History of the Turkish State

This is the two continents. Approximately 95 percent of the area of ​​780 580 km2 are located in Asia, the rest go to Europe. Some suspect the nation Hittiti the region's first inhabitants, coming from Europe. think the more popular estimate Hittiti people from Central Asia. However, in many ways Turkey is oriented to the West than adapting the socio-political and culture of East Asia.

Entering first-year AD, the Turkish territory then called the Byzantine Empire was ruled for four centuries the Romans. Roman rule was dropped the barbarians. During this period the empire's capital was moved from Rome to Constantinople (now Istanbul). In the 12th century the Byzantines fell into the power of the Ottoman Empire led by King Osman I. This is the golden age of the Ottoman Turks.

During this period the Ottoman Turkish government to obtain a strong Islamic influence. Even after the death of Khulafaur Rasyiddin, Turkey became Caliphate under the Ottoman dynasty. Its territory includes the Arabian Peninsula, the Balkans, Hungary to the North African region. However, the caliphate was destroyed by power struggles involving the intervention of foreign countries.

Beginning of resistance to foreign interference led Musthofa Kemal, the action turns into opposition struggle against power Caliph. Self destruction of the Khilafah Islamiyah Moment happens when the Turkish people through their representatives issued a National Charter (al Mitsaq Al Wathoni). Since then, Turkey became an independent state, separate from the territories that once the unity of the Khilafah Islamiyah. Caliph Abdul Majid were last in power, were driven out of Turkey.

In 1923, disepakatilah establishment of the Turkish state with borders as today. Black Sea to the north; Iraq, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and Iran and Russia in the east. Republic with the capital Ankara, the first led by Kemal Musthofa. He did a massive modernization oriented to the West. It replaces the use of the Arabic alphabet with the Latin, polygamy is banned and women are given the same freedom as men. The literacy rate, 90 percent of the 64 million population of Turkey. Kemal Turkey's founding father hath title (Attaturk) are known as Kemal Attaturk.

After World War II, the proximity of Turkey to the West more viscous. Turkey rejected the request of the Soviet Union to open military bases on its territory, but he invited the U.S. established military bases. In the 1960s this relationship is broken, even the U.S. embargo on Turkey. Cause, Turkey into conflict with Greek Cyprus in the struggle. In this case, the U.S. is siding with the Greeks. But in 1978, the embargo lifted.

Turkey's relations with the West viscosity opposition, especially from ethnic Kurds since 1925 when Kemal Ataturk came to power. But the rebellion can be broken. Efforts to re-establish Islamic law, is always addressed by repressive governments. But some 98 percent of Turkey's population is Muslim, despite continuing efforts to the extent of the underground.

In 1950, for the first time Turkey hold elections. At that time, Republicans defeated Democrats formed Attaturk. In the 1961 elections, the Republicans in power again. But then displaced by the dominance of the ruling Motherland Party now. Turkey is currently led by President Suleiman and Prime Minister Mesut Damirel Yilman. After the first election, and in 1980 Turkey experienced a political crisis that makes the military had seized power.

More than half of Turkey is mountainous. River Euphrates and the Tigris that was once the center of the world civilization, also across the region. A number of potential natural resource, available in abundance in the deposits. One of the production, including the largest in the world is chromite. Others are oil and gas and coal. With the support of the West, the rapidly growing industries in Turkey. But do not miss the agricultural sector with employment rates reached 60 percent.

History of Mercury

Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and the closest to the Sun. Planet name is taken from the name of the messenger god of ancient Rome. He was given the name because of its motion in the sky very quickly. From Earth, Mercury can only be observed visually at a maximum distance of 28.3 ° from the Sun. That is, the planet is visible in the eastern sky just before sunrise or after sunset in the west. With such a small angle range, we only have a maximum of 1 hour 53 minutes to observe the planet, which is when Mercury reaches maximum elongation. So, we will never be able to see Mercury zenith (see picture below). The planet is experiencing two inferior conjunctions in the intervening 116 days, so the appearance alternately in the east and west occurred within an interval of about 60 days. Since the emergence of the alternate planet that was identified by the ancient Greeks as 2 different objects. At that time, Mercury appears in the eastern sky and was given the name Apollo appears in the western sky was named Hermes.

Uniqueness Mercury

If we are in Mercury, we can see the sun moving retrograde in the sky. At one location, after rising in the east and before crossing the meridian, the Sun would move slightly backwards, stopped, then moved back to the west to sunset. Please see for yourself by using a sky simulation program (eg Stellarium). The cause of the Sun's retrograde motion is due at the time of the revolution Mercury's angular speed becomes equal to the rate of rotation angle.

Mercury around the Sun during the 88 days of Earth, while the rotation period is 58.7 Earth days. We can see that the ratio of the period of revolution and rotation is 2/3. That is, the planet of revolution completed 2 times in the same time with 3 times rotation. Even so, Mercury takes 176 Earth days to experience all day and night. Means a day on Mercury is much longer than one year.

Physical Characteristics

Planet rock is only about 4800 km in diameter. This size is smaller than Ganymede and Titan (2 largest satellite in the solar system) but Mercury is still more massive of the two. With a density of 5.43 g / cm ^ 3, Mercury became the second highest density of objects in the solar system after Earth. The core of this planet are known to be dominant relative to its size, reaching 42% of the total volume with a radius of 1800 km.

Eccentricity of the orbit of Mercury is the greatest of all the planets, which is 0.21. The distance of the sun between 46 million miles to 70 million miles. While the distance from Earth varies between 77 million km and 222 million km and kecerlangannya ranged between -2.3 (brighter than the star Sirius) and 5.7.

Mercury orbit inclination to the ecliptic is 7 degrees. The tilt angle of the axis of rotation axis of revolution is close to zero, about 0.027 degrees. Still smaller than Jupiter which was 3.1 degrees. With such a small angle, no 4 seasons in the northern and southern hemisphere of Mercury. The temperature at the surface varies between 80-700 K.

Flight Mission to Mercury

Mercury is one of the objects that are difficult to observe, so not much information to be gained from it. Even the new planet's rotation period is well known in 1965 after Mercury observed by radar. Shipping a vehicle to examine Mercury up close was not easy. Its position close to the sun, lack of atmosphere, and the difference in the rate of orbit are some things difficult. As a result, until now there were only two successful missions to observe Mercury, the Mariner 10 and Messenger.

Mariner 10 spacecraft was launched on 3 November 1973. Departure process that utilizes the planet Venus (the "slingshot" gravity) is the first carried out in the history of space flight. When passed near Venus, the spacecraft took footage of the planet's ultraviolet photography. Although Venus has been observed with ground-based telescopes before, still photos provided Mariner 10 Venus is inviting admiration researchers.

This vehicle has been providing exceptional knowledge of Mercury's surface and detect the magnetic field of Mercury. One thing that was surprising to the researchers this planet has a slow rotation. Finally, in 1975 Mariner 10 was defunct after its fuel runs out and the contact stopped.

History of Planet Mars

Mars is the fourth closest planet from the Sun. It took its name from the Roman god of war, Mars. The planet is often dubbed as the "red planet" because it looked remotely reddish pink color. This is caused by the presence of iron (III) oxide on the surface of Mars. Mars is a rocky planet with a thin atmosphere. On the surface of Mars are craters, volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and ice sheets. Rotation period and the cycle of Mars is similar to Earth. Stood in Mars Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain in the solar system, Valles Marineris, the largest valley in the solar system. In addition, in the northern hemisphere there Borealis basin that covers 40% of the surface of Mars.

Mars environment more hostile to life than the state of Planet Venus. However, the situation is not quite ideal for humans. The air temperature is low enough and the air pressure is low, coupled with the composition of the air, mostly carbon dioxide, causing the man to use the respirator if it wants to stay there. Missions to the red planet, until the end of the 20th century, yet to find traces of life there, despite being very simple. This planet has 2 satellites, Phobos and Deimos are. The planet's orbit for 687 days around the Sun. This planet also rotates. At 25.62 hour rotation.

On Mars, there is a unique feature in the Cydonia Mensae. This feature is a hill which, when viewed from above appears as a human face. Many people regard it as a proof of the long-extinct civilization on Mars, although in the present, it has been proved that the feature is just an ordinary natural appearance.

