History of Sugar Cane

At first sugar cane known by the Polynesians, then spread to India. In 510 BC, when the Indian master, King Darius of Persia find "the reed which gives honey without bees". As with many other human inventions, where sugar cane is kept secret and closely guarded, while dairy products exported and to generate huge profits.

Secrets of sugarcane finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learned how sugar. During the expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain.

 

Sugar is known by those western Europe as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries was a period of major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. For example, in a 1319 note on sugar prices in London at "two shillings a pound". This value is equivalent to several months the average wage, so that it can be said sugar is a luxury at that time.

Rich people love-making sculptures of sugar to decorate their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party held in his honor by displaying plates, silverware, and linen are all made of sugar.

Because it is expensive goods, sugar is often considered a drug. Many health instructions from the 13th century to 15 who recommend giving sugar to people with disabilities to strengthen their power.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining is generally carried out in Venice. Venice could no longer a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established a trading there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the American people who have changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

In one of his first trip, Columbus brought sugarcane to be planted in the Caribbean region. The climate is very favorable for the growth of sugarcane caused the establishment of an industry quickly. The need for a large sugar to Europe led to many forest areas in the Caribbean islands became almost completely disappeared replaced sugar cane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua and half of Tobago. Sugarcane plants cultivated in bulk. Millions of people were sent from Africa and India to work in the sugar mill. Therefore, the production of sugar is closely associated with the slave trade in the western world.

Economically sugar is very important so that all European powers to build or trying to establish colonies on the small Caribbean islands and many battles going on for control of the islands. Furthermore, sugarcane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions in the world (India, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific) to meet the needs of the European market and local.

History of Mermaids

Mermaid is a water creature that has a body like a woman from the waist to the head, while the body from the waist down to resemble a fish. Mermaid is a mythological creature that belonged to the half-man half-animal creatures. Mermaids are often associated with adverse events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other traditions (or sometimes in the same tradition), the mermaid is described as having a good and merciful nature, bestowing gifts or fall in love with a human.

The story of the mermaid appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Story first appeared at the time of the Ancient Assyrians, about a goddess named Atargatis that transform himself into a mermaid because of shame had killed her accidentally. Babylonian society is also worshiped as the god of the sea mermaid known as Ea or Oannes; Oannes is described as a male mermaid.

In Greek mythology, the mermaid is said to always tease the sailors were negligent; anyone who is tempted to be doomed. Mermaids are also associated with siren creatures in Greek mythology, as well sirenian, order of marine mammals consisting of dugongs and sea ox. Some notes testimony encounter with mermaids by ancient sailors are most likely a mistake on the marine mammal observation form. Christopher Columbus claimed that he had seen a mermaid while browsing the Caribbean Sea, and report sightings also exist in the 20th century and the 21st in Canada, Israel, and Zimbabwe. In 2012, the National Ocean Service United States stated that the evidence of the existence of mermaids were never found.

Mermaids also become one of the popular subject in the field of art and literature in the modern age, for example in the works of the famous Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" (1836). Berungkali literary works have been adapted as an opera, painting, books, movies, and comics.


History
The story of the mermaid was first found in Assyrian. The story is about a goddess Atargatis, the mother of Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Goddess Atargatis fell in love with a shepherd, who then killed him. Embarrassed, he plunged into the lake to transform themselves into fish. However, water can not change him completely because of her beauty as a goddess. Finally, only half of his body that become fish from the waist up human form, from the waist down intangible fish although the depiction in ancient times, Atargatis described as fish heads and handed man, much like the god Ea of Babylon. The Greeks recognized Atargatis as Derketo.

