History of Copy Machines

Flood Chester Carlson inventor of a photocopy machine was born on February 8, 1906 in Seattle, Washington, USA father contracted tuberculosis forced him to work hard to get the cost of treatment. By the time 17-year-old mother died, and four years after his mother died following Carlson's father. This does not make Carlson discouraged to learn. He could finish his education up to the college at the California Institute of Technology. after completing his studies, Carlson and then worked at a manufacturer of electronic goods. Chester Carlson began her work as a copyist in a patent document peruahaan patent analysis, Carlson thought to accelerate job is to create a tool that can print documents repeatedly. He also read the various references to the printing press. Finally, he found the concept of electrophotographic, which we now know as a copier.

In 1938, Chester Carlson made a small experiment that utilizes powder soot (carbon) and light exposure and move a post from a medium to another medium. He also uses a concept called photo-conductivity, an electron change when exposed to the light. In essence, with this process, the image can be coupled with process changes the electron. Most of the available literature, the findings of Carlson creates a copy process using electrostatic energy, ie xenography.

Xenography name comes from the Greek, radical Xeros (dry) and graphos (write). Because, in the process does not involve chemicals, unlike previous technology. Through this technique, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates author a document, which later would be called the photocopying process. This technique is then patented in October 6, 1942. For several years, Chester Carlson trying to perfect his invention. Although very useful, electrophotographic machine is not

interest many people, because the machine is considered to have a promising future. Chester who managed to make a tool that must sell the concept for many years that the copier can be sold on the market. Large companies like Kodak is selling the equipment and the process of shooting, IBM and General Electric, rejected the findings. After almost desperate, Chester got the first Batelle Memorial Institute partners who are willing to capitalize the fund and then with the same effort and managed to persuade Haloid, a medium-sized company Haloid Corporation, New York that sells photo paper would be its partner to develop its findings later changed the name Haloid Company The first electrophotographic copying machines because they lack commercial value, then been proposed name with the name of xerography. Xerography became commercial after adopted by Xerox Corporation.

One of the initial product is a Xerox Xerox 914, the first automatic copier that uses xenography process. Named Xerox 914 to refer to the ability of the machine to copy paper with a size of 9 inches x 14 inches (229 mm x 356 mm). Xerox 914, which can copy up to 100 thousand papers per month, is very popular among people at that time. This product revenues accounted for up to 60 million U.S. dollars. The success made the company decided to change its name from Haloid became Xerox in 1958. Until now the company Xerox is a copier and printer in the world.

The resulting product companies are now headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, USA in 2006 and recorded a 15.9 billion U.S. dollar revenue. The number of employees reached 53,700 people, spread across the world. Chester Carlson died on 9 September 1968, in Rochester, New York, due to chronic liver disease. Thanks to its findings through a copy machine, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates a document writer. Until now, this process can hardly be left in modern life. By Chester Carlson's invention also present us with an easy, cheap and quick to duplicate a document.

History of Printing Machinery

The printing press is a tool used to double the use of artificial dokomen print letters that move. The first printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany). Some mentioned that the printing press is the greatest invention throughout 2,000 years. Printing machine can print counterfeit documents more than just a few weeks that had been produced by hand for life. The printing press made a literate society and allow for education. Scientific revolution depends on the existence of many scientists who record and disseminate their findings. The printing press allowed the scientists and physicists to read the documents before the discovery of the inventors. The printing press has made significant and fundamental changes in the structure, ideas, and activities people.

History of Invention Machine Print

Copying documents has always been a hand job (usually done by the pastor). The books are produced with difficult and slow, and the price is too expensive. To make matters worse, a copy of which was made by hand is easy to make mistakes. Each new copy can be sure of an error.

The answer to the problem is mold. Mold begins in the land of the great wall of China. In 1040, Pi Sheng found the mold by using the letters of the original print made from a kind of soil. Pi Sheng was the actual inventor of printing letters that can move. More mengesankanya again, the West is only able to make prints that scored with 26 letters, while Pi Sheng has made more than 5,000 Chinese characters for cetakanya of land. In 1403, King Htai Tjong of Korea found the metal block letters (more robust and more efficient than the mold of the ground work of Pi Sheng). But he has not developed a printing system using the cetakanya letters.

