History of Copy Machines

Flood Chester Carlson inventor of a photocopy machine was born on February 8, 1906 in Seattle, Washington, USA father contracted tuberculosis forced him to work hard to get the cost of treatment. By the time 17-year-old mother died, and four years after his mother died following Carlson's father. This does not make Carlson discouraged to learn. He could finish his education up to the college at the California Institute of Technology. after completing his studies, Carlson and then worked at a manufacturer of electronic goods. Chester Carlson began her work as a copyist in a patent document peruahaan patent analysis, Carlson thought to accelerate job is to create a tool that can print documents repeatedly. He also read the various references to the printing press. Finally, he found the concept of electrophotographic, which we now know as a copier.

In 1938, Chester Carlson made a small experiment that utilizes powder soot (carbon) and light exposure and move a post from a medium to another medium. He also uses a concept called photo-conductivity, an electron change when exposed to the light. In essence, with this process, the image can be coupled with process changes the electron. Most of the available literature, the findings of Carlson creates a copy process using electrostatic energy, ie xenography.

Xenography name comes from the Greek, radical Xeros (dry) and graphos (write). Because, in the process does not involve chemicals, unlike previous technology. Through this technique, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates author a document, which later would be called the photocopying process. This technique is then patented in October 6, 1942. For several years, Chester Carlson trying to perfect his invention. Although very useful, electrophotographic machine is not

interest many people, because the machine is considered to have a promising future. Chester who managed to make a tool that must sell the concept for many years that the copier can be sold on the market. Large companies like Kodak is selling the equipment and the process of shooting, IBM and General Electric, rejected the findings. After almost desperate, Chester got the first Batelle Memorial Institute partners who are willing to capitalize the fund and then with the same effort and managed to persuade Haloid, a medium-sized company Haloid Corporation, New York that sells photo paper would be its partner to develop its findings later changed the name Haloid Company The first electrophotographic copying machines because they lack commercial value, then been proposed name with the name of xerography. Xerography became commercial after adopted by Xerox Corporation.

One of the initial product is a Xerox Xerox 914, the first automatic copier that uses xenography process. Named Xerox 914 to refer to the ability of the machine to copy paper with a size of 9 inches x 14 inches (229 mm x 356 mm). Xerox 914, which can copy up to 100 thousand papers per month, is very popular among people at that time. This product revenues accounted for up to 60 million U.S. dollars. The success made the company decided to change its name from Haloid became Xerox in 1958. Until now the company Xerox is a copier and printer in the world.

The resulting product companies are now headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, USA in 2006 and recorded a 15.9 billion U.S. dollar revenue. The number of employees reached 53,700 people, spread across the world. Chester Carlson died on 9 September 1968, in Rochester, New York, due to chronic liver disease. Thanks to its findings through a copy machine, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates a document writer. Until now, this process can hardly be left in modern life. By Chester Carlson's invention also present us with an easy, cheap and quick to duplicate a document.

History of Printing Machinery

The printing press is a tool used to double the use of artificial dokomen print letters that move. The first printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany). Some mentioned that the printing press is the greatest invention throughout 2,000 years. Printing machine can print counterfeit documents more than just a few weeks that had been produced by hand for life. The printing press made a literate society and allow for education. Scientific revolution depends on the existence of many scientists who record and disseminate their findings. The printing press allowed the scientists and physicists to read the documents before the discovery of the inventors. The printing press has made significant and fundamental changes in the structure, ideas, and activities people.

History of Invention Machine Print

Copying documents has always been a hand job (usually done by the pastor). The books are produced with difficult and slow, and the price is too expensive. To make matters worse, a copy of which was made by hand is easy to make mistakes. Each new copy can be sure of an error.

The answer to the problem is mold. Mold begins in the land of the great wall of China. In 1040, Pi Sheng found the mold by using the letters of the original print made from a kind of soil. Pi Sheng was the actual inventor of printing letters that can move. More mengesankanya again, the West is only able to make prints that scored with 26 letters, while Pi Sheng has made more than 5,000 Chinese characters for cetakanya of land. In 1403, King Htai Tjong of Korea found the metal block letters (more robust and more efficient than the mold of the ground work of Pi Sheng). But he has not developed a printing system using the cetakanya letters.