In Greek legend is told that Alexander the Great's sister, Thessalonike, turn into a mermaid after her death, and wander in the Aegean Sea. He would always ask one question to sailors on every vessel he encountered: "Did Alexander still alive?" (Greek: "Ζει ο Βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος"), and the correct answer is: "He is still alive and in power and conquer the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμο κυριεύει"). The answer will make her happy, so he will make the waters became calm and menyelemati passing ship. Another answer would upset him, so that he will bring storms and cursed sailors and their ships in it

Discovery
Some legendary creatures like mermaids character is also found in some countries, such as: Mami Wata of west and central Africa; Russalki (Rusalka) from Russia and Ukraine; Merrow of Ireland and Scotland; Oceanid, Nereid, and Naiad from Greece, all four water nymphs. In fairy tales and folklore of Europe, there are creatures that its form resembles a mermaid called Melusine, tangible women from head to waist, while intangible fish from the waist down, with two forked tail or sometimes like a snake. According to Japanese folklore, if humans eat the flesh of a mermaid, it will gain immortality. In some European folklore, mermaids can be granted.

History of Boat, Sailboats and Steam Ship

A. History of Boat

Did you know that the man knew the boat since the stone age? Noted that the first boat made by humans is canoe-shaped vessel. Kano was created in the stone age, especially indigenous Americans were said to have been skilled wood carving make canoes.

For vessels that have a decent early used at sea may have been developed in the past 45,000 years. they also began to recognize the system in a way whaling drove them to the ground with a scare with sound noise, trik2, and use deadly weapons not for, like an arrow. This is usually used in small spesies2 such as pilot whales, beluga whales and narwhals. this time it was noted that the initial navigation system in the world comes from the ancient Indian maurya empire around 4th century BC.

The ancient Egyptians have sufficient knowledge in this konstruksi.Hal screen regulated by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent an expedition of the Phoenicians, who in three years sailing around Africa from the Red Sea to the mouth of the Nile. Some historians believe that Herodotus has reached this science.

for development and will be in a pillowcase tokoh2 gob on other blogs. Now we try to go about peristiwa2 important, namely the discovery of the ship that is used before the motor ship (MS) for humans even to this day.

B. History  of Sailboats

Ship sailing ship is driven by using screens that utilize wind power as a pusher. Ship construction is generally made of wood and old enough to use as a bone backs are shipping both civilian and military, until the invention of the steam engine and ship iron / steel in the 19th century along with the height of the Industrial Revolution, led by Britain through the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.

At first, the ship sails driven by human power as a rower and screen. Models of ships of this type can be seen in the viking ship, vessel Ancient Egypt, Ancient Roman ship, vessel Ancient India until the Borobudur Ship already using sailboats. Along with the development, then used kapa bercadik screen as seen in Indonesia, using a triangular sail ship as seen in the Middle East and rectangular sailing ship used by the European Nations ahead of entering the exploration century, As well as a folding screen with a model ship encountered in Japan or China. In today generally sailboats equipped with outboard engine for a possible no wind blows in certain areas local to continue their journey

C. History of Steam ship

After making a sailing ship sailing is growing and needs, which is faster begin to be felt, while the sailing ship has various limitations then later the steamer then be excellent new transport. Steamer or also called a steamer, is a ship driven by steam that drives the propeller or paddle wheel. Steamer or Steamships shortened to SS, SS or S.

Steamships began to be used after the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in England which led to the industrial revolution which is also a fuel revolution because at that time began to use coal with a wider scale replace firewood.

On the voyage, was found by John Fitch in 1787 on the River Delaware, United States, then Robert Fulton in 1802. Initially due to lack of confidence in shipbuilders and sailors, ships steamer still using poles tiggi and equipped with screens up to anticipate when the fuel in the furnace runs out of steam. Such a model can be found in the Pre Dreadnought battleships before 1906. For example warship type Asahi (Japan) or Borodino (Russia) involved in the naval war Tsushima in 1902.

History of Motorcycles~First Motorcycles in the World

First motorcycle made by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 when he put up a machine with complete combustion in a wood bike he designed himself. The bike has four wheels, including two additional wheels (like a bicycle wheel in children).

Son Daimler became the first to ride a motorcycle when he tried his father's creations on November 10, 1885 with the speed of approaching 10Kpj. Some motorcycle model then introduced in Germany, France and the UK with a focus on the development of its practicality as a means of transportation.