Mars was first surrounded on 14-15 July 1965 by the Mariner 4 spacecraft. On 14 November 1971, Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft orbiting another planet. The first objects to successfully land on the surface of Mars were two Soviet spacecraft: Mars 2 on November 27 and Mars 3 on December 2, 1971, but both lost contact after landing. In 1975 NASA launched the Viking program consisted of two orbiters, and each had a landing, the second lander reached the surface in 1976. Viking 1 remained operational for six years, while the Viking 2 for three years. Viking Mars lander sends a colored image, and the orbiters mapped the surface so well that the image is still used today.

Soviet spacecraft Phobos 1 and 2 sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and second bolannya. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2 successfully imaged Mars and Phobos, but fail when it comes to removing two pendaratnya to the surface of Phobos.

After the failure of Mars Observer orbiter in 1992, the mission of Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997. This mission has been completed successfully and the primary mapping mission in early 2001. NASA lost contact with the spacecraft in November 2006 during its third extended program. Mars Pathfinder, a robotic rover vehicle Sojourner, landed in the Ares Vallis in the summer of 1997 and sent back many images. Phoenix lander arrived on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008. Robotic arm used to probe the Martian soil and the presence of water ice was confirmed on June 20. The mission was closed on 10 November 2008 after losing contact.

History of the Solar System

Definition of the Solar System

Solar System is a collection of celestial bodies composed of a star called the Sun and all the objects bound by gravity. The objects include eight planets known to orbit elliptical, five dwarf planets / dwarf, 173 natural satellites have been identified [b], and the millions of heavenly bodies (meteors, asteroids, comets) others.

Solar System is divided into the Sun, the inner four planets, the asteroid belt, four outer planets, and in the outer portion is the Kuiper belt and scattered disc. Oort cloud is estimated to lie in the farthest regions within about a thousand times beyond the outermost part.

Based on the distance from the Sun, the eight planets of the Solar System is Mercury (57.9 million km), Venus (108 million km), Earth (150 million km), Mars (228 million km), Jupiter (779 million km), Saturn (1430 million km), Uranus (2880 million km), and Neptune (4,500 million km). Since mid-2008, there are five celestial objects classified as dwarf planets. Orbit dwarf planets except Ceres, was farther than Neptune. It is the fifth dwarf planet Ceres (415 million km. In the asteroid belt; formerly classified as the fifth planet), Pluto (5906 million km.; Formerly classified as the ninth planet), Haumea (6450 million km), Makemake (6850 million km), and Eris (10 100 million km). Six of the eight planets and three of the five dwarf planets surrounded by natural satellites. Each planet outer planet is surrounded by a ring consisting of dust and other particles.

History of the Solar System

Five planets closest to the Sun than Earth (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) has been known since ancient times because they all can be seen with the naked eye. Many people in this world have their own names for each planet.

Developments in science and technology observations on five of the last century brought humans to understand the celestial bodies free from the veil of mythology. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) with the telescope refraktornya able to make the human eye "sharper" in observing the celestial bodies can not be observed with the naked eye.

Since Galileo's telescope can observe more sharply, he could see many changes in the appearance of Venus, as Venus Venus crescent or full moon as a result of changes in the position of Venus to the Sun. Reasoning Venus around the Sun further strengthens the heliocentric theory, namely that the Sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth, which was previously initiated by the Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Heliocentric arrangement is the Sun surrounded by Mercury to Saturn. Galileo telescopes continue to be refined by other scientists such as Christian Huygens (1629-1695) who discovered Titan, Saturn's satellites, which were nearly 2 times the distance of Earth-Jupiter orbit.

The development of the telescope is also offset by the development of the motion computation of celestial objects and relationships with one another through Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Kepler's Law. And the peak, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) with the law of gravity. With two theoretical calculations that allow search and calculation of celestial objects further

In 1781, William Herschel (1738-1822) discovered Uranus. Careful calculation of the orbit of the planet Uranus concluded that there were disturbing. Neptune was discovered in August 1846. The discovery of Neptune was not enough to explain the interference orbit of Uranus. Later discovered Pluto in 1930. When Pluto was discovered, he was known as the only celestial object that was after Neptune. Then in 1978, Charon, Pluto satellites discovered, previously mistaken for the real planet because it does not differ much with Pluto.

The astronomers then found about 1,000 other small object that is located beyond the Neptune (called trans-Neptunian objects), which is also around the sun. There may be about 100,000 similar objects known as the Kuiper Belt Attraction (Kuiper Belt is part of the object-trans-Neptunian objects). Dozens of celestial bodies including the Kuiper Belt attractions Quaoar (1250 km in June 2002), Huya (750 km in March 2000), Sedna (1,800 km in March 2004), Orcus, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, Varuna, and 2003 EL61 (1,500 km in May 2004).

The discovery of 2003 EL61 is horrendous because of the Kuiper Belt is known attractions also have a satellite in January 2005, although smaller than Pluto. And the climax is the discovery of UB 313 (2700 miles in October 2003), named by the discoverer Xena. In addition to larger than Pluto, the object also has a satellite.

History of Planet Pluto

Status of Pluto as a planet

Pluto is actually found because of the theory of the ninth planet in the solar system. After Clyde Tombaugh able to show tangible evidence in his research, Pluto finally officially become one planet that determine this galaxy rotation. When Pluto was discovered, he was known as the only celestial object that was after Neptune. Then, Charon, Pluto satellites mistaken for an actual planet. Finally, the presence of satellite Charon This further reinforces the status of Pluto as a planet

However, the astronomers then found about 1,000 other small objects behind Neptune (called trans-Neptunian objects) are also around the Sun. There may be about 100,000 similar objects known as the Kuiper Belt objects (Kuiper Belt is part of the object-trans-Neptunian objects). Dozens of celestial bodies including the Kuiper Belt Object Quaoar (1250 miles in June 2002), Huya (750 km in March 2000), Sedna (1,800 km in March 2004), Orcus, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, Varuna and Haumea (1500 km in May 2004).

The discovery of 2003 EL61 is horrendous because this Kuiper Belt object known to also have a satellite in January 2005, although smaller than Pluto. And the climax is the discovery of UB 313 (2700 miles in October 2003), named Xena by its discoverer. In addition to larger than Pluto, it also has a satellite object.

Pluto itself, with a strange orbit prolonged, has a more similar behavior Kuiper Belt objects rather than a planet, thus assuming some astronomers. Pluto's elliptical orbit that overlaps with Neptune's orbit. Its orbit around the Sun is also too pronounced than eight objects were classified as a planet. Pluto's size is also very small, even smaller than the Moon, so it is too small to be called planets.

After Tombaugh's death in 1997, some astronomers suggested that the International Astronomical Union, the body in charge of naming and classification of celestial bodies, demoted Pluto no longer a planet. In addition, some astronomers still want to accept Pluto as a planet. The reason, Pluto has a circular shape like planet, while comets and asteroids tend to form irregular. Pluto also has seasons like the atmosphere and the planet. On August 24, 2006, at a meeting of the International Astronomical Union, astronomy 3,000 scientists decided to change the status of Pluto to "dwarf planet" along with a number of other celestial bodies.

The origin of the name

Regarding this issue had been controversial. Because the parties had made a lot of mutual disagreement. Many say the name comes from the character of the dog in the comic Walt Disney. The fact that the comic debuted in the same year with the discovery of a celestial body is the man widely believed to be one reason.

Name Pluto is also the name of a god of Roman civilization that controls the world of the dead (Hades in Greek culture). This name was given probably because the celestial body is as dark and cold as gods, as well as the mystery that enveloped him.

Apparently a lot of other names who've refused to name the new planet. One is Minerva, which means goddess of knowledge. The reason is obvious, because the name is already used for something else. Then there is the name Constante, referring to the name of the founder of the observatory where Clyde worked, Constante Lowell. But Lowell also rejected the name slowly.

Forum for researchers

One of the serious research eventually held also to see Pluto, the U.S. party research through NASA, which sends a set of drones to list Pluto's surface area, the characteristics of geography and geomorphology globally and find the data structure of the atmosphere surrounding Pluto.

An expedition called the Pluto Express is planned to start sliding into space in December 2004 and is scheduled to arrive at Pluto in 2008 at the latest, but the expedition was eventually canceled in 2000 due to funding problems and was replaced a new mission called New Horizons (released January 2006). This aircraft will cross Pluto and Charon, and its natural satellites then send the photographs to Earth. One of the studies that will be conducted Horizons include atmospheric problems that exist in the Pluto satellite layer. New Horizons also planned to fly to the Kuiper Belt. Until now believe Pluto possesses the most original atmosphere since separating yourself from the sun. Atmospheric layer is also known as one of the coldest layer entered a space flight mission from Earth.