How to Printing Machinery Found?

Unclear how Johannes Guttenberg found and how he assembles from others that already exist. Historians believe that he who developed the printing press in the world and believes that he has found a new technology.

Guttenber born in a beautiful city, Mainz, Germany. Around 1440, nearing the age of 50, he began to develop his ideas about the printing press. He spent the next decade for solving the three basic needs of the printing press.

First, he took presses. Guttenberg presses modeling of heavy presses used to squeeze the olives. He modify and strengthen the back pressure so he can squeeze into a horizontal bawh easily pass through the entire page.

Second, he needs ink. The pastors and ordinary painter using water ink. Guttenberg consult with renowned pelukasi (including Van Dyke) and decided to use the oily ink commonly used by painters and color pigments that have tested the new painters. With this new ink, Guttenberg get sharper lines and molds thicker than water ink.

Lastly, Guttenberg requires moving the metal mold. Guttenberg metal mold is the biggest donation in the world of printing. He spent many years experimenting with various types of metal, for metal that has a lower point so as to print the letters with ease. However, these metals also have to be strong to be able to withstand the pressure and produce thousands of prints. In 1450, he had a steady pick of tin mixed with a little silver antimony premises.

Around the year 1452, Guttenberg printing press was ready to work. He borrowed 800 guilders to buy paper, ink pigem, oil, tin, silver, antimony, and other needs. He started to print his first book entitled The Great Line 42 Guttenberg Bible (42 refers to the number of lines on each page of text). When the first page is ready and print tested to ensure that all of the letters have been fulfilled and the viscosity of the ink on the right, then he began to print 300 copies of that page.

The first page is completed. Guttenberg then unload 3,000 to 4,000 letters from the page. He cleans and letters that do not fit into the crate. Now he was ready to work to print the second page. This process was repeated 1,282 times and not take years to print 300 copies of each page of the Bibelnya. This copy if done manually by hand will be completed over 1,200 years, is not a very long time.

History of Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the Triassic period until the end of the old lime many types of dinosaurs were already extinct ten thousand bird species living today have been classified as dinosaurs. In addition to the existence of fossilized feather impressions, Archaeopteryx was very similar to a small predatory dinosaurs. Compsognathus, since the research has identified theropod dinosaurs as the most likely direct ancestors of birds; most paleontologists today regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped in a biology class. Other close relatives of crocodiles dinosaurs survived until now .. Such as dinosaurs and birds, crocodiles are also members of Archosauria. group of reptiles that first appeared during the period of very old and dominate the middle of the Triassic period.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientists believe dinosaurs community as a cold-blooded animals are dumb and slow. However, many studies conducted since the 1970s (called the dinosaur renaissance) have supported the view that dinosaurs were active animals with high metabolic and diverse adaptations for social interaction. The resulting changes in the scientific understanding of dinosaurs gradually filtered into popular consciousness.

Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early nineteenth century, which is woven into the framework of dinosaurs poluler performances in museums around the world. Dinosaurs became popular world culture and continue. They became a topic in the best-selling books and films (most known Jurassic Park), and new discoveries are regularly expressed in the media. Dinosaurs first appeared around 225 million years ago in the Triassic Period. The animal was kept alive until the Jurassic Period and grown into a giant in the Cretaceous period. About 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth.

Dinosaurs in the Garden of Eden

Dino in Water. Eden Communications copyrighted. At the beginning of Creation, dinosaurs are not vicious or dangerous. When God finished making the animals, God says "it was good". If so what form? How different are the dinosaur skeletons were found killed by the Flood with the first dinosaurs were created by God? Unfortunately, no one knows what they look like humans or dinosaurs (or other animals) when God created time immemorial. Originally, dinosaurs must have been harmless - designed to please humans and beneficial to the world, like all other animals. When first created, all dinosaurs ate only plants and fruits.

