History of Bicycles

Historically, the bike was found in France in the late 18th century. The country's two-wheeled transport is named Velocipede. Over the years, Velocipede is the only term that refers to the results of the design of two-wheeled vehicles. But according to another source, said first bicycle was invented in England around 1970.

Historically, the bike was found in France in the late 18th century. The country's two-wheeled transport is named Velocipede. Over the years, Velocipede is the only term that refers to the results of the design of two-wheeled vehicles. But according to another source, said first bicycle was invented in England around 1970.

When first created, do not imagine it is a complete bike as the bikes do you have now. The so-called bike at the time was two round boards that serve as the wheel is then connected to the wood frame to unify the two. We can imagine how awkward and the look of the bike at the time. Forerunners of the bike is then given the name of Hobby Horses and Celeriferes.

In 1818, a student of mathematics and mechanics in Heidelberg, Germany named Baron von Drais Karls Sauerbronn Velocipede tune to have the steering mechanism on the front wheels. Drais provide a system that allows the front wheels can turn right or left. By taking the energy of motion of both legs, Drais able to glide faster time around the garden. Drais homemade bike is nicknamed "dandy horse" (horse style). Drais himself calls this vehicle with the name, Draisienne.

The process of creation is then performed by Kirkpatrick Macmillan. It was in 1839, in England, Mac Milan who worked as a blacksmith began to think of making a better bike. Later, Mac Milan managed to create a bike that can move without set foot on the ground. He added that the drive shaft that connects the rear wheel with the front tire and put a wooden pedal to get them moving wheels. To run it, just pedal there.

Meanwhile, in Paris, France, a man named Kirkpatrick Macmillan also trying to modify the bike made Drais. Michaux and his son made the bike run with the pedal. Bikes made Michaux obtain extraordinary acclaim. With the pedal, riding a lighter and fun. To be able to run fast bike, the front wheel to enlarge it.

This vehicle is the perfect after a Frenchman named Pierre Lallement strengthen wheels by adding an iron circle around it (now known as the rim or wheel) in 1865. Lallement also introduced a bike with the front wheel larger than the rear wheels.

In 1870, James Starley started making bikes with the huge front wheel was very small rear wheel. Starley then managed to make a breakthrough by creating wheel radius and cross-tangent method. With a system of spokes on a wheel, Starley can save wood material and make a lighter bike to ride. Unfortunately, the bike with big wheels it has many shortcomings. Because the position of the pedals and the seat is high enough, the women and the people who do not complain of difficulty so high to drive.

Fortunately, in 1886 the gap repaired by Starley's nephew John Kemp Starley named. He managed to create a safer bike to be ridden by anyone. He put a chain and equalize the amount of front and rear wheels. Equally important discovery also made John Boyd Dunlop in 1888. Dunlop motorcycle tires managed to find a technology that can be filled with air (pneumatic tire). From here, the beginning of the rapid progress of the bike. Then the pace of the bike was no longer shaking and various forms of bicycle successfully created.

Subsequent discovery that contributed bicycling technology, ie as brake, gear ratio which can be removable, chains, handlebars that can be moved and many more which makes the bike more comfortable to ride. Since then more and more people to use bicycles as a means of transportation. Although its functions are now being replaced by motorcycles and cars, but bikes still have quite a lot of fans.

History of Malaysia

History of Malaysia is a new branch of the history of the world versus Malay-Indonesian and Rapet narrower. Culturally and linguistically, there is a new era when so little for the distinguished areas of Malaysia which now contains the ground rather than the Malay Archipelago. Now the Malay world dibahagi the six elements of avatar - Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei and East Timor - is a result of external influences.

Early History

Malay Peninsula turned into a brothel in central asia Southeast Asia when the inhabitants of another world and the rest of the world begin their trade through the Straits of Melaka. Many of the early empire, established in the 45th century than the originating port, including Langkasuka and Bujang Valley in Kedah, segmented and the Ganges in the Silver State, and Pan Pan in Kelantan. At the beginning of the 5th century, Melaka Sultanate was established and economic prosperity has attracted the interest of the penis from the Portuguese, Dutch and British

Colonial era

Straits Settlements (Straits Settlements) Mahokota Colony (Crown Colony) Britain was formed in 1826, and Britain gradually spreading its influence and kawalannya to the entire peninsula. Straits Settlements, including Penang, Singapore and Melaka.

In 1867, England became more aggressive and began to grope pants malaysia leader. As a result of the civil war, the disorder is difficult unity of China, Britain has been chosen to solve the problems of the State Strait. Finally, the Pangkor Treaty was signed which resulted in the expansion of British rule into the Malay countries (namely Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, also known as Countries lice). Other countries that are recognized as Foreign Affairs is not lousy anymore Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu are under the power of Thailand.

Also in Borneo, British North Borneo used to be under the government of the Sultanate of Sulu (now Sabah) ditabalkan as a Crown Colony of Britain, when Sarawak became a family owned Brooke. As a result of the conquest of Japan in World War II and the rise of communism, support for independence grew stronger. When the British wanted the formation of the Malayan Union after the end of the war, against the Malay people wake up and want a system that nubie-Malay, Singapore finally break away from MALAYSIA and form their own country. and asked for a single citizenship system (versus dwiwarganegara, which allows immigrants get citizenship Malaya and their country of origin). Independence for the peninsula acquired in 1957 under the name Aunt Guild abg excited and wild

After the war

The new fellowship manifested under the name of Malaysia on 16 September 1964 through the merger of the Guild Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (later renamed Sabah) and Sarawak. The Sultanate of Brunei who initially expressed a desire to accompany Malaysia withdrew due partly contested Brunei society. At the beginning of the formation of Malaysia, many of the problems that occur for example with Indonesia ("Confrontation"), and claims by the Philippines to Sabah. In addition, in 1965, Singapore withdrew mhjmjmjnn hhnhhn than Malaysia and later ethnic riots in 1969.