How to Printing Machinery Found?

Unclear how Johannes Guttenberg found and how he assembles from others that already exist. Historians believe that he who developed the printing press in the world and believes that he has found a new technology.

Guttenber born in a beautiful city, Mainz, Germany. Around 1440, nearing the age of 50, he began to develop his ideas about the printing press. He spent the next decade for solving the three basic needs of the printing press.

First, he took presses. Guttenberg presses modeling of heavy presses used to squeeze the olives. He modify and strengthen the back pressure so he can squeeze into a horizontal bawh easily pass through the entire page.

Second, he needs ink. The pastors and ordinary painter using water ink. Guttenberg consult with renowned pelukasi (including Van Dyke) and decided to use the oily ink commonly used by painters and color pigments that have tested the new painters. With this new ink, Guttenberg get sharper lines and molds thicker than water ink.

Lastly, Guttenberg requires moving the metal mold. Guttenberg metal mold is the biggest donation in the world of printing. He spent many years experimenting with various types of metal, for metal that has a lower point so as to print the letters with ease. However, these metals also have to be strong to be able to withstand the pressure and produce thousands of prints. In 1450, he had a steady pick of tin mixed with a little silver antimony premises.

Around the year 1452, Guttenberg printing press was ready to work. He borrowed 800 guilders to buy paper, ink pigem, oil, tin, silver, antimony, and other needs. He started to print his first book entitled The Great Line 42 Guttenberg Bible (42 refers to the number of lines on each page of text). When the first page is ready and print tested to ensure that all of the letters have been fulfilled and the viscosity of the ink on the right, then he began to print 300 copies of that page.

The first page is completed. Guttenberg then unload 3,000 to 4,000 letters from the page. He cleans and letters that do not fit into the crate. Now he was ready to work to print the second page. This process was repeated 1,282 times and not take years to print 300 copies of each page of the Bibelnya. This copy if done manually by hand will be completed over 1,200 years, is not a very long time.

History of Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the Triassic period until the end of the old lime many types of dinosaurs were already extinct ten thousand bird species living today have been classified as dinosaurs. In addition to the existence of fossilized feather impressions, Archaeopteryx was very similar to a small predatory dinosaurs. Compsognathus, since the research has identified theropod dinosaurs as the most likely direct ancestors of birds; most paleontologists today regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped in a biology class. Other close relatives of crocodiles dinosaurs survived until now .. Such as dinosaurs and birds, crocodiles are also members of Archosauria. group of reptiles that first appeared during the period of very old and dominate the middle of the Triassic period.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientists believe dinosaurs community as a cold-blooded animals are dumb and slow. However, many studies conducted since the 1970s (called the dinosaur renaissance) have supported the view that dinosaurs were active animals with high metabolic and diverse adaptations for social interaction. The resulting changes in the scientific understanding of dinosaurs gradually filtered into popular consciousness.

Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early nineteenth century, which is woven into the framework of dinosaurs poluler performances in museums around the world. Dinosaurs became popular world culture and continue. They became a topic in the best-selling books and films (most known Jurassic Park), and new discoveries are regularly expressed in the media. Dinosaurs first appeared around 225 million years ago in the Triassic Period. The animal was kept alive until the Jurassic Period and grown into a giant in the Cretaceous period. About 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth.

Dinosaurs in the Garden of Eden

Dino in Water. Eden Communications copyrighted. At the beginning of Creation, dinosaurs are not vicious or dangerous. When God finished making the animals, God says "it was good". If so what form? How different are the dinosaur skeletons were found killed by the Flood with the first dinosaurs were created by God? Unfortunately, no one knows what they look like humans or dinosaurs (or other animals) when God created time immemorial. Originally, dinosaurs must have been harmless - designed to please humans and beneficial to the world, like all other animals. When first created, all dinosaurs ate only plants and fruits.

