John Napier, nd at Merchiston Castle, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Son of Sir Archibald Napier's first wife, Janet Bothwell. When I was 14 years old, were sent to the university Napier St. Andrews to study theology. After traveling to foreign countries, Napier returned to my hometown in 1571 and married Elizabeth Stirling and had two sons. In 1579, his wife died and remarried to Agnes Chisholm. The second marriage gave him ten children. The second son of the second wife, Robert, later became his father's translator works. Sir Archibald died in 1608 and John Napier replace, Merchiston Castle lived in all his life.
Napier is not a professional mathematician. country Scotland, he was a Baron who lived in Murchiston and has a lot of ground, but also have a hobby of writing a variety of topics that interest her. He's only interested in one aspect of research in mathematics, particularly relating to the calculation and trigonometry. The term "framework Napier" (Napier frame) refers to the multiplication tables and the "analogy Napier" and "Law sections Napier circle" is a tool to remember in relation to the trigonometric circle. Napier said that the research and discovery of logarithms happened twelve years ago before being published. The statement pointed out that the basic idea occurred in 1594. Although discovered by Napier but there is a role predecessor. Stifel wrote Arithmetica integra on 50 years ago with the guidelines of the works of Archimedes. Numbers with power of two is essentially, though not to be used for calculation purposes because there is a difference that is too large and the interpolation does not give accurate results.
Napier is not a professional mathematician. country Scotland, he was a Baron who lived in Murchiston and has a lot of ground, but also have a hobby of writing a variety of topics that interest her. He's only interested in one aspect of research in mathematics, particularly relating to the calculation and trigonometry. The term "framework Napier" (Napier frame) refers to the multiplication tables and the "analogy Napier" and "Law sections Napier circle" is a tool to remember in relation to the trigonometric circle. Napier said that the research and discovery of logarithms happened twelve years ago before being published. The statement pointed out that the basic idea occurred in 1594. Although discovered by Napier but there is a role predecessor. Stifel wrote Arithmetica integra on 50 years ago with the guidelines of the works of Archimedes. Numbers with power of two is essentially, though not to be used for calculation purposes because there is a difference that is too large and the interpolation does not give accurate results.
Dr influence thinking. John Craig can not be ruled out, affecting John Napier. This meeting occurs unintentionally, occurs when the group Craig on his way to Denmark by boat, there was a huge storm that makes this group a stop not far from the observatory of Tycho Brahe, not far from where Napier. While waiting for the storm to pass, they discuss ways calculation used in the observatory. This discussion makes more motivated to Napier in 1614 published a book description of the rules in logarithmic (A Description of the Marvelous Rule of Logaritms).
Logarithm
Early discovery of Napier is actually very simple. Using a geometric progression and integral simultaneously. Take a certain number close to 1. Napier using the 1-107 (or .9999999) as numbers. Now, the term progression of ever-increasing power until the end result is close - very little difference. To achieve "balance" and avoid going on (number) decimal multiplied by 107.
N = 107 (1 - 1/107) L, where L is the logarithm Napier so the logarithm of 107 is equal to zero, ie: 107 (1-1/107) = 0.9999999 is 1 and so on. If the number is divided by 107 and logarithms, will be found - virtually - as a system of logarithms base 1 / e, for (1-1/107) 107 approached Lim n → ∞ (1-1 / n) n = 1 / e.
Keep in mind that Napier did not have the concept of logarithms as a basis, as we know now. Napier working principles will be more clear by using geometry concepts below.
A___________________P____________B___________________
C_______________________D__________Q_______________________E
Line AB is half of the line CE. Imagine a point P departs from point A, goes down the line AB at speeds comparable decreases in proportion to the distance from point B; at the same time point Q moves from line speed CE ... the same moves as the point P. Napier called CQ distance variable is the logarithm of the distance PB is the geometric definition Napier. Eg: PB = x and CQ = y. If AB 107 is considered, and if the speed of movement of the P well 107, then in modern calculus notation obtained dx / dt =-x and dy / dt = 107, x0 = 107, y0 = 0. So dy / dx = - 107 / x, or y = -107 ln cx, where c is the initial condition to be 10-7. Result, y = -107 ln (x/107) or y/107 = log 1 / e (x/107).
Eccentricity
Although Napier made great contributions in the fields of mathematics, but the greatest interest Napier precisely the field of religion. He's a strong Protestants who wrote his views in the book description of the discovery of the resurrection of St. John (A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of Saint John (1593), who bitterly attacked the Catholic Church and the King reproached the Scots, James VI (later James I, king of Britain) by calling an atheist.
Another area of interest Napier, a landlord, was managing the farm. To improve soil fertility, Napier tried to give fertilizer in the form of salt. In 1579, Napier found the hydraulic pump to raise the water from the well. In the military field, Napier plans to create a giant mirror in order to protect the UK from naval invasion of King Philip II of Spain. Both Napier's invention was not different from the discovery of Archimedes.
There is an anecdote, that as a landlord, Napier often clashed with the tenants (land) and its neighbors. An event, Napier was disturbed by the neighbors pigeons which he felt was too much. Threats that pigeons will not be taken arrested, because he felt sure that Napier is not possible to arrest all the pigeons. The next day, the neighbor was shocked see all pigeon flounder - not dead - slumped in front of the house. Apparently Napier had fed corn soaked beforehand with wine.
Last services
As soon as the first book was published, mathematician enthusiasm spread so much from their visit to Edinburgh. One of the guests was Henry Briggs (1516 - 1631), at which time the meeting Napier Briggs tells about the modifications made. Logarithm base change to 1, instead of 107, the result is zero and using base 10 (decimal). Finally found a log 10 = 1 = 10 ยบ. Napier died at his castle on April 3, 1617, and was buried in the church of St. Cuthbert, Edinburgh. Two years later, in 1619, published a book of beauty logarithm Construction (Construction of the wonderful logarithms), compiled by Robert, son.
Contribution
Find the basic concept of logarithms, before being developed by other mathematicians - especially Henry Briggs - that has benefited. This discovery brought a major change in mathematics. Johannes Kepler helped, because the logarithm, to increase the ability for the astronomers count. "Miracle" is then called by the logarithm of [Florian] Cajori as one of the three important discoveries for mathematics (the other two being notation-based Arabic numerals and ten fractions / decimal).
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