In 1903, Arthur Davidson and his brother Walter along with his neighbor William Harley Harley-Davidson made the first one. A year later they began producing motorcycles for sale. 1909 Harley-Davidson V-Twin engine introduces the first, which has two cylinders with configuration like the letter "V".

The machine has a great sound, rumble and impressed males, shortly engine into a classic American machines. During 1914, forms the basis of modern motorcycle began to form. The form includes the laying of the engine between the front and rear wheels and a chain to mentransger power from the engine to the rear wheels.

During World War I (1914-1918), the motorcycle is proven as a means of transportation for American and European military, was able to reduce the burden on the highway and was able to bring much more to the communication device front lines of battle. After the war, the use of motorcycles spread to Europe and America. Until the 1950s, most North American motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson or by British companies such as Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, and Triumph.

The period 1960 and 1970, Japanese companies such as Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha, began to introduce a motorcycle with the engine and suspension development, and they can compete with the motor manufacturer Sudak first there. Later, a motorcycle with a 750 4 stroke engines up to 1200 cc that powered their production will dominate the motorcycle market highway, while the second machine measures 250 cc to 500 will dominate the market of off-road motorcycles.

History of Animation

Definition animation taken from the Oxford dictionary meaning of life as a film, made ​​from photography, illustration, dolls, and so with the slight difference antarframes, to give the impression of movement when projected (The Little Oxford Dictionary 19). Animate is a verb of English means giving nyawa.Animasi not a new technology anymore and has been used in a variety of interesting films. However, its development in Indonesia was slow. Of the many three-dimensional animated films in circulation almost everything is made ​​overseas, even the majority of people are not aware of any local paper. Yet until now there are two three-dimensional animated film domestically-made full length of "Homeland" and "Janus Last Warrior" Actually, Indonesia also has a reliable animators, ironically the work they actually exported to other countries as was done by Castle Animation in Jakarta. The problem is that investors in Indonesia itself has not seen animation as a profitable sector (Wicaksono 25) .Memperhatikan animated films circulating the big screen, almost all of them use one technique that is generally a 3-D animation as usual studio Pixar, stop motion is usually done by Aardman, or 2-D is usually done by Disney. 

Looking at the fact that the writer here wants to try to explore a combined animation technique that is rarely used. Combining two different animation techniques was not possible at the production stage or stages of compositing penganimasian but it is possible as in the post-produksi.Cerita fairy tale titled "The Shepherd and the Chimney Sweep Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen is an interesting object to be used as a final project work in the form of films short animation with combined techniques. This story is a work of Andersen are less popular that it has never made ​​the animation at all. The reason for choosing this story lies in the storyline that has the ability to display a variety of emotional atmosphere.

Making it possible to display or visualkannya various mood (atmosphere) in a film that even only one setting. Concretely are as follows • Atmosphere neutral at the beginning of the story starts with the introduction of the character. • Tensions start of the conflict that began to peak when the girl was forced to marry a shepherd antagonist story and the scene when the two main characters escape. • The atmosphere is dark and gloomy when the two main characters included in the desk drawer to hide. • Suasna romantic in the climax when they reach the top of the chimney followed by anticlimax that scene on the roof of the house • the atmosphere is cheerful in a happy endingDengan above advantages, this story is a story that is potentially interesting and challenging to display in audio-visual format. It needs a careful design to produce a film that has the aspect of continuity as in it has a scene with a different mood.

History of Animation

Animation is a technique widely sutu once used in the film world today, both as a unified whole, part of a movie, or one with a live movie. Actually rooted in the world of film photography, while animation is rooted in the image of the world, namely illustration graphic design (visual communication design). Through the history of each, both photographic and illustrative form a clan gets a new dimension in live clan animated films. It can be said that animation is a medium that is born of a convention or two disciplines, namely clan movie images. To understand the clan wears animation techniques, both these conventions must be understood.

The film, commonly used to record a situation, or express something. The film is used to fulfill a general requirement, which communicates an idea, message or reality. Because of the uniqueness of its dimensions, the clan because of the nature of the entertainment, the film has been accepted as one of the audio-visual media are the most popular and loved. Because it is also regarded as the most effective media.