Dinosaurs in the earth after the flood

leaf After the flood, dinosaurs and all other animals are made to be afraid of humans (Genesis 9:2). Animals stay away from people. They are no longer trusting and obedient. God probably did this to protect human and beast of the earth after the flood. Humans and dinosaurs live in separate areas - such as humans and wild animals at this time. Fossil bones, teeth and stomach contents of many dinosaurs were killed during the Flood have been found. So far, it shows that when the plant-eating dinosaurs and harmless - a few hundred years after mankind fell into sin. They may not be much different from an elephant or a giraffe.

Asteroid Killer Dinosaurs

Until now, astronomers have known more than 40 families of asteroids, fragments of a larger body, and calculate when the blast occurred. However, they have not managed to find an asteroid which is responsible for the great extinction.

Dinosaurs, large and small, once ruled the earth at least 120 million years to the Cretaceous period. Then they disappear within a few thousand years, according to fossil evidence, when the Tertiary period began about 65 million years ago. Disappearance of the dinosaurs was a mystery until 30 years ago, when Walter Alvarez, a geologist at the University of California-Berkeley, and his father, Luis, find the cause. They claimed an unidentified object from space hit the Earth and cause huge crater in the earth's crust in the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, and spread the pieces in the form of a rare element called iridium.

This theory is very controversial. But as time went on, began to gain support. Discovery of the so-called Chicxulub crater near the Yucatan Peninsula, plus the iridium and glassy shards thousands of kilometers around the crater, reinforce the idea.

Evidence supporting this theory increases with David Nesvorny and his discovery of the Southwest Research Institute in Bouklder, Colorado, United States. At the beginning of this year, they have identified a new group which they named Baptistina family, according to the name of the group was the largest asteroid, which has up to 40 kilometers. Dinosaur killer asteroid there is a possibility of missing members of this family, which is formed by the impact on the inside of the asteroid belt 160 million years ago.

Nesvorny team had calculated that the asteroid 10 kilometers it has collided with the earth. The asteroid is one of 300 that the original host rock fragments reach 170 kilometers. Other denominations likely hit Venus and is responsible for the formation of Tycho, the youngest craters on the moon. Baptistina composition is also compatible with the shards found in the earth. The scientists also calculated the possibility of another asteroid that hit the Earth is less than 10 percent. A recent study says mass collision in space 160 million years ago caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Asteroid impact caused debris flying through the solar system including a large blob that hit the Earth and then sweeping the dinosaurs. The team of researchers from the United States and the Republic believe other fragments hit the Moon, Venus and Mars, and the impact of the punch then creates holes.

History of The Oprah Winfrey Show

Oprah Winfrey, the full name Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, he grew up on a farm by her grandmother harsh, Hattie Mae, for six years. Oprah began to speak in the church her grandmother when three years old. He has a natural talent for performing in public and become very popular.

Biography of Oprah Winfrey Biography Web

When he was six years old, her mother, Vernita, getting a job as a maid in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and finally take Oprah back from his grandmother. In Milwaukee, the same as in farms, Oprah is still very poor, he had to stay in a single room with his mother and two half-brothers, male - male and female. Every day Vernita left the children early in the morning and come home at night, so he did not have time for his family.

So his mother watched, Oprah often ran away from home. At the age of 9, he was sexually abused by a 19-year-old cousin who was on duty guarding it. Oprah believes it's his fault and not tell what he experienced to anyone.

Without guidance from no one, Oprah is getting out of control behavior. The age of 14 years, Oprah pregnant and the baby died shortly after birth. When Oprah escape for one week, his mother decided that he could no longer take care of Oprah. That's when his mother sent Oprah to live with her father in Nashville. Oprah really scared with his father the most disciplined people he knew, swore, if he is able to live with his father, he would change his life, he would show who he really is.

At the age of 14 years, Oprah lived with her father, Vernon Winfrey and her stepmother, Zelma, which is a respectable member of society Tennessee. Profession his father was a barber, shop owners, city council members, and church officials. Oprah's father could not tolerate negative attitudes Oprah or poor grades. Oprah earned value - the value of C in Milwaukee, but only the value of A that can be accepted by his father.

Besides his homework from school, every week Vernon and Zelma requires Oprah to write a book report and asked him the new vocabulary. Initially, Oprah hates the strict rules and high expectations of them. But, it turns out that was exactly what she needed, parents who make the rules and apply them to the firm, but also provide the love and attention he wants. Oprah also risen.