History | As the Earth's Magnetic Field Shielding

When we asked about what layer that protects the earth, surely the answer is a layer of the atmosphere. Answers like that are often the authors encountered from students and teachers bahka. However, the response of the atmosphere as the Earth's protective layer is certainly not wrong but the atmosphere was not alone, there are friends of the earth's magnetic field whose job is to protect people from the threat of cosmic radiation from outer space. How can the Earth has a magnetic field and how magnetic fields have protected creature on earth along, let us read the following discussion of the author.

Earth's Magnetic Field

In 1830 to 1842, Karl Frederick Gauss detailed observations of the Earth's magnetic field. He concluded that the Earth's magnetic field comes from the earth. He also stated that the Earth's magnetic field also has a close relationship with the rotation of the earth because the earth's magnetic poles close to the Earth's spin axis (Telford, 1990).

The magnetic field of the Earth's core is generated due to the Earth's core formed of iron and nickel. In theory proposed by WM magnetohidrodinamik Elasasser and E.C. Bullard, stated that in the outer core of the earth there is a stream of ionized fluid causing the dynamo action by itself (Self-exiting dynamo action), which can cause major magnetic field

Earth's Magnetic Field

Earth (Lucky, 2001). When there is a current that surrounds an iron rod of iron will become magnetic. For simple experiments comrades should wrap electrical wire on a nail, then the stream of electric current that comes from the battery then it will be the nail bar magnet. Similarly, the Earth's core consists of iron and nickel into Earth's magnetic field or a giant bar magnet.

In the next picture can be seen that the magnetic field is different from the geographic poles of the earth. Earth's magnetic north pole is on the south pole of Earth's geographic south pole while the Earth's magnetic field is at the north pole of the earth. So it is natural that our magnetic north compass will point to the south pole of the magnetic field in Earth's geographic north pole. But we do not exactly compass facing north because of the geography of the earth there lies the difference with the axis of Earth's northern axis magnetic south pole. Difference or deviation angle between both of them is called the declination angle. For the Banda Aceh region around -1 ° declination angle. For the angle of the Earth's magnetic field is also known as the angle of inclination. For Banda Aceh, the angle of inclination about - 5 ° 34 ', this means that if we are facing north towards the Earth's magnetic field will penetrate our body from behind with a slope of - 5.5 ° toward the top of the plane. For readers who want to know the value of magnetic intensity and its declination and inclination angle in each city can click here.

In addition to the Earth's magnetic field axis moves around a lot. In the history of the earth has happened a few times where the reversal of the Earth's north pole becomes the south and south to north. Since 160 million years ago has happened hundreds of times a magnetic pole reversal. Although it has happened hundreds of times, this magnetic pole reversal does not show a specific pattern of repetition so it is difficult to predict when the magnetic poles will reverse again. So the issue of the end of 2012 due to the reversal of Earth's magnetic field is a whopper. Image reversal of the magnetic poles since 160 million years ago can be seen in the picture.

Earth Shield

In 1927, Jacob Clay serorang Dutch scientists found evidence that the primary cosmic radiation influenced by the Earth's magnetic field. In air travel to Indonesia, he found that the intensity of cosmic radiation is reduced when approaching the equator of the Earth's magnetic field.

Earth's magnetic field from the earth stretched up to far into space. The magnetic field forms an invisible shield called the magnetosphere. This shield protects us from cosmic radiation and the enormity of the dangers that come from the Sun. These dangers include solar storm (in the form of a continuous flow of electrically charged particles), the explosion of the Sun (which in a few minutes can release energy equivalent to billions of hydrogen bombs), and hurling mass of the corona / coronal mass ejections.

The lines of magnetic force of the earth that stretches far into space, capturing charged particles moving encircling lines of magnetic force. Because these lines are the most polar region, then the area is electrically charged particles to penetrate into Earth's atmosphere and causing a natural performances called the northern lights or aurora (Mukhlis Akhadi and Hasnel Sofyan, 1999). So the formation of the aurora in the north and south poles due to the refraction of cosmic radiation by the magnetosphere.

History of Magnetic

Historically it is reported that magnets have been documented around 2500-3000 years BC. Cleopatra was probably the first to use magnets. Noted that he slept on a Lodestone to keep her skin like a young child. The therapeutic knowledge was the Greeks who have been using magnets for since 2500 BC. Magnets have been used in Chinese medicine from around 2000 BC combined with reflexology and acupuncture. In the 15th century a doctor Paracelsus (Swiss) recognizes the power of magnetic therapy. He wrote medical papers on the effects of magnets on the healing process in the body.

In the 16th century, an English doctor Dr William Gilbert made a scientific study of electricity and magnetism. He took out one of the first books on magnetic therapy called "De Magnet". Dr. Gilbert is also the personal physician of Queen Elizabeth I, and said that she used magnets under his direction.

Michael Faraday, who is also known as the inventor of Biomagnetics made extensive magnetic healing during the 18th century. His work is still used as the framework for modern day magnetic treatments. Dr Mesmer (the father of hypnotism) and Dr Samuel Hahnemann (father of homeopathy) also contributed to the work. 20th century include Dr Kreft a German doctor who in 1905 studied the healing effects of magnets on rheumatic disease, sciatica and neuralgia. In 1926 Dr Criles study the impact of magnets on cancer cells and was followed 10 years later in 1938 with Albert Davis carrying out tests on the effects of the North and South poles of the magnet.

However 15 years have shown the development of a medical assessment to be productive on magnet therapy. More than 57 subjects in the USA about the disease difficult to cure and magnetic. Some of these are:

• 1990 - University of Hawaii tested magnetic fields on patients with osteoarthritis.
• 1992 - Trying example healing randomized double-blind trial of wound healing in venous leg wounds.
• 1999 - New York Medical College mencona magnetkepada diabetic patients  
• 2001 - University of Virginia tested magnetic mattress covers on patients with Fibromyalgia.
• 2004 - University of Exeter and Plymouth tried magnetic bracelets on patients with osteoarthritis

Magnetic therapy achieved world popularity with many celebrities choose such as:

Cherie BlairBill Clinton Anthony Hopkins Queen Elizabeth II, Prince William Shirley MacLaine Venus Williams AgassiJack Michael Jordan Andre Niklaus and others. Magnetic therapy has now been incorporated into medical treatment in 54 countries worldwide. With the abundance of research each year, we can see some more years to come magnet will digunalan on conventional medicine painkillers.

Some type of magnets used in magnetic therapy:

• 2000 gauss magnetic strength - is used to treat almost all diseases.
• 1500 gauss strength magnet premiere - is used to treat neurological problems. Magnet is very effective in penetrating magnetic waves.
  
  

Low-power ceramic magnet with a strength of 300 gauss - magnet is used to epalikasi near brain regions. Is used to enhance the eyes, treat cataracts, glaucoma and other rentina problems. Also very helpful in improving children's height. Magnets are also used to treat headaches and migrants.

Spondilitik Lumbar Belt - used to treat lumbar spondylitis (inflammation of the pubic bone), hernia, prolapsed disc, rheumatic in the lower back, and so on. And in certain circumstances can reduce excess fat in the abdomen, when the area of ​​the magnet is placed on the front.

Cervical collar or belt (belt cervical) - It is used in cases of inflammation of the neck vertebrae (spondylitis servical). Magnet will help children who are learning as they continue to sit and write for hours, and a sprained neck muscle which is pre taham spondylosis. Necklace - This is used to keep the chest to perfect health, especially the heart and lungs.

Magnet button - this is a Japanese magnets are so small in there plug soles or in the paste on the skin on acupressure points to provide the desired results without really puncture with a needle. It also seems to be very effective in a variety of other diseases and appear to be opening a new domain in the treatment of the magnetism.

Magnetic Water - is prepared to keep the water at every high-powered magnetic pole for 12 to 14 hours. After this the water from both poles mixed and used in a way to drink. Magnet is a diuretic and blood purifier that is very effective. A magnetized oil - any oil magnetized by keeping it above the magnet for 12 to 24 hours. Very effective for dandruff, hair loss and premature gray hair on the hair.