To be able to use the medium of film there are two main problems that must be faced, namely technical issues clan movie premises engineering problems presented something commonly called a movie or presentation techniques. Likewise, the things that should be known in the animated film, namely the problem of animation techniques, and engineering problems communicating something with animation techniques. Often communication techniques more familiar words to say the art of communicating.

In fact is it is very closely related to the various fields of the arts, both visual and verbal or teateral. For a communications planner, this activity is very important to understand. A filmmaker will be encountering technical problems make the film and the art of making films. All things that are written in this discussion, not a limitation, but a way of seeing and a summary of the issues that must be developed.

Origins of Film Technique AnimasiKeinginan humans to create images or santiran (image) that lives and moves as pantara of disclosure (expression) they are, is a manifestation of the basic form of animation that life evolved. The word itself is an animated adaptation of the word animation, which is derived from the basic to animate, in a general English-Indonesian dictionary means turn (Wojowasito 1997). In general, animation is an activity switch, move inanimate objects; An inanimate object is given a boost of strength, spirit and emotions to be alive and moving, or simply memorable life.

In fact, since ancient times, man has tried meng¬animasi motion pictures of their animals, as found by archaeologists in the Lascaux caves of Northern Spain, has lived two hundred thousand years; They tried to capture fast motion running animals, such as wild boar, bison or a horse, described by eight feet in different positions and stacked (Hallas and Manvell 1973: 23). The ancient Egyptians turn their image with a sequence of images of the wrestlers who are struggling, as a wall decoration. Created around 2000 BC (Thomas 1958: 8)

Ancient Japanese painting exhibits a life storyline, with deploying scrolls, made ​​in the Heian period (794-1192) (Cyclopedia Americana volume 19, 1976). Then came the toy called thaumatrope around the 19th century in Europe, in the form of a thick sheet of cardboard discs, illustrated bird in a cage, which is both the left rope tied to his right, when twisted by hand will give a picture of the bird moving santir (Laybourne 1978: 18) .

Until the 1880s, Jean Marey using a straight portrait continuous recording of motion flying bird, human activities and other animals. A tool that became the forerunner of the movie camera life growing up today. And in 1892, Emile Reynauld develop animated images ayng toy called praxinoscope, in the form of a series played hundreds of images and animations projected on a mirror into a motion movie, a device the forerunner to the projector at the cinema (Laybourne 1978: 23).

Both novice filmmaker cinema, comes from the French, dianggapsebagai initial opening of the development of the animated film technique (Encyclopedia AmericanavoLV1,1976: 740) Ten years later, after the movie of life ahead with his fast at the end of the 19th century In 1908, Emile Cohl beginners of the French animated film simplest form matchstick figures. The series of pictures blabar black (black line) is created on top of a white sheet, was photographed with a film negative so that the figure looks to be white and the background black.

While in the United States Winsor McCay (see picture beside) animated film "Gertie the Dinosaur" in 1909. The figure is drawn blabar black on a white background. Following in the years following the American animators began to develop the technique of animated film around 1913 to the early 1920s; Max Fleischer develop "Ko Ko The Clown" and Pat Sullivan made "Felix The Cat". The series of drawings made ​​as simple as possible, in which the figure is drawn blabar black or black shadow background blabar united with a black base or made otherwise. McCay made ​​a movie with the calculation formula of the time, 16 times per second in motion pictures.

Fleischer and Sullivan have taken advantage of the sell animation techniques, namely transparent sheets of celluloid material (celluloid) called "cell". Other Beginners in Germany, Lotte Reineger, in 1919 developed the animated film shadows, and Bertosch of France, in the 1930 animated film experiment with figure pieces derived from pieces of wood. The following image is a character "Gertie The Dinosaurs", and "Felix the Cat"

George Pal start using dolls as a figure in his short animated film, in 1934 in the Netherlands. And Alexsander Ptushko of Russian dolls length animated film "The New Gulliver" in 1935. In 1935 Len Lye from Canada, began drawing directly on the film after entering renewal in color film through the film "Color of Box". The development of the most important animation film technique, namely around 1930. Where emerged pioneered animated film voiced by Walt Disney from the United States, through the movie "Mickey Mouse", "Donald Duck" and "Silly Symphony" which was made during 1928 to 1940.