Not only school that values ​​skyrocket, Oprah also be more friendly and popular than ever. In high school, he was selected to represent her school at a youth conference in the White House, and won a scholarship of $ 1,000 for a speech he wrote, "The Negro, the Constitution, and the United States". His father was so supportive Oprah to dream big, and he did. At the age of 16 years, Oprah traveled to Los Angeles to speak at a church. When he returned, Oprah told his father that someday his palm prints will be printed next to a row of other stars palms outside Mann's Chinese Theatre.

At age 17, he obtained his first job in show business as a news anchor at a local radio station. They even paid him $ 100 per week, which is great for students starting high school in the 1970s. Oprah to keep their jobs, even after he obtained a scholarship to Tennessee State University and started college. At the age of 19, he was discovered by a television station in Nashille to be employed as a reporter and news anchor.

Success Era Oprah - The Oprah Winfrey Show

In 1976, Oprah hosted a TV in Baltimore and was later promoted as a companion guide morning talk show (talk show) called People Are Talking (People Start Talking). The talk show format is perfect for Oprah, the audience liked the joke, honesty, and down to earth personality and the show ratings soared.

In 1984, Oprah got his big break. He was asked to tour the show itself disebuah Chicago. Event A. M. Chicago airs at the same time to show the popular Phil Donahue Show. Phill is the king of daytime TV, but it did not take long for Phil and Oprah to lose his throne. In a short time he became a star in 120 major cities across America. The Oprah Winfrey Show made its first national debut in 1986, and quickly achieve success by becoming the most popular show on television, making it the black woman who rose from poverty and became the highest-paid star.

The Oprah Winfrey Show became the number one talk show at the time, produced by his own company Harpo Productions, Inc. (which is taken from the reverse of the name of Oprah). The event was watched by 48 million in viewers each week in the United States and broadcast internationally in 126 countries.

Magazine Founder and Editorial Director

In April 2000, Oprah Magazine and Hearts introduced O, The Oprah Magazine, a monthly magazine that became a lifestyle women at that time. The magazine became a successful magazines in publishing history with a circulation of 2.3 million readers each month. In April 2002, Oprah launched the first international edition of O, The Oprah Magazine in South Africa.

Actress and Producer

Oprah to realize his childhood dream to become a movie star, with her acting in the drama belongs to a brilliant writer, through his company, Harpo Productions:

• The Color Purple (1985)
• Native Son, The Women of Brewster Place (1989)
• Before Women Had Wings (1997)
• Beloved (1998)

Oprah is also a Broadway theater producer "The Color Purple", made his own website (oprah.com), and having Oprah and Friends satellite radio.

History Of Washing Machine

Created by the movement of the human hand on a washboard, washing machine first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived at the end of 1927. Initially, using a power washer motor rotated in the tube, but the motor is not shielded so frequent washing water dripping and causing short circuits and buffeting. In 1911, has been equipped with a washing machine cylinder made of metal and covered. Washer manufacturers face challenges related to the development of such technology, namely finding appropriate motor and ensures that users are not electrocuted. Early in its development, washing machines use chains, belts, shafts and gears.

To overcome the initial obstacles in the use of a washing machine, fractional horsepower motors into use. Motor power is usually only 1/8 or ¼ horsepower motors on the first machine, this machine manufactured by Westinghouse. To prevent electric shock, stator and curator machine wrapped and equipped to prevent heat fan. From the perspective of consumer satisfaction, the machine will wash clothes without shredding need to be developed. This means the engine must be operated at different speeds. To overcome these problems, fall into the water through the clothes on the washing machine agitation needs to be developed

Beatty Brothers of Fergus, Ontario is the first company to manufacture washing machine agitator, using copper tubing nickel-chromium or nickel-plated. In the U.S., the first company to adopt agitator technology was Maytag. Vertical orientation of these machines became the industry standard replacing the horizontal axis rotary previous machine. In the 1920s, the white enamelled metal sheets replacing copper tubing and angle iron legs. In the early 1940s, enamelled steel is used because it is cleaner, easier to clean and more durable, it is also designed to extend the life of the motor

The next development was the installation of a washing machine timer that allows the engine to operate in accordance cycle is set so that users do not need to continue to monitor the washing machine. In the early 1950s, many American manufacturers sell machines with dryers that feature replaces the squeezing process that led to sprained clothes. In 1957, GE introduced a washing machine equipped with 5 buttons to control the wash temperature, rinse temperature, speed wash and spin speed. Washing machine powered by a single phase electric motor. This motor can move both ways when rubbed in washing clothes. Motor is connected to the sink or with a belt and wheel agitator player (pully).