Dinosaurs in the earth after the flood

leaf After the flood, dinosaurs and all other animals are made to be afraid of humans (Genesis 9:2). Animals stay away from people. They are no longer trusting and obedient. God probably did this to protect human and beast of the earth after the flood. Humans and dinosaurs live in separate areas - such as humans and wild animals at this time. Fossil bones, teeth and stomach contents of many dinosaurs were killed during the Flood have been found. So far, it shows that when the plant-eating dinosaurs and harmless - a few hundred years after mankind fell into sin. They may not be much different from an elephant or a giraffe.

Asteroid Killer Dinosaurs

Until now, astronomers have known more than 40 families of asteroids, fragments of a larger body, and calculate when the blast occurred. However, they have not managed to find an asteroid which is responsible for the great extinction.

Dinosaurs, large and small, once ruled the earth at least 120 million years to the Cretaceous period. Then they disappear within a few thousand years, according to fossil evidence, when the Tertiary period began about 65 million years ago. Disappearance of the dinosaurs was a mystery until 30 years ago, when Walter Alvarez, a geologist at the University of California-Berkeley, and his father, Luis, find the cause. They claimed an unidentified object from space hit the Earth and cause huge crater in the earth's crust in the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, and spread the pieces in the form of a rare element called iridium.

This theory is very controversial. But as time went on, began to gain support. Discovery of the so-called Chicxulub crater near the Yucatan Peninsula, plus the iridium and glassy shards thousands of kilometers around the crater, reinforce the idea.

Evidence supporting this theory increases with David Nesvorny and his discovery of the Southwest Research Institute in Bouklder, Colorado, United States. At the beginning of this year, they have identified a new group which they named Baptistina family, according to the name of the group was the largest asteroid, which has up to 40 kilometers. Dinosaur killer asteroid there is a possibility of missing members of this family, which is formed by the impact on the inside of the asteroid belt 160 million years ago.

Nesvorny team had calculated that the asteroid 10 kilometers it has collided with the earth. The asteroid is one of 300 that the original host rock fragments reach 170 kilometers. Other denominations likely hit Venus and is responsible for the formation of Tycho, the youngest craters on the moon. Baptistina composition is also compatible with the shards found in the earth. The scientists also calculated the possibility of another asteroid that hit the Earth is less than 10 percent. A recent study says mass collision in space 160 million years ago caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Asteroid impact caused debris flying through the solar system including a large blob that hit the Earth and then sweeping the dinosaurs. The team of researchers from the United States and the Republic believe other fragments hit the Moon, Venus and Mars, and the impact of the punch then creates holes.

History of The Oprah Winfrey Show

Oprah Winfrey, the full name Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, he grew up on a farm by her grandmother harsh, Hattie Mae, for six years. Oprah began to speak in the church her grandmother when three years old. He has a natural talent for performing in public and become very popular.

Biography of Oprah Winfrey Biography Web

When he was six years old, her mother, Vernita, getting a job as a maid in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and finally take Oprah back from his grandmother. In Milwaukee, the same as in farms, Oprah is still very poor, he had to stay in a single room with his mother and two half-brothers, male - male and female. Every day Vernita left the children early in the morning and come home at night, so he did not have time for his family.

So his mother watched, Oprah often ran away from home. At the age of 9, he was sexually abused by a 19-year-old cousin who was on duty guarding it. Oprah believes it's his fault and not tell what he experienced to anyone.

Without guidance from no one, Oprah is getting out of control behavior. The age of 14 years, Oprah pregnant and the baby died shortly after birth. When Oprah escape for one week, his mother decided that he could no longer take care of Oprah. That's when his mother sent Oprah to live with her father in Nashville. Oprah really scared with his father the most disciplined people he knew, swore, if he is able to live with his father, he would change his life, he would show who he really is.

At the age of 14 years, Oprah lived with her father, Vernon Winfrey and her stepmother, Zelma, which is a respectable member of society Tennessee. Profession his father was a barber, shop owners, city council members, and church officials. Oprah's father could not tolerate negative attitudes Oprah or poor grades. Oprah earned value - the value of C in Milwaukee, but only the value of A that can be accepted by his father.

Besides his homework from school, every week Vernon and Zelma requires Oprah to write a book report and asked him the new vocabulary. Initially, Oprah hates the strict rules and high expectations of them. But, it turns out that was exactly what she needed, parents who make the rules and apply them to the firm, but also provide the love and attention he wants. Oprah also risen.