Magnet is a natural energy source that helps us in providing the necessary energy in an artificial environment. The use of magnetic therapy on a regular basis will boost your immune system and help us live a healthy life. We should understand that we are falling ill because of internal weakness, which makes external factors such as bacteria or viruses enter the body and creates destruction. When this happens, the drugs such as antibiotics or antivirals alone can not cure it.

For a complete treatment, we have to build our energy level to the optimum level so that external factors are negative can not enter or affect our bodies. We get sick because our energy level down to specific organs. When we give the magnet to the region, it will help in two ways:

• Magnet will attract iron salt (iron salt) that can increase local circulation, and can take care of the inflammation, swelling, stiffness, pain of, and so on.
• Bipolar magnets are placed in the area will create its own magnetic field, and give some positive energy for healing. This energy will be against the weak energy and keeps the body strong and healthy.
  
  

Even so, does not mean that these drugs are not needed at all, but in some cases when the disease reached the level of pathology and bacterial infection has been established, the magnetic energy is given along with oral medications. When the drugs to treat the infection, the magnet will restore vitality is low so as to make a complete cure for the disease.

There is another advantage of the magnet, which is magnetized water. It is used to purify the blood. Water also acts as deuratik and assist in urinary infection, renal or ureteral calculus, and kidney failure. Even in the accumulation of edema (swelling of the body) is very useful, because water can act as deuratik (increase spending urine). Magnet will also help lower blood pressure indirectly. For high blood pressure are bracelet (wristband) that are tied to the left wrist to lower blood pressure while on the right wrist is used to increase blood pressure low.

Benefits other magnets to overcome breathing problems and heart. Magnet will increase local blood circulation to the heart and lungs. Magnets are also useful to prevent thickening of the arteries of the heart, or the formation of mucus in the lungs. According to the study, the magnet can also merawan 40 to 50 percent blockage of a coronary.

The latest use magnet is in the form of small-sized magnetic studs. Small magnets can be very powerful. Magnets are placed on acupressure points on the affected organ, as well as on the soles. They proved to be more effective and robust compared with high-powered magnets. Healing through the magnet more than physical blood.

Magnetic therapy

Magnetic therapy is a method of utilization of the magnetic fields are safe and without side effects on the body for therapeutic purposes. Magnetic therapy helps speed up the healing process and improve quality of sleep without any harmful side effects to the body. Is this method used alone or as a complement to other methods that you use, magnetic therapy is very effective to relieve pain in the joints or muscles, swelling and stiffness, making magnetic therapy as the best choice for anyone.

For centuries, magnetic therapy has been used in many cultures, including the Chinese, Greeks and Egyptians who have used it to relieve pain and other symptoms. However, the size and weight constraints magnets available at that time to make magnetic therapy very difficult to use effectively and bulk. Now, the magnets are smaller and more powerful has contributed significantly in magnetic therapy products used by more than 120 million people worldwide.

Various clinical studies in the United States showed that magnetic therapy is an effective method to relieve pain and other aches. Japan and several other European countries have been doing intensive research over the last 30 years and they continue to examine her to find the medical benefits of magnetic therapy that promises to address medical conditions either mild, medium or chronic. The doctors in the United States using magnetic therapy in their practices reported many cases showing positive benefits for their patients.

How does magnetic therapy work?

All physical and mental functions are controlled by electromagnetic fields produced by the movement of ions electro-chemical in the body. When damage occurs, the ions that contain this positive energy to move into areas that have problems that cause pain and swelling. In order for the healing process occurs, the sore should be returned to the electro-magnetic energy negative nature. ELETRO chemicals-related pain and swelling should be eliminated, then the oxygen and nutrients supplied to it.

Magnet power is the energy that makes galaxies, stars, and planets rotating on a regular rotation so as not to collide with each other. Magnetism in our Panet aimed to protect all life in the face of bumi.Produk Edymium is healing effect and good treatment. E-strength magnet is 2,000 gauss Dymium a healing effect and treatment of various health problems.

History of Istanbul

Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in the heart Turkiyang economy, culture, and history of this country. With a population of 13.9 million, the city forms one of Europe's largest urban agglomerations [d] and one of the largest cities in the world by population within city limits. Istanbul which has an area of ​​5343 km ² (2.063 sq mi) is adjacent to Istanbul province and became its administrative capital. Istanbul is a city that stretches across the continent across the Bosphorus Strait-one of the busiest waters in the world-in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Black Sea. Trading center and its history is located in Europe, while the third of the population live in Asia. 

Founded in Promontori Sarayburnu circa 660 BC as Byzantium, the city now called Istanbul has grown into one of the most important in history. For sixteen centuries after re-established under the name of Constantinople in 330 AD, the city became the capital of four empires, the Roman Empire (330-395), the Eastern Roman Empire (395-1204 and 1261-1453), the Latin Empire (1204 -1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453-1922). The city played an important role in the advancement of Christianity spread during the Roman and Byzantine times before the Ottomans conquered it in 1453 and turned it into the defense of Islam as well as the capital of the Caliphate last. Although the Republic of Turkey set its capital in Ankara, the imperial palace and mosque are lined up in the hills of Istanbul as a symbol of the city's history.

Istanbul's strategic position on the Silk Road, the rail network to Europe and the Middle East, and the only water route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have helped advance the population, although not much since the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Having ignored during the inter-war period, the city has managed to grab the attention of the world. The city's population increased tenfold since the 1960s after the migrants from all over coming to Anatolia metropolis and the city limits were expanded to accommodate them. Some arts festival held at the end of the 20th century, while infrastructure improvements have created a complex transportation network.

Seven million foreign tourists visited Istanbul in 2010 after taking the Cultural Capital of Europe, so the city became the most popular tourist destination in the world to 10th. The main attractions of this city is half the historical center listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the cultural and entertainment hubs located along the city's natural harbor, the Golden Horn, in the Beyoğlu district. Recognized as a global city, Istanbul became home to the headquarters of a number of companies and the Turkish news agency and accounted for more than a quarter of the country's gross domestic product. By utilizing rapid revitalization and expansion, Istanbul bid to host cities 2020 Summer Olympics.

History of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is a major airport serving the city of Jakarta on the island of Java, Indonesia. The airport is named after the first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, and the first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta. The airport is often called Cengkareng, and became its IATA code, CGK ie.

It is located about 20 km west of Jakarta, Tangerang City, Banten. The operation began in 1985, replacing Kemayoran Airport (domestic flights) in Central Jakarta and East Jakarta Halim Perdanakusuma. Kemayoran airport has been closed, while Halim Perdanakusuma airport still in operation, serves charter flights and military. Terminal 2 opened in 1992.

Soekarno-Hatta has the area of ​​18 km ², has two runways that are separated by two parallel taxiway along the 2.400 m. There are two main terminal buildings: Terminal 1 is for all domestic flights except flights operated by Garuda Indonesia and Merpati Nusantara Airlines, and Terminal 2 serves all domestic as well international flights by Garuda and Merpati.

Each terminal building is divided into three concourses. Terminal 1A, 1B and 1C are used (mostly) for domestic flights by local airlines. Terminal 1A serves flights by Lion Air and Wings Air. Terminal 1B serves flights by Kartika Airlines and Sriwijaya Air. While the terminal 1C serves flights by Airfast Indonesia, Batavia Air, and Citilink.

Terminal 2D and 2E is used to serve all international airlines flying outside. Terminal 2D for all outdoor airlines served by PT Jasa Space Universe, one of the airport ground crew. Terminal 2E to international airlines served by Garuda, including all international flights Garuda and Merpati. Terminal 2F to domestic airlines Garuda Indonesia and Merpati Nusantara Airlines.

Terminal 3 was completed on 15 April 2009. Terminal 3 is complete will be used by low cost airlines. Currently there are 2 airlines that use Terminal 3 is Indonesia AirAsia and Mandala Airlines. and planned to accommodate the Airbus A380 model aircraft. SHIA A380 inaugural landing (SQ-232) on May 4, 2012 even though the status of the landing itself is divert landing. The airport was designed by French architect Paul Andreu, who also designed the Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris, France. One of the major characteristics of this airport is the local architectural style and tropical gardens in the dugout lounge.