Washing process begins with washing machine with dirty clothes put into the wash tube. Control will detect the weight of clothes and set the water level, wash time, rinse time, drying time and load time incoming water valve (water inlet valve). Once the water level is reached, the valve will be closed and the water gets started rotating agitator to create a whirlpool.

When the control has detected endless washing time, the motor will stop rotating agitator and exhaust valve was opened to remove the water from the washing, then the tube will rotate to remove the remains of the water in the clothes. After the rinse valve inlet valve is closed and opened, the water goes into the tube until sufficient level then entered the water valve is closed and the engine started rinsing. If the rinse time is up, then the control will open the exhaust valve to dump the rinse water. The drying process will be carried out later by tube washing machine. If you have finished the washing machine will stop automatically and this indicates that the washing process has been completed.

There are some differences between the washing machine openings on 2 tubes and 1 tube. The process of washing and drying on a washing machine with 2 tubes made in the different tubes. Washing process is carried out on the type of propeller that spins in the bottom of the tube. While the washer 1 tube, washing and drying process is done in the same tube. This tube also rotates during the washing process.

In terms of water use, opening up the washing machines use more water than front opening washer. This is because the water in the opening of the washing machine should be filled to the brim. While on the engine front opening, the water will be released little by little during the washing process. In general, the power used at the opening of the washing machine or front opening almost the same, which is about 300 W. However, the washing machines are front opening additional facilities to wash with hot water and power needed to make use of this facility about 2000 W.

The most basic difference of these two types of washing machines is the technology used. Opening of the washing machine spinning horizontally, causing the water in it to form a vortex that causes clothes wrapped around each other. In contrast, washing machine resembles a vertical openings depanberputar rotation of the wheel and cause the clothes are always falling down. Results washing machine front opening also better than opening up the washing machine, because the technology used to apply the force of gravity method. The resulting level of drought this type of washing machine is also better, which reached 95% while the opening of the washing machine only produces 70% level of dryness.

Created by the movement of the human hand on a washboard, washing machine first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived at the end of 1927. Initially, using a power washer motor rotated in the tube, but the motor is not shielded so frequent washing water dripping and causing short circuits and buffeting. In 1911, has been equipped with a washing machine cylinder made of metal and covered. Washer manufacturers face challenges related to the development of such technology, namely finding appropriate motor and ensures that users are not electrocuted. Early in its development, washing machines use chains, belts, shafts and gears.

There are some differences between the washing machine openings on 2 tubes and 1 tube. The process of washing and drying on a washing machine with 2 tubes made in the different tubes. Washing process is carried out on the type of propeller that spins in the bottom of the tube. While the washer 1 tube, washing and drying process is done in the same tube. This tube also rotates during the washing process.

In terms of water use, opening up the washing machines use more water than front opening washer. This is because the water in the opening of the washing machine should be filled to the brim. While on the engine front opening, the water will be released little by little during the washing process. In general, the power used at the opening of the washing machine or front opening almost the same, which is about 300 W. However, the washing machines are front opening additional facilities to wash with hot water and power needed to make use of this facility about 2000 W.

The most basic difference of these two types of washing machines is the technology used. Opening of the washing machine spinning horizontally, causing the water in it to form a vortex that causes clothes wrapped around each other. In contrast, washing machine resembles a vertical openings depanberputar rotation of the wheel and cause the clothes are always falling down. Results washing machine front opening also better than opening up the washing machine, because the technology used to apply the force of gravity method. The resulting level of drought this type of washing machine is also better, which reached 95% while the opening of the washing machine only produces 70% level of dryness.