Not only school that values ​​skyrocket, Oprah also be more friendly and popular than ever. In high school, he was selected to represent her school at a youth conference in the White House, and won a scholarship of $ 1,000 for a speech he wrote, "The Negro, the Constitution, and the United States". His father was so supportive Oprah to dream big, and he did. At the age of 16 years, Oprah traveled to Los Angeles to speak at a church. When he returned, Oprah told his father that someday his palm prints will be printed next to a row of other stars palms outside Mann's Chinese Theatre.

At age 17, he obtained his first job in show business as a news anchor at a local radio station. They even paid him $ 100 per week, which is great for students starting high school in the 1970s. Oprah to keep their jobs, even after he obtained a scholarship to Tennessee State University and started college. At the age of 19, he was discovered by a television station in Nashille to be employed as a reporter and news anchor.

Success Era Oprah - The Oprah Winfrey Show

In 1976, Oprah hosted a TV in Baltimore and was later promoted as a companion guide morning talk show (talk show) called People Are Talking (People Start Talking). The talk show format is perfect for Oprah, the audience liked the joke, honesty, and down to earth personality and the show ratings soared.

In 1984, Oprah got his big break. He was asked to tour the show itself disebuah Chicago. Event A. M. Chicago airs at the same time to show the popular Phil Donahue Show. Phill is the king of daytime TV, but it did not take long for Phil and Oprah to lose his throne. In a short time he became a star in 120 major cities across America. The Oprah Winfrey Show made its first national debut in 1986, and quickly achieve success by becoming the most popular show on television, making it the black woman who rose from poverty and became the highest-paid star.

The Oprah Winfrey Show became the number one talk show at the time, produced by his own company Harpo Productions, Inc. (which is taken from the reverse of the name of Oprah). The event was watched by 48 million in viewers each week in the United States and broadcast internationally in 126 countries.

Magazine Founder and Editorial Director

In April 2000, Oprah Magazine and Hearts introduced O, The Oprah Magazine, a monthly magazine that became a lifestyle women at that time. The magazine became a successful magazines in publishing history with a circulation of 2.3 million readers each month. In April 2002, Oprah launched the first international edition of O, The Oprah Magazine in South Africa.

Actress and Producer

Oprah to realize his childhood dream to become a movie star, with her acting in the drama belongs to a brilliant writer, through his company, Harpo Productions:

• The Color Purple (1985)
• Native Son, The Women of Brewster Place (1989)
• Before Women Had Wings (1997)
• Beloved (1998)

Oprah is also a Broadway theater producer "The Color Purple", made his own website (oprah.com), and having Oprah and Friends satellite radio.

History Of Washing Machine

Created by the movement of the human hand on a washboard, washing machine first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived at the end of 1927. Initially, using a power washer motor rotated in the tube, but the motor is not shielded so frequent washing water dripping and causing short circuits and buffeting. In 1911, has been equipped with a washing machine cylinder made of metal and covered. Washer manufacturers face challenges related to the development of such technology, namely finding appropriate motor and ensures that users are not electrocuted. Early in its development, washing machines use chains, belts, shafts and gears.

To overcome the initial obstacles in the use of a washing machine, fractional horsepower motors into use. Motor power is usually only 1/8 or ¼ horsepower motors on the first machine, this machine manufactured by Westinghouse. To prevent electric shock, stator and curator machine wrapped and equipped to prevent heat fan. From the perspective of consumer satisfaction, the machine will wash clothes without shredding need to be developed. This means the engine must be operated at different speeds. To overcome these problems, fall into the water through the clothes on the washing machine agitation needs to be developed

Beatty Brothers of Fergus, Ontario is the first company to manufacture washing machine agitator, using copper tubing nickel-chromium or nickel-plated. In the U.S., the first company to adopt agitator technology was Maytag. Vertical orientation of these machines became the industry standard replacing the horizontal axis rotary previous machine. In the 1920s, the white enamelled metal sheets replacing copper tubing and angle iron legs. In the early 1940s, enamelled steel is used because it is cleaner, easier to clean and more durable, it is also designed to extend the life of the motor

The next development was the installation of a washing machine timer that allows the engine to operate in accordance cycle is set so that users do not need to continue to monitor the washing machine. In the early 1950s, many American manufacturers sell machines with dryers that feature replaces the squeezing process that led to sprained clothes. In 1957, GE introduced a washing machine equipped with 5 buttons to control the wash temperature, rinse temperature, speed wash and spin speed. Washing machine powered by a single phase electric motor. This motor can move both ways when rubbed in washing clothes. Motor is connected to the sink or with a belt and wheel agitator player (pully).