International Airport Soekarno-Hatta has 150 outlets check-ins (check-in counter), 30 baggage and 42 gates. Each sub-terminal has 25 check-ins outlets, 5 baggage and 7 gates. Angkasa Pura II is planning the construction of a new terminal with modern design features. Terminal 3 was built for low-cost airlines. There is a grand plan to build 5 passenger terminals + 1 hajj terminal and 4 runways. The airport is planned to be connected to Manggarai Station, but the plan is still unclear fate. The airport is charging a tax of Rp 150,000 (U.S. $ 15) for each international passenger and IDR 40,000 (U.S. $ 4) for each domestic passenger.

History

Between 1928-1974, aimed Kemayoran airport for domestic flights is considered too close to a military base Indonesia, Halim Perdanakusuma airport. Civil aviation in the area became narrow, while air traffic increased rapidly, which threaten international traffic.

In the early 1970s, with the help of USAID, analyzed eight potential locations for a new international airport, which Kemayoran, Malacca, Babakan, Jonggol, Halim, Curug, Tangerang Tangerang South and North. Finally, the North Tangerang selected and marked Jonggol also be used as an alternate airport. Meanwhile, the government started an upgrade to Halim Perdanakusumah airport for domestic flights.

Between 1974-1975, a Canadian consultant consortium includes Aviation Planning Services Ltd.., Acress International Ltd.., And Searle Wilbee Rowland (SWR), won the bid for the new airport project. Lessons began on February 20, 1974 at a total cost of 1 million Canadian Dollars. One-year project was approved by the partners of Indonesia, represented by PT Konavi. In late March 1975, approved learning plan development 3 runways, asphalt roads, three international terminal buildings, three domestic terminals and one terminal Hajj. Three storey domestic terminal was built between 1975-1981 at a cost of U.S. $ 465 million and a domestic terminal including an apron from 1982-1985 at a cost of U.S. $ 126 million. A new terminal project, named the Jakarta International Airport Cengkareng (code: JIA-C), begins.

History Of Sunda | Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

Understanding the Sundanese people in this age is a big challenge for historians, anthropologists, and scholars of religion. Even scholars leading Sunda reluctant to try to portray the character and contributions of people of Sunda. Presumably, in many ways Sundanese people have been absorbed into the culture of Indonesia since 50 years ago.

DISCUSSION

A. History Sunda

In 1998, Sundanese numbered approximately 33 million people, most of them living in West Java and about 1 million people living in other provinces. Among them, the city reached 34.51%, a significant number that can be reached with various media. Nevertheless, Sundanese is one of the least known people in the world. Their name is often regarded as the Sudan in Africa and misspelled in the encyclopedia. Some spelling corrections in the computer as well turn it into Sudanese (in English). In the 20th century, their history has been intertwined with the rise of Indonesian nationalism that eventually became modern Indonesia.

Sundanese word meaning Good / Good / White / Net / Shining, anything that contains elements of goodness, the Sundanese are believed to have ethics / character / character as a path to virtue Kasundaan life. Character / character in question is cageur Sunda (healthy), Bageur (good), Ko (right), singer (skilled), and smart (smart / intelligent) that existed in the year 150 Salaka Nagara to Disallow Sumedang century 17, has brought prosperity and well-being of more than 1000 years.

Sunda is a culture of people who live in the west of the island of Java, with the passage of time has spread to various parts of the world. As a tribe, nation is a forerunner to the establishment Sunda archipelago civilization, beginning with the establishment of the oldest kingdoms in Indonesia, namely the Kingdom Salakanagara and Tarumanegara to Galuh, Pakuan Pajajaran, and Sumedang bans. Sunda kingdom is a kingdom of peace, during his rule not to expand to expand its territory. Descendants Kingdom of Sunda has spawned great kingdoms in the archipelago of which the Kingdom of Srivijaya, Majapahit, Mataram kingdom, the kingdom of Cirebon, Kingdom of Banten, etc..

B. Effect of Hinduism

No one knows exactly when the Hindu pattern began to develop in Indonesia, and who took it. It is recognized that the patterns are derived from Hindu India; possible from the south coast. But the Hindu character in Java raises more questions than answers. For example, Hindu centers are not in the main trading cities in the coastal areas, but inland. It seems clear that the ideas that have been conquered keagamaanlah minds of the people, not soldiers. A theory which holds that the power of the rulers of Hindu / India has attracted people of Indonesia to the beliefs of Hinduism magical spirit. Somehow, many aspects of the Hindu belief system is absorbed into the thinking Sundanese and Javanese.

The oldest literary works of the famous Sundanese are Caritha Parahyangan. This work was written around AD 1000 and glorifying king Sanjaya Java as a great warrior. Sanjaya is a follower Shivaism so we know that the Hindu faith firmly entrenched before the year 700. It is astonishing about this time, the second Indian religions, Buddhism, made an appearance in a brief appearance. Not long after Shiva temples built in the Dieng plateau in Central Java, Borobudur beautiful monuments once built near Yogyakarta to the south. Chance of Buddhism is the official religion of the kingdom dynasty in Central Java in 778 until 870. Hinduism was never swayed by the other regions in Java and remained strong until the 14th century. Rigid class structure developed in the community. Sanskrit influence spread into the language of the people on the island of Java. The idea of ​​the divine and the position of the king is obscured so that the two can not be separated.

Among the Sundanese and Javanese, Hinduism mixed with ancient ancestor worship. Habits ritual celebrations after the death of a family member still continues today. Hindu view of life and death heightens the value of such rituals. With variations are not limited to the theme of the spiritual body that comes along with the natural body, the Indonesia have combined Hindu philosophy into their own conditions. J. C. van Leur theorized that Hinduism helped solidify cultural forms Sundanese. In particular magical belief and spirit is the absolute value in the lives of Sunda. One of the customs expert Sunda, Prawirasuganda, menyebukan that figure taboo associated with all the important aspects in the life cycle celebrations Sundanese same as in the life of the Bedouins.

C. The influence of the Javanese

According to historian Bernard Vlekke, West Java was developed areas on the island of Java until the 11th century. Great kingdoms rise in Central Java and East Java, but little has changed in the Sundanese. Although limited, the influence of Hinduism among the Sundanese not as strong as his influence among the people of Java. Nevertheless, as the meaninglessness of West Java, the Sundanese have a king at the time of Airlangga in East Java, circa 1020. But the kings of Sunda increasingly under the control of the kingdoms of Java is great. Kertanegara (1268-92) was the king of Java at the end of the period of Hinduism in Indonesia. After administration Kertanegara, Majapahit kings ruled until 1478, but they are not important anymore after in 1389. However, the influence of Java continue and deepen the influence of Hinduism on the Sundanese. tangkurak it

D. Pajajaran near Bogor

In 1333, the kingdom was present near the town of Bogor Pajajaran now. according to the viewpoint of the Majapahit kingdom, the kingdom was defeated by Majapahit kingdom under the leadership of the famous prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the romantic story of the Song of Sunda, Sunda daughter about to be married with Hayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit, Gajah Mada however opposed this marriage and after the Sundanese people gathered for the wedding, he changed requirements. When the king and his nobles Sunda heard that the princess will only become concubines and there will be no marriage as it has been promised, they fought against many obstacles until it all died as a result of the unbalanced number of troops (forces sunda sent only escort bridal party) . Despite the animosity between Sundanese and Javanese lasted for many years after this episode, but the influence exerted by the Javanese never reduced to the Sundanese.

Until now, the kingdom of Sunda kingdom Pajajaran considered the oldest. Even though this kingdom lasted for years 1482-1579, many activities of nobles packed in legends. Siliwangi, Pajajaran Hindu king, was overthrown by a conspiracy between Muslim groups Banten, Cirebon, and Demak in a conspiracy with his own nephew. With the fall of Siliwangi, Islam took over control of most areas of West Java. A key success factor is the progress of Islamic kingdom of Demak from East Java to West Java before the year 1540. From the east heading west, Islam penetrates to Priangan (the Central Highlands) and reach the entire Sunda.

E. Progress Islam

Muslims already in the archipelago early in 1100, but prior to the Strait of Malacca in Malaya became Muslim stronghold in 1414, the growth of Islam in those days only a few. Aceh in North Sumatra began developing its Islamic influence in approximately 1416. Chronic Muslim scholars date the arrival of Islam to Indonesia until almost to the time of Muhammad. However, some of the events they record might not matter.

The arrival of Islam which actually seems to happen when Arab and Persian missionaries into the island of Java in early 1400 and is slowly winning converts among the ruling class.