History of Fax Machine

Alexander Bain was born in October 1811, in Watten, Caithness, Scotland, and died in Kirkintilloch and was buried in the Old Aisle Cemetery. The basic technology behind the fax has been around for over 150 years. Alexander Bain created the first fax machine in 1843. He believes that the symbols used in Morse code can be applied visually, not just from hearing, and therefore will be used to send other types of information. Bain, watchmaker, used the knowledge to design and patent the basic concepts that form the basis of the modern fax machine. The idea of ​​using electrical signals generated by the telegraph operator was a big step in telecommunications. In Bain devices, signals will pass through type of paper soaked in a chemical.

The signal will then cause the chemicals to evaporate, leaving a sign of long or short in Morse code. This mark allows for faster information delivery and allow him to make a hit record-holes that allow for automatic transmission and reception. This device is known, although barely wide enough, as the telegraph "chemistry."

Of course, in the days of the fax can not be sent to the way they are now. Telegraph signal is the first successful fax machine that can send a message to set up an electric current. Continuing improvements in miniaturization, manufacturing and printing of electricity is the way to jump-start the technology that the fax machine is currently using millions, even billions, of times each day.

Because fax machines date back further than you might think, it really should be considered one of the greatest milestones in the history of communication. Technology of the fax machine is built on technology then-current telegraph. Telegraph wires are used to send their "chemistry first" fax. Transmission over telephone lines is not possible in 1843, due to the fact that the phone was not even invented for 30 years or more!

The basic concept behind the fax machine ("fax" senders document) is to send a fax, a copy of the "exact" technological advances and other discoveries have led to the evolution of our modern fax machine, which still maintains. The original concept of Alexander Bain. The idea is that you can scan an image, picture or text, and scanned images can be interpreted as a signal that the box is turned on or off. That is, the information will appear as light (off) and dark (at) point to a mechanical recipient in the recipient's fax machine, which will then print the image.

Fax machines started to become very popular in 1983 when the International Consultative Committee Telephonique et Telegraphique (or CCITT Group 3) establish a standard protocol for fax. The CCITT. is an organization that sets international communications standards, and certainly become the standard fax ahead of time. Fax machines quickly became commonplace in the business world. They immediately liked Bly to send legal documents and many businesses would not have it any other way. Although it has been reduced due to the use of email and other technologies, many businesses depend on technology to today's fax.

Even until the 1990s, fax machines were large, bulky and difficult to manage. This technology enables compact, fax machines are user-friendly and cheaper to appear. Ten years ago, $ 500 is considered cheap for a fax machine. These days, you can easily find a good, plain-paper one machine for about $ 50. In addition, fax technology is now part of "all in one" printer, so the device starts at the same price point now comes with the ability to fax, scan, print and copy, all for one low cost.

Although fax machines have been around for years and is used widely, it seems fax over the Internet has rapidly become a very popular means of transmitting information. The fact that the Internet can send information on the high rate of speed makes it more convenient and easier for people to utilize. These days, more and more offices and the people get rid of their fax machines to take advantage of Internet fax devices.

However, the fax machine is not a thing of the past used to be, and the ability for the computer to send and receive faxes with a fax machine means people can connect with users computer and fax users. Many people still use fax machines everyday and easy to see why. They offer a very rapid transfer of information and more accurate communication between people and businesses. Fax machines have certainly come a long way. It was once considered the center of modern technology because it is able to transmit and replicate reams of important documents from anywhere in the world.

Although more and more people turn to the internet fax, fax machines are still regarded as a very important part of technology. See how far we've come in the way we send and transmit information, it is interesting to note how our fax machine so far. It has become an important element in all aspects of international communication, both business and personal. Without it, and the internet-enabled version, we also send our documents via Pony Express.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Egyptian pyramids is the name for the pyramid located in Egypt, known as "the land of the pyramids". Pyramids in Egypt are generally used as the tomb of Ancient Egyptian kings known as pharaohs. However, for centuries the pyramid is often used as the target of looting and tomb robbers because the kings bring his wealth and all sorts of artifacts to in the afterlife, even given some sort of protection with curses to prevent it. So at the time of the ancient Egyptian kings next, the tombs of kings and nobles were placed in a hidden valley as well as the tomb of King Tutankhamun were found intact and complete.