In the 1931 Disney animated film in the first color film "Flower and Trees". And the length of the first animated film made ​​Disney cartoons in 1938, the movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Thus the origin of the development of the animated film technique that continues to grow with the style and characteristics of each maker in various countries in Europe, America and Asia negara¬negara creep up. Especially in Japan, a cartoon developed rapidly there, up in the decade of this master cartoon animation film market here with the characteristics and unique style.

Attitude Principle AnimasiFilm animated film comes from two disciplines, the film is rooted in the world of photography and animation is rooted in the world picture. The word is derived from the English language films that have been in Indonesianising, meaning we can see the general Indonesian dictionary:

"1 thin stuff like membrane made ​​of celluloid four negative portrait image (which will be made portraits or played in cinema); 2 plays (story) live images; "(Poerwadarminfa 1984) Basically a thorough understanding of the film is difficult to explain. Can only be interpreted if viewed out of context; for example, be used for portrait negatives or printing plates, films implies a celluloid sheet chemically processed before it can be seen the results; or related to the story or play, the film implies a series of images of living or moving images into a storyline to watch people, forms the basis of films that contain elements of light, sound and time.

While understanding the special animation we can see in an encyclopedia "Americana": "Animated, motion picture consisting of a series of hand-drawn sketches invidual, in the which the positions or gestures of the figures are varied slightly from one sketch to another. Generally, the series is the movie and, when projected on a screen, suggest that figures are moving "(Encyclopedia Americana vol. V1,1976).

Techniques animated film, just as well as live-action films, made ​​possible the calculation of the film that runs sequentially keceaptan between 18 and 24 images per second. Images are projected onto the screen is not actually moving, that look is apparent movement, occurred on our senses as a result of small changes from one image to another, adanaya a phenomenon that occurs when we saw, called Persistence of Vision, so as to produce an illusion of motion from our view.

Unlike the live-action films, pictures taken from the photo shoot moving objects, then analyzed one by one into a still image on each frame of celluloid. While animated films, motion pictures are created by analyzing the picture by picture or frame-by-frame by animators, and recorded images or move forward for the sake of image motion using stop-frame camera, a camera that uses a machine tool drive frame by frame, the actuator celluloid frame by frame, with the computation time required for each one second aperture 24 frame camera to record images, the motion to celluloid.

Some Types of Animation Techniques

Based on the material or base material used animated object, generally the type of animated film techniques classified two major parts, the bi-dimensional animated film (flat animation) and the animated film tri¬matra (object animation).

Use of Animation Film

The use of animation films as a form of visual impaired pantara (audio-visual medium), quite an important role in spreading the message or idea to be conveyed to the public. The animated film is used in: 

• 1. TV commercial; The animated film is used for commercial purposes, such as movies Wan on television, as an insert in between events television program, in the form of short messages to viewers and as movie entertainment.
• 2. Cinema; The animated movie as a movie can be a long story, short films, and the film inserts for Man at the cinema.
• 3. Government Services; The animated film is used as a propaganda film, movie information and education.
• 4. Company; animated film is used as the film public relations (PR) such as: lighting films, educational films and propaganda films or film Man product introductions.

Types AnimasiAnimasi who had had a simple principle, now has developed into several types, namely:

• 2D Animation, 3D Animation, Animation ground Hat (Clay Animation), Japanese Animation (Anime).
• Animation Creator Software
• In the market today has many outstanding softwarwe animation maker, be it 2D or 3D. For more details see the list below which is based on the criteria.
• 2D Animation Software:
• Macromedia Flash, CoRETAS, Corel RAVE, After Effects, Moho, CreaToon, ToonBoom, Autodesk animaton (1990s) etc.