F. The fall of Majapahit

Prior to 1450, Islam has gained a foothold in the palace of Majapahit in East Java. Van Leur expected this was helped by the cultural disintegration of Brahma in India. Surabaya (Ampel) became the center of Islamic learning, and from there the famous Arab entrepreneurs expand their own power. The fall of the kingdom of Java, the Majapahit empire in 1468 was associated with intrigue within the royal family because of the fact that the king's son, Raden Patah Islam. Both in East Java and West Java, rebellion in the royal families of military pressure driven by Islam. When the nobles change beliefs, the people will come. Nonetheless, Vlekke show that the pre-war religious rare in the history of Java.

G. Kingdom of Demak

Raden Patah Demak settled in the first Islamic kingdom in Java. She reached the peak of his powers before 1540 and in time conquered tribes to the West Java. Bernard Vlekke said that Demak develop territory to West Java because Java is not so interested in political Islam. At that time, Sunan Gunung Jati, a Javanese prince, sent his son Hasanuddin from Cirebon, to convert the Sundanese extensively. In 1526, both Bantam and Sunda Kelapa is under the control of Sunan Gunung Jati who became the first Sultan of Banten. Alignment with Demak Cirebon West Java has caused under Islamic rule. In the second quarter of the 16th century, the entire northern coast of West Java was under the rule of Islamic leaders and the population had become Muslim. Because according to population statistics in 1780 there were approximately 260,000 people in West Java, we can assume that in the 16th century the population of much less. This shows that Islam entered when the Sundanese still a small tribe located primarily on the beaches and in river valleys such as Ciliwung, Citarum, and Cisadane.

H. Islamic Culture

When Islam came to Sunda, was emphasized five main pillars of religion, but in many other areas of religious thought, syncretism developed worldviews early Sunda. Historians believe that Islam Indonesia Soeroto prepared for this in India. "Islam first arrived in Indonesia contains many elements of the philosophy of Iran and India. Yet it is precisely the components they who ease the way for Islam here." Scholars believe that Islam accepts that the customs that benefit the community should be maintained. With so many mixed Islam with Hindu and customs of native people. Some religious marriage is usually called "religion of Java". As a result of mixing Islam with diverse belief systems, often called kebatinan, giving an accurate description of the complexities of religion among the Sundanese today.

I. Dutch Colonialism

Before the arrival of the Dutch in Indonesia in 1596, Islam has been the dominant influence among the nobility and the leaders of Sundanese and Javanese. Simply put, the Dutch war with Islamic power centers for control of the island trade and this creates hostility prolong conflict Crusades into the arena of Indonesia. In 1641, they took over Malacca from the Portuguese and control of the sea lanes. Dutch pressure against Mataram kingdom so strong that they were able to seize the economic rights in mountainous areas (Priangan) West Java. Prior to 1652, large areas of West Java is their inventory. It began 300 years of exploitation of the Dutch in West Java which only ended when World War II.

The events of the 18th century Dutch presents a series of errors in the social, political, and religious. Throughout the lowlands of West Java suffered under conditions which are oppressive imposed by local authorities. An example is the area of ​​Banten. In 1750, the people revolt against the empire controlled by an Arab woman, Queen Sjarifa. According Ayip Rosidi, Queen Sjarifa is a stooge Netherlands. However, Vlekke found "Kiai Tapa", the leader, was a Hindu, and that the rebellion is directed to pemipin-Islam leader than the Dutch colonialists. (It is difficult to reconstruct the history of several sources because each group has its own interests that characterizes the way of recording events.)

J. Religion is not an issue until the year 1815

During the first 200 years of Dutch rule in Indonesia, little problem that is associated with religion. this happens because the Dutch practically not done anything to bring Christianity, the religious affiliation of the Dutch, to the people of Indonesia. Until 1800, there was a "church Company" that "church" only in name because the only function to serve the needs of workers in the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The agency regulate all activities of the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago. Until the 19th century there was no city for Indonesian children so that the people have no way of knowing Christianity.

At the turn of the 19th century, the VOC went bankrupt and Napoleon occupied the Netherlands. In 1811, Britain became the Dutch East Indies officials. One of their initiatives is to open this land to missionary activity. However, little is done in Java by mid century. Nevertheless, some of the foundation has been laid in East Java and Central Java which became a model for the work among the Sundanese.

K. Culture system

The most famous political mistakes committed the Netherlands started in 1830. Political mistake is called a Cultural System (Cultuurstelsel), but actually more accurately called the system of slavery. This system intensified government efforts to drain more cash crops produced from the land. This culture system racking fifth crops of farmers as a replacement tax. By conducting a new crop such as sugar, coffee, and tea, the greater diolahnya farmland. The economic impact to the countryside is dramatic and important social ramifications. Passing through the middle of the century, private investment in the land of West Java began to grow and start popping plantations. Soil taken from the hands of farmers and given to big landowners. Towards 1870, the agrarian laws necessary to protect people's rights to land.

L. Population growth in Java

In 1851 in West Java, Sundanese numbered 786,000 souls. Within 30 years the population doubled. Priangan a focal point of trade in goods that accompanied the current rulers of the western and Asian immigrants (mostly Chinese). At the beginning of the 19th century it is estimated that one-seventh or one-eighth of Java island is covered by forest and wasteland. In 1815 the whole of Java and Madura only has 5 million inhabitants. That number increased to 28 million by the end of the century and reach 108 million in 1990. Population growth among the Sundanese may be non-religious factors are most important in the history of Sundanese.

M. Consolidation of Islamic influence

As more land being cleared and township-village emerging, Islam sends teachers to stay together with the community so that the influence of Islam grew in every habitat Sundanese. Islamic Teachers compete with the Dutch to control the nobility to become a leader among the people. Towards the end of the century, recognized Islam as the official religion of the Sundanese people. Strong beliefs against many types of spirits is considered as a part of Islam. Christianity, which came to the land of Sunda by mid-century a little impact to people outside of small pockets of Sundanese Christian.

N. Reformation of the 20th century

History of Sunda in the 20th century began with reforms in many areas. The Dutch government holding Ethical Policy in 1901 as affected by the sharp criticism on many fronts. This reform is particularly true in the areas of economics, including the development of agriculture, health, and education. People feel alienated by their own aristocratic tradition and Islam became their spokesman against the imperialistic expansion going on in the world through economic attacks European countries. Islam is one of the major religions are trying to adjust to the modern world. Reformers Movement that began in Cairo in 1912 exported everywhere. This movement creates two major groups in Indonesia. SI group was created for trade and nationalist. The other group is not political Muhammadiyah, but struggled to meet people's needs for education, health, and family.

O. There is no historical characteristics Sunda

Were prominent in the history of the Sundanese are their relationships with other groups. Sundanese people have little history of their own characteristics. Ayip Rosidi outlines five hindrances is the reason for the difficulty of defining the character of the Sundanese. Among other things, he gave the example of Java as a group of people who have a clear identity, contrary to the Sundanese people are lacking in this case.

Historically, the Sundanese do not play an important role in national affairs. Some very important events that have occurred in West Java, but usually these events are not events that have the characteristics of Sunda. Few people Sundanese be a leader, both in terms of conception and implementation of the national activities. Indeed, many Sundanese people involved in the events in the 20th century, but statistics say they did not so act. In this century, the history of the Sundanese is essentially a history of the Javanese.

P. Religious orientation of the 20th century

Religion is among the Sundanese cultural forms like those others who, in general, reflects the Javanese religion. The important difference is a stronger attachment to Islam than what can be found among the Javanese. Although viscosity is not as big or Bugis ethnic Madurese, but important enough to get special attention when we look at the history of the Sundanese.

One very important aspect in the Sunda religions beliefs dominated the pre-Islamic. Kepecayaan it is the main focus of the myth and ritual ceremonies in the life cycle Sundanese. Ceremonies paranti rope (the traditions and customary law) is always oriented primarily around the worship of Goddess Sri (Nyi Sri Pohaci Biosciences). Strength is also important spirit Nyi Roro Kidul, but not as Dewi Sri, and she is the queen of the South Sea and protector of all fishermen. Along the southern coast of Java, people fear and always meet the demands of this goddess until now. Another example is Siliwangi. Siliwangi is spiritual power is a force in the lives of Sunda. He represents another territorial authority in the cosmological structure Sundanese.

