the riverbank ( riverbanks ) until called banks . Ball - the ball can bounce up to the players would deliberately steer his shot into the barrier . Therefore , blow created a "bank shot "

History of the Palace cipanas in Indonesia

The word is derived from the Sundanese cipanas; ci or cai means water, and heat is hot in Indonesian. The word became the name of a village, the village of Cipanas because in this place there are hot springs that contain sulfur.

Cipanas Presidential Palace began in a building that was founded in 1740 by a private owner, a Dutch landowner named Van Heots. However, during the reign of the Dutch East Indies, to be exact start of Governor-General GW Baron van Imhoff (1743), because the appeal of hot springs, built a medical building around the hot springs. Then, because of the charisma and the cool mountain air is clean and fresh nature, the building was used as a resting place of the Governor-General of the Netherlands.

Since the establishment of the reign of the Netherlands, Cipanas Presidential Palace functioned as a resting place and a stopover. However, a very beautiful natural surrounding the main attraction for the visitors, so that during the reign of the van Imhoff, a haven / retreat could switch function. Because the power of hot springs containing sulfur and because the cool mountain air and clean, the building was once used as a treatment for military members of the Company who required treatment.

Commissioner General Leonard du Bus de Pietr Josef Gisignies, for example, noted that most pleased the sulfur baths. Similarly Sirardus Willem Carel van Graaf Hogendorp, secretary (1820-1841). Additionally Daendeles Herman Willem (1808-1811) and Thomas Stanford Raffles (1811-1816) during his official put a few hundred people in the place; most bazaar of them work in the apple orchards and flower gardens as well as in rice mills, in addition to the care of cattle, sheep - sheep, and horses.

Physically, since its establishment until now, the trip changed history Cipanas Palace. Gradually, over the years, this palace grew and grew. Starting from 1916, are still in the reign of the Dutch East Indies, three standing buildings in the palace complex. Now all three are known by the name of Yudhishthira Pavilion, Pavilion Bhima and Arjuna Pavilion.

Nine years later, in 1954 in the official Indonesian President, Sukarno, established a small building, located next to the back of the Main Building. Different from other buildings, around the outer walls and the front yard and side of the building is decorated with stone-shaped bumps. By taking the form of wall hangings as well as the court was that, a unique sounding name of this building, which is building Bentol. (Bentol from Sundanese language; Indonesian counterpart in the bumps too, like mosquito bites).

Twenty-nine years later, in 1983, during the second President of Indonesia, Suharto, following two other pavilions stand, namely Pavilion Pavilion Nakula and Sahadev.

Cipans Presidential Palace has also functioned as a family residence by several families Governor General of the Netherlands. Who once inhabited the building was the family Andrias Cornelis de Graaf (the reign 1926 -1931), Bonifacius Cornelius de Jonge (1931), and the latter, which coincides with the arrival of the Japanese occupation (1942), is Tjarda van Starkenborg Stachourwer.

After Indonesian independence, the building was officially designated as one of the Presidential Palace of the Republic of Indonesia and its function is still used as a resting place of President or Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia and their families.

Cipanas Presidential Palace is also noted important events in the history of the bow line of the Indonesian economy, namely that on December 13, 1965, Dining Room Main Building, once functioned as a cabinet convened in the context of the determination of changes in the dollar value of 1,000, 00 to Rp1, 00 , precisely during the Indonesian President Sukarno and at the time held by Finance Minister Frans Seda.

In accordance with the Presidential Palace Cipanas function, not used for receiving guests. However, in 1971, Queen Juliana also took the time to stop at the palace when visiting Indonesia.

History of the Palace the Republic of Indonesia

State Palace was built in 1796 for a private residence a Dutch citizen JA van Braam. In 1816 the building was taken over by the Dutch government and used as a center of government and residence of the Governor General of the Netherlands. Therefore at the time of this palace is also known as Hotel Governor General.

In the beginning of the building's architecture style of ancient Greek two-story, but in 1848 it was dismantled parts, and the front downstairs made larger to give the impression of more formal. The shape of the building is the result of this change in 1848 survived until now, without any significant changes. The building area is approximately 3,375 square feet.

In accordance with the function of this palace, displays and decorations tend to give a very formal atmosphere. Even charismatic. There are two large mirrors relics of the Dutch government, in addition to wall hangings painters - great painters, such as Basoeki Abdoellah.

Many important events are happening at the State Palace. Among them is when General de Kock outlines his plan to the Governor-General Baron van der Capellen to suppress the rebellion of Prince Diponegoro and formulate its strategy in the face of Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Also when the Governor-General Johannes van den Bosch set or system of forced cultivation Cultivation stelsel. After independence, dated March 25, 1947, in the building witnessed the signing of agreements Linggarjati. Parties represented by Sjahrir Indonesia and the Netherlands by Dr.. Van Mook.

State Palace serves as the center of state government, including host the event - which is a state event, such as the official inauguration - state officials, opening discussion, and national working meeting, the opening of the national and the international congress, and a state banquet.

Since the reign of the Netherlands and Japan until the reign of the Republic of Indonesia, has been approximately 20 heads of government and heads of state who use the State Palace as an official residence and center of administration of the State. (RI Presidential Palace, Secretariat of the President, 2004)