Washing process begins with washing machine with dirty clothes put into the wash tube. Control will detect the weight of clothes and set the water level, wash time, rinse time, drying time and load time incoming water valve (water inlet valve). Once the water level is reached, the valve will be closed and the water gets started rotating agitator to create a whirlpool.

When the control has detected endless washing time, the motor will stop rotating agitator and exhaust valve was opened to remove the water from the washing, then the tube will rotate to remove the remains of the water in the clothes. After the rinse valve inlet valve is closed and opened, the water goes into the tube until sufficient level then entered the water valve is closed and the engine started rinsing. If the rinse time is up, then the control will open the exhaust valve to dump the rinse water. The drying process will be carried out later by tube washing machine. If you have finished the washing machine will stop automatically and this indicates that the washing process has been completed.

There are some differences between the washing machine openings on 2 tubes and 1 tube. The process of washing and drying on a washing machine with 2 tubes made in the different tubes. Washing process is carried out on the type of propeller that spins in the bottom of the tube. While the washer 1 tube, washing and drying process is done in the same tube. This tube also rotates during the washing process.

In terms of water use, opening up the washing machines use more water than front opening washer. This is because the water in the opening of the washing machine should be filled to the brim. While on the engine front opening, the water will be released little by little during the washing process. In general, the power used at the opening of the washing machine or front opening almost the same, which is about 300 W. However, the washing machines are front opening additional facilities to wash with hot water and power needed to make use of this facility about 2000 W.

The most basic difference of these two types of washing machines is the technology used. Opening of the washing machine spinning horizontally, causing the water in it to form a vortex that causes clothes wrapped around each other. In contrast, washing machine resembles a vertical openings depanberputar rotation of the wheel and cause the clothes are always falling down. Results washing machine front opening also better than opening up the washing machine, because the technology used to apply the force of gravity method. The resulting level of drought this type of washing machine is also better, which reached 95% while the opening of the washing machine only produces 70% level of dryness.

Created by the movement of the human hand on a washboard, washing machine first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived at the end of 1927. Initially, using a power washer motor rotated in the tube, but the motor is not shielded so frequent washing water dripping and causing short circuits and buffeting. In 1911, has been equipped with a washing machine cylinder made of metal and covered. Washer manufacturers face challenges related to the development of such technology, namely finding appropriate motor and ensures that users are not electrocuted. Early in its development, washing machines use chains, belts, shafts and gears.

There are some differences between the washing machine openings on 2 tubes and 1 tube. The process of washing and drying on a washing machine with 2 tubes made in the different tubes. Washing process is carried out on the type of propeller that spins in the bottom of the tube. While the washer 1 tube, washing and drying process is done in the same tube. This tube also rotates during the washing process.

In terms of water use, opening up the washing machines use more water than front opening washer. This is because the water in the opening of the washing machine should be filled to the brim. While on the engine front opening, the water will be released little by little during the washing process. In general, the power used at the opening of the washing machine or front opening almost the same, which is about 300 W. However, the washing machines are front opening additional facilities to wash with hot water and power needed to make use of this facility about 2000 W.

The most basic difference of these two types of washing machines is the technology used. Opening of the washing machine spinning horizontally, causing the water in it to form a vortex that causes clothes wrapped around each other. In contrast, washing machine resembles a vertical openings depanberputar rotation of the wheel and cause the clothes are always falling down. Results washing machine front opening also better than opening up the washing machine, because the technology used to apply the force of gravity method. The resulting level of drought this type of washing machine is also better, which reached 95% while the opening of the washing machine only produces 70% level of dryness.