REFERENCES

• Edi S. Ekadjati, Sunda Society and culture, London: Girimukti Pasaka, 1984
• Zahorka Herwig, The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Taruma Nagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor, in 2007
• Ayatrohaedi: Sundakala, Excerpts Historical Manuscripts Sunda By "Committee Wangsakerta" Cirebon. Jaya Library, 2005.
• Aca, Parahiyangan Story: titilar ancestor script urang Sunda ka-16 century AD. Nusalarang Kabudayaan Foundation, London, 1968
• Edi S, Ekajati, Prince Wangsakerta polemic text, Jakarta: Library Jaya, 2005
• Joseph Iskandar, History of West Java: yuganing rajakawasa, New York: Geger Sunten, 1997

History Tom and Jerry Cartoon

Tom and Jerry Cartoon History of Full-You must have known Tom and Jerry. Tom and Jerry is an animated series produced MGM United States tells the story of a cat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry) who are always quarreling. This animated series is an Academy Award (Oscar) and form the basis of a successful series studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Short stories they are created, written and directed by two animators named William Hanna and Joseph Barbera (they kemudain known as Hanna-Barbera).

Tom and Jerry Cartoon History Complete

Yes, Hanna and Barbera can be called as the mastermind. Here's the story initially. When looking at a cat pouncing on a mouse in his kitchen one day, Hanna suddenly got the idea to make the feud as something funny. Then, they immediately made the script and the cartoon Tom & Jerry in 1932 with Van Beuren Studio. At that time, they still work in the magazine as the creator of a cartoon or a cartoonist.

The story line in each of the short stories are usually centered on Tom's attempts to capture Jerry impossible, accompanied by a variety of physical conflict and material damage. They sometimes appear to live peacefully side by side in several episodes (at least in the first few minutes), so it is sometimes unclear why Tom is so passionate about chasing Jerry. Some of the reasons may be the lasting enmity of cat and mouse, the task given by the homeowner, revenge, and competition against other cats.

Tom catch Jerry rarely successful, mainly due to the skill and agility Jerry and Tom's own stupidity. Tom usually beat Jerry when the mice into the cause of the problem or when Jerry was acting outrageous.

MGM (Metro Goldwyn Meyer) is the first production house to produce this film. Unfortunately, in 1957, MGM closed the division. Inevitably, the fate of Tom & Jerry was abandoned. In fact, so many fans. Not only children but also adults.

Hope arose again when six years later, there was Chuck Jones, a talented animator who is interested in reviving the cat and mouse that's hilarious. So, MGM was making another movie Tom & Jerry. Unfortunately, again, this did not last long.

But then, the lapse of four years, MGM stopped producing cartoons. They did not continue to work with Jones.

Because already in love with the characters Tom & Jerry, 1975, Hanna and Barbera ultimately strive to make their own movie. With difficulty, they eventually make a television series that appears every Saturday morning.

Fellas, great effort Hanna and Barbera to fruition. Yes since 1975, the production evolved. Tom & Jerry films were spread throughout the world. Now, we can watch on TV, pieces of VCD / DVD, also in the form of his game.

MAIN FIGURES

Jerry Mouse

Jerry Mouse Both characters have a tendency to be sadistic; meaning they were both very happy to torture one another. However, in some episodes, when one character is in danger, other characters will be awakened and save character.

Although many supporting characters and minor characters speaking roles, Tom and Jerry rarely speak for themselves. Tom, for instance, noted for his favorite to sing when trying to attract a female cat. He sang the song "Is You Is or Is You Is not My Baby" by Louis Jordan in the episode "Solid Serenade" made in 1946. Directed by William Hanna contributed rat squeaked voice, breath sounds and other voices for the two main characters of this. One of the sound-effect donation Hanna is heartfelt cries Tom cries which are made from the original Hanna where the beginning and end of the tape is removed so that only shouts the loudest cries are presented. The only episode in which Tom talked a little long and did not sing was "Million Dollar Cat", where Tom speaks "Gee.'m Throwing away a MILLION dollars .... BUT I'M HAPPY!" while playing Jerry.

Tom Cat

Tom Cat Tom is a cat house bluish gray (Tom's fur color is very similar to the color of the Russian Blue cat) who live in indulgence, while Jerry is a small brown mouse who always stayed close to where Tom lives. Tom is very quick-tempered and irritable, while Jerry is a character who lives free and very good at taking a chance.

Despite vigorous and determined, intent Tom always lost with brains and cunning Jerry. In each episode, Jerry usually come out as a winner and a loser Tom. However, the opposite can happen. Sometimes, Tom became the winner, of many hundreds of episodes of Tom and Jerry, only thirteen episodes which stated Tom came out as the winner in the end. Sometimes, too (usually something ironic) both lose or both ends to be friends, as in the episode "Blue Cat Blues".

PEOPLE HELPER

Butch

Butch, a tough competitor Tom Cat

In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to compete with Butch, a black cat who lives in the dark alleys that also want to catch and eat Jerry or get a girlfriend of Tom.

Spike

Spike (sometimes nicknamed "Killer" or "Butch"), a guard bulldog grumpy and bad-tempered, always attacking Tom. He usually-good friends with Jerry, to be the guardian and protector of the rat in several episodes. During the 1950's, Spike seemed to have a boy named Tyke, an extra character that causes softening hardline stance Spike and the emergence of the animated series "Spike and Tyke" short-lived. Tyke sometimes speak, using voice and expression as comedian Jimmy Durante.

Toodles Galore

Toodles Galore, boyfriend Tom. He usually met Tom when Tom saw her and Tom had got it before the preliminaries by Butch.

Mammy Two Shoes

Mammy Two Shoes, a black housekeeper (Lillian Randolph is filling his voice) that his face is rarely seen and usually beat Tom with a broom when the cat behaved inappropriately. Mammy appeared in many episodes until 1952. After that, Tom and Jerry looks to live with a young couple in the 1950s era: a tall skinny man wearing glasses and a dark-haired wife with childishness. Owner Tom next is a thin woman and be firm with properties such as Mammy-Two-Shoes. The difference is, she is not afraid of mice, and was always able to punish Tom for pursuit-chasing Jerry (never fails to catch the cat).

Nibbles

Nibbles, a little mouse is an orphan. He then dubbed Tuffy. In the late 1940's, Jerry adopted a baby rat-gray fur was abandoned. Unlike Jerry, Nibbles able to speak, but usually in a foreign language depending on the theme and background of the episodes are made.

Quacker the Duckling

Quacker the Duckling, a small duck orphan who later adapted the character of Hanna-Barbera other Yakky Doodle.

Lightning

Lightning, a golden orange cat. Formerly called meathead. Lightning seen with a black nose on several episodes of Tom and Jerry, and later seen with a red nose in Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale.

Topsy, a friend of Butch, a brown young cat, who lived in a dark alley with Butch and Lightning. He became friends with Jerry majority than Tom when he shows up as a cat house in Professor Tom.

History of Lion Dance

Hello my friend all set history, this time connecting from my previous post on the History of Chinese New Year celebrations, where the celebration of Chinese New Year is synonymous with the existence of a typical dance called the Lion Dance. What is Lion Dance? Why lion called? What about history? Well, for that on this occasion will discuss thoroughly the set of History of Art History Barongsai this.

Lion Dance Art History

Arts Lion Dance is a dance performance typical of China and Chinese communities were already legendary. Ahead of Chinese New Year, Lion Dance performances we can find in many places. Dozens, even scores of people that make up the lion or dragon snaking follow typical wasp music, spawned its own appeal.

People's China is known to have a high cultural roots. Likewise, the Lion Dance which has been known for thousands of years. Wikipedia notes the first dance of the Lion Dance dance can be traced to Chin Dynasty, around the third century BC.

Arts Lion Dance became popular in the South-North dynasty (Nan Bei) years 420-589 AD. At that time the army of the king of Song Wen Di overwhelmed troops attack the elephant king of country Fan Yang Lin Yi. A warlord named Zhong Que create artificial dolls lion king fan to dissipate force it. Apparently the effort was successful until legendary lion dance.

The dance consists of two main types namely the Northern Lions have curly mane and four legs. North Lions look more natural, like a lion. While the song is kind of a southern lion with scales and a number of legs varies between two and four. Lions Head South also features Tandi so sometimes like animals called Kilin.

Movement two is also different types of lions. South Lions further highlight the movement of his head hard and bobbing to follow the beat of gongs and drums. While North Lions tend agile and full of dynamics because it has four legs.