History of Egyptian pyramids

Giant pyramids of Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world at this time, since the first is seen as mysterious and magnificent building by the people. However, despite how many years have passed, after scholars and experts using a large number of accurate research tools and sophisticated, still unknown, who actually has made a gigantic building that tall and majestic it? Derived from human intelligence and achievements Which can not be imagined in the building? As well as what makes the purpose of the building? And at that time he had a usefulness that how or what it means? Puzzles that kept turning in the minds of all people for thousands of years, from the beginning to the end is a mystery that can not be explained. Although historians say it was founded in 2000 over BC, but such an opinion can not even explain the uncertainties that are initiated by a large number of research findings.

Since the 6th century BC, Egypt was the royal escape Poshi, who lost his position after standing more than 2,000 years, receiving power from outside the kingdom of Greece, Rome, the Islamic kingdom and the power of other nations. During that time a large number of famous works of Pharaoh destroyed, literacy and religious beliefs of the Egyptians themselves were gradually replaced by other cultures, so that the culture of ancient Egypt to be receding and destroyed, generations later also lost a large number of relics that can decipher clues left by the predecessor.

The year 450 BC, after a Greek historian around and arrived in Egypt, append word: Cheops, (Khufu Greek alphabet), supposedly said, was destroyed after 50 years. To some extent the Greek historians use the phrase "people said," meaning that the truth needs to be proven again. However, since the opinion of the Greek historians quote generations later even became as important evidence that the pyramids were founded in the 4th dynasty.

In Egypt, there are so many pyramids of various sizes, the standard is not only much smaller, the structure was rough. Pyramid of which the kingdom was established in the 5th and 6th, many of which have been damaged and destroyed, a pile of debris, such as the pyramid of King Menkaure as shown. Then, the great pyramid was built during the early, in a devastating earthquake in the 13th century, where most stone walled outer door had been destroyed, but because the inside of the wall is supported by a buffer, so that the whole structure is still very strong. Therefore, when building a giant pyramid, not just simply arrange 3 million stones into a cone shape, if there are flaws in the design of this particular construction, partially damaged, it can lead to completely collapse due to the weight supported.

After all, how is the project of building a giant pyramid was done, remains a topic that makes dizzy scholars. In addition to considering the large number of stone and labor required, the most important factor is the culmination of the pyramid should be in the field of elementary right at the midpoint of the 4 corners. Because if all 4 corners slightly tilted and distorted, then when closing the cusp may not converge at one point, meaning the building project has failed. Therefore, is a very important point, how is putting some 2.3 million -2.6 million pieces every stone boulder weighing 2.5 tons from ground level to as high as more than a hundred feet in the air and installed from start to finish on the right position.

Master Li Hongzhi in his talk at the 2002 North American circumference also never mentioned that possibility. "People can not understand how the pyramids were made. Stones were so big how humans transported? Some of giants whose height is five feet carrying something, it's the humans now move a big rock is the same. To build the pyramid, five meter high human just like we are now building a big building. "

Thought so inevitably makes us imagine, that the giant pyramid and a large number of stone buildings of ancient mammoth found in various parts of the world have the same doubt bring to everyone: big tall and stately, formed by using a very large stone structure, even drafting very perfect. Like for example, in the northern suburb of Mexico there Sacsahuaman Castle drawn by giant stone that weighs more than 100 tons, of which there is a giant rock that reaches 28 feet high, weighing up to 360 tons estimated (equivalent to 500 family cars). And in the plains west of England there is a giant rock formation, surrounded by dozens of giant rocks and formed a large circle, in between some rocks high as 6 meters. Actually, a bunch of people that how they are? Why always use a giant rock, and do not use stones whose size is within the range of our ability to build?

Sphinx, lion-faced man who is also an important object of research scientists, 20 meters high, 73 meters overall length, is considered established by the work of the Pharaoh Khafre 4th. However, the former being eaten by rust (erosion) on the surface of the body of the Sphinx, scientists estimate that the period of manufacture may be earlier, at least 10 thousand years ago before Christ.