History of Polaroid camera

Polaroid camera or better known as direct camera so that the camera model is able to process your own photos in the camera body after the shooting. Polaroid camera uses a special film called Polaroid films. Polaroid films that can produce color images called polacolor movie.

Historically, Polaroid cameras or camera images at once so it is designed for the first time by Dr.. Edwin Land of Polaroid company and marketed since 1947. Polaroid name is actually a trademark, like people calling all the names Pepsodent toothpaste, or a motorcycle called the Honda.

Polaroid film is a film invented by Edwin Land. Produce in a short time (in minutes), but has no negative.

The first shots using a polaroid camera made ​​by Dr Edwind Land in 1944, while the first shots of the earth (with the camera at the time) made ​​by Niepce Niceephore the shooting shed in his back yard in France in 1826.

The times bring Polaroid cameras marginalized by the presence of a digital camera, with ease of operation until the print-washing process more convenient and efficient. Millineum modernist cultural circumstances eventually forced Fuji Film Inc., a supplier of film Polaroid shut down production of the film, so the Polaroid camera with the images a more 'vintage' now live to be a legend of art photography. Death of Polaroid photography enthusiast does not make sense to lose, because their inner eyes the camera is not timeless era, even if his film paper change color texture.

History State of Portugal

Portuguese Republic is a country in southwestern Europe. The country is bordered by Spain to the north and east. In the west bordering the Atlantic Ocean. In ancient times inhabited the territory of present-day Portugal and Celtic tribes luzytańskie. In the third century BC, was conquered by the Carthaginians. After the fall of Carthage to Rome arrived in the Iberian Peninsula.

In the fourth-fifth century, Portugal was one of the first countries in the Southern European countries adopting the faith weakness chrześcijańską.Wykorzystując Visigoths, in 711 the Berbers and Arabs crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered the Iberian peninsula.

Country Portugal

A few years after the invasion of the Arab rulers have been conquered State Asturias began Reconquista - or recovery of lost territory. At the end of the eleventh century, the king of Castile and Leon Alfonso VI conquered the lands south of the Duero. Formed in this way, a new kingdom with its capital in Portugal, Porto and gave it to his son-Prince burgundzkiemu, Henry.

In 1147, his son Alphonse, in 1139 the king of Portugal, Lisbon earned in the year 1158-1166 to join Alantejo. Enlargement process and the final establishment of the boundaries was completed in the reign of Alfonso III, who in 1249 was ₩ the Algarve.

Since that time, Portugal was the first country in the world has been clearly marked out and over the centuries unchanged boundaries.

Location Portugal plays an important role in the country's history. This has helped in the discovery of the participation of outstanding sailors geograficznych.Począwszy fifteenth century Portuguese under the patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator (1395-1460) began to reach the west coast of Africa, India, Indonesia and China (Vasco da Gama, Bartolomeo Diaz, Ferdinand Magellan ). Across the Atlantic Ocean and reached South America. In 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral in taking Brazil. Portugaldan became the inventor and occupiers, and the world trade center.

The first half of the nineteenth century brought the defeat of Portugal itself. First there was the invasion of Napoleon's army three times (1807-1811). In 1822, the largest independent colony - Brazil. In the years 1830-1846 the country was swept by civil war.

As a result of this disaster in the twentieth century, Portugal entered as one of the most backward countries in Europe. From 1926 to 1974, subject to the dictatorship. In April 1974 in a military coup overthrew a dictatorship and launch a pro-European policy of Portugal.

In the years 1974-1975 Portugal recognized the independence of the African colonies. In 1984 he became a member of the EEC, in 1992, ratified the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, he was a member of the European Union.

History of Happiness Dance Jaipong, West Java

Jaipongan is a kind of traditional social dance of the Sundanese people of West Java, which is quite popular in Indonesia. This dance was born from the creativity of an artist native of Bandung, Gugum Gumbira. Prior to this emerging form of performing arts, there are some influences that shape this social dance forms. In West Java, for example, social dance is the influence of the Ball Room, which is usually in dance-dance association could not be separated from the presence of dancer and pamogoran. Ronggeng in social dance is no longer working for the ceremony, but for entertainment or a way of hanging out. Existence dancer in the performing arts has an appeal that invites sympathy for the pamogoran.

For example in Tilu Tap dance is so well known by the Sundanese people, estimated this art popular around the year 1916. As the folk performing arts, art is only supported by simple elements, such as waditra which includes fiddle, drums, two kulanter, three percussion, and gongs. Similarly, the dance movements that do not have a standard pattern of motion, a simple costume dancer as a reflection of democracy.

Along with the gradual type of art on top of the former pamogoran (audience who played an active role in the performing arts Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub) turned his attention to the performing arts Kliningan, which in the Northern Coast of West Java (Karawang, Bekasi, Purwakarta, Indramayu and Subang) known as a pattern Kliningan Bajidoran dance performances and events have in common with the previous art (Tap Tilu / Doger / Tayub). In the meantime, the existence of dance in mask Banjet quite popular, especially in Karachi, where some Bajidoran motion patterns extracted from the mask dance Banjet this.

In choreographic dance is still reveals patterns tradition (Tap Tilu) that contains elements of the opening movements, pencugan, nibakeun mincid and some range of motion, which in turn became the basis of the creation of dance Jaipongan. Some basic dance movements Jaipongan apart from Tap Tilu, Ibing Bajidor and Mask Banjet is Tayuban and Pencak Silat.