The main movement of the lion dance Lion Dance is a movement taking envelopes containing money called Lay See. At the top of the envelope usually plastered vegetable watercress lion symbolizes reward. See Lay The process takes approximately half of all lion dance.

Lion dance in Indonesia is estimated to the 17th century when there was a mass migration from South China. Lion dance in Indonesia is rampant when there are gatherings Tion Hoa Hwe Koan. At that time every gathering in different areas certainly have a bevy of lion.

But in the year 1965 after the eruption of G30SPKI art is stopped because of the political situation. Changes in the political situation in Indonesia in 1998 to revive the art of Chinese lion dance and other cultures.

History of Mathematics Lessons in the World

Mathematics is an abstract field of knowledge that is built with the help of logical reasoning on concepts such as numbers, figures, structures and transformations. According to Berggren, JL, 2004, the discovery of mathematics at the time of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, based on the many extant originals written by the scribe. Although the documents in the form of artifacts is not too much, but they are considered to be able to express mathematics in these times. Mathematical artifacts found indicates that the Mesopotamia has had many exceptional mathematical knowledge, even though they are still primitive mathematical and not deductively structured as it is now. Mathematics in Ancient Egypt can be learned from the artifacts found are then referred to as the Rhind Papyrus (edited the first time in 1877), has given an idea of ​​how mathematics in ancient Egypt has been growing rapidly. Artifacts were found associated with mathematics-related areas such as the royal kingdom 3000 BC Sumerian, Akkadian and Babylonian regime (2000 BC), and the kingdom of Assyria (1000 BC), Persian (6-4 century BC), and Greece (century to 3-1 BC).

Math Lesson

In ancient Greece the least important mathematician noted that Thales and Pythagoras. Thales and Pythagoras pioneered thinking in the field of geometry, but Pythagoras who start doing or making mathematical proofs. Until the reign of Alexander the Great of Greece and thereafter, has recorded monumental work of Euclid's work in the form of a book entitled Elements (elements) which is the first geometry book compiled by deduction. Important treatise of the early period of Islamic mathematics much missing, so there are still unanswered questions about the relationship between the many early Islamic mathematics and mathematics from Greece and India. In addition, the number of relatively small number of documents that causes us difficulty to trace the extent of the role of Islamic mathematicians in the development of mathematics in Europe next. But clearly, Islamic mathematicians sizable donation in conjunction with the rise of modern thought emerged himpunanelah dark ages until around the 15th century BC himpunanelah.

The invention of the printing press printing in the modern era, which is about the 16th century, mathematicians have allowed each other to communicate more intensively, so as to publish works great. Up comes the Hilbert era who sought to create a system of mathematics as a single, complete and consistent. But the effort Hilbert then be broken or found mistakes by his own student named Godel stating that it was probably invented mathematics single, complete and consistent. Geometry and Algebra Problems ancient, can be found in the documents stored in Berlin. One of the problems is for example estimated length of the diagonal of a rectangle. They menggunakanhubungan between the long sides of the rectangle and then they find the shape of a right triangle. The relationship between the sides of a right-angled This became known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Pythagorean theorem is actually been used for more than 1000 years before being discovered by Pythagoras.

The Babylonians had discovered sexagesimal number system which is then useful to perform calculations related to the sciences of astrology. Astronomers at the time of Babylon have been trying to predict an event by associating with astronomical phenomena such as lunar eclipses and planetary tipping point in the cycle (conjunction, opposition, stationary point, and the visibility of the first and last). They found the technique to calculate the position (expressed in degrees of latitude and longitude, measured relative to the track the apparent motion of the Sun yearly) with successively adding the appropriate terms in arithmetic progression. Mathematics in Ancient Egypt as well as due to the influence of Masopotamia and Babylon, but also influenced by the context of Egypt which has a wide stream and long live the Egyptian civilization. Problems arise because the public relations activities of the Egyptians face survive in natural conditions that can lead to conflict between them, such as how to define the boundary edge of paddy fields or himpunanelah Nile flood occurred that resulted in their land silted up to a few meters. From one of these cases later appeared notion or idea of ​​the area, boundaries and forms. So in the days of Ancient Egypt, Geometry has grown rapidly as a branch of mathematics.

In a relatively short time (maybe only a century or less), a method developed by the Babylonians and Ancient Masir have come into the hands of the Greeks. For example, Hipparchus (second century BC) preferred approach to geometric Greek predecessors, but then he uses the method of Mesopotamia and adopted the style sexagesimal. Through the Greeks were forwarded to Arab scientists in the Middle Ages and from there to Europe, where it remained prominent in mathematical astronomy during the Renaissance and early modern period. To this day remain in use minutes and seconds to measure time and angles. Aspects of Babylonian mathematics that has come to Greece has increased the quality of the mathematical work with not only believe denganbentuk-physical form only, melainan gained confidence through mathematical proofs. The principles of the Pythagorean theorem sudal known since the days of Babylon which is about a thousand years before the Greek era, began to be proven mathematically by Pythagoras in Ancient Greece.

In Ancient Greece, during the period from about 600 BC to 300 BC, known as the classical period of mathematics, mathematics changed from practical functions into a coherent structure of deductive knowledge. Change the focus of practical problem solving to the knowledge of the truth and the development of a general mathematical objects mathematical theories transform into a discipline. The Greeks showed concern for the logical structure of mathematics. The followers of Pythagoras were trying to find the exact

The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle. But they can not find a certain number of the same scale that applies to all the sides of the triangle. It is then known as Incommensurability issue, namely the scale is not the same in order to obtain a certain number for the hypotenuse. If forced to use the same scale (or commensurabel) then in the end they found that the length of the hypotenuse is not an integer but irrational numbers.

Achievements of the Ancient Greeks is a monumental work of Euclid on geometry axiomatic. The main source for reconstructing pre-Euclidean named Euclid's book Elements (elements), where most of the content is still relevant and used until the present. Element consists of 13 volumes. Book I deals with congruence of triangles, properties of parallel lines, and relationship area of ​​triangles and parallelograms; Book II sets kehimpunanaraan associated with boxes, rectangles, and triangles; Book III contains properties Circles, and Book IV contains polygon in a circle. Most of the contents of Book I-III are the works of Hippocrates, and the content of Book IV can be attributed to Pythagoras, so it can be understood that the book element has its history to centuries before. Book V outlines a general theory of proportion, which is a theory that does not require restrictions on the amount of worth. This general theory derived from Eudoxus.

In theory, Book VI describes the rectilinear nature and generalization of the theory of congruence in Book I. Book VII-IX contains what the Greeks called "arithmetic," the theory of integers. This includes the properties of numerical proportion, the greatest divisor, common multiples, and primes (Book VII); propositions in numerical progression and square (Book VIII), and the specific outcomes, such as unique factorization into primes in the existence of an infinite number of primes, and the formation of a "perfect" numbers, ie numbers equal to the number of divisors (Book IX). In some form, originating from Theaetetus Book VII and Book VIII of Archytas. X book presents the theory of irrational lines and comes from the work of Theaetetus and Eudoxus. Xiberisi book about waking up the space; Book XII prove theorems on the ratio of a circle, the ratio of the ball, and the volume of pyramids and cones. Heritage of Greek mathematics, especially in geometry, is huge. From the early period of Greek people set goals in terms of mathematics is not practical procedures but as a theoretical discipline is committed to developing a general proposition, and a formal demonstration. The range and diversity of their findings, especially those of the SM-3 centuries, geometry has become the subject matter for ages himpunanelah, although the tradition is transmitted to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is incomplete and flawed.

The rapid rise of mathematics in the 17th century was based in part on the renewal of the ancient mathematics and mathematics in Greek era. Mechanics from Galileo and calculations made Kepler and Cavalieri, a direct inspiration for the Archimedes. The study of geometry by Apollonius and Pappus stimulated by new approaches in geometry-for example, by Descartes developed analytic and projective theory of Girard Desargues.

Resurrection of mathematics in the 17th century along with the rise of the thinking of the philosopher as an anti-thesis of a dark age where truth is dominated by the Church. Then Copernicus is a groundbreaking figure who challenged the view of the Church that the earth as the center of the universe, and in return he expressed the idea that the Earth but not the sun that is the center of the solar system, while the surrounding earth. This revival era became known as the Modern Age, which is characterized by the emergence of figures as well as mathematicians philosophical thinkers like Immanuel Kant, Rene Descartes, David Hume, Galileo, Kepler, Cavalieri