Mathematician Swalle Rubich show: in the year 11,000 BC, Egyptians must have had a great culture. At that time the Sphinx was there, because the body of the lion-faced man, in addition to the head, obviously no trace of erosion. Our estimate is on a devastating flood in 11,000 BC and successive heavy rains and erosion resulted in the former.

Washeth and Robert S. also shows: technology of the ancient Egyptians could not possibly carve out such a large scale at the top of a giant rock, intricate technique art product.

If the observed overall, we can logically conclude, that in ancient times, in the land of Egypt, there was a highly developed culture, but because of the earth's plates shift, land submerged rock in the ocean, and a very ancient culture at that time finally removed, leaving the pyramids and the Sphinx with a perfect building technology.

Human-headed lion Sphinx statue is believed to be the head of Cheops. Has a length of 3 meters and 20 meters high. Symbolizes the character of dashing like a lion and gentle like a human personality.

Neighboring sphinx near the giant pyramid looks very ancient. Scientists confirm that of the body, such as irrigation channels and water eroded, he had experienced most humid weather, therefore estimates that he is very likely to have existed prior to 10 thousand years ago.

History of Diesel Engines

The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine;, more specifically, a trigger compression engine, where fuel is ignited by the high temperature of the compressed gas, and not by other energy tools (like spark plugs). This machine was found in 1892 by Rudolf Diesel, who received a patent on February 23, 1893. Diesel wants a machine to be used with a wide variety of fuels including coal dust. He show it on the Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) in 1900 using peanut oil. Subsequently improved and perfected by Charles F. Kettering.

PRINCIPLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

When a gas is compressed, its temperature increases (as stated by Charles Law; diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel. Sucked air into the cylinder diesel engine and compressed by the piston to move up, much higher than the compression ratio of a spark-ignition engine. Upon hit the top of the piston, diesel fuel is pumped into the combustion chamber under high pressure, through the atomising nozzle, mixed with high-pressure hot air. Results mixing ignite and burn quickly.

This leads to a closed gas explosion in the combustion chamber above expands, pushing the piston down with great force and generating force in the vertical direction. This channel connecting rod to the crankshaft motion is forced to rotate, deliver power at the discharge end of the crankshaft rotates.

Scavenging (pushing the charge-burned gases out of the cylinder, and pull air into the ocean) engine implemented by ports or valves. (See direct injection vs indirect injection type fuel injection for). To realize the ability of diesel engines, the use of a turbocharger to compress the incoming air being sucked badly needed; intercooler to cool the air being sucked in after compression by the turbocharger increases efficiency.

Important components of the diesel engine was governor, which limits engine speed control fuel delivery. Engine that uses advanced electronic controls to achieve this through the electronic control module (ECM) or electronic control unit (ECU) - which is the "computer" in the machine. ECM / ECU receives engine speed signals through sensors and algorithms and search using the calibration tables stored in the ECM / ECU, he controls the amount of fuel and time through electronic or hydraulic actuators to adjust the engine speed.

Diesel engines can not operate at the time of the cold cylinder. Some engines use a small electronic heater called a spark plug in the cylinder lit to heat the cylinder before ignition. Others use heaters "resistive grid" in the "intake manifold" to warm the incoming air until the engine reaches operating temperature. Once the machine operates fuel combustion in the cylinder to effectively heat up the engine.

In extremely cold weather, diesel fuel thickens and increases the viscosity and form wax crystals or a gel. This can complicate the fuel pump to deliver fuel into the cylinder in an effective, making ignition engine in cold weather becomes difficult, despite the increase in diesel fuel bahn has made it difficult to be very rare. Common way is used to heat the fuel filter and fuel lines electronically.

DIESEL ENGINE CONFIGURATION

There are two classes of diesel engines: two-stroke and four-stroke. many large diesel engines to operate in a two-stroke cycle. Smaller engines usually use a four-stroke cycle.

Usually a collection of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used for starting the charge-balance the crankshaft in order to prevent excessive vibration. Inline-6, the most widely produced in the medium-duty engines for heavy-duty, although the V8 and straight-4 are also widely produced.

EXCESS & LACK OF DIESEL ENGINES

Diesel engines greater than a gasoline engine with the same power as heavy construction required to withstand the high combustion pressures for ignition. And was also made with the same quality that makes fans get great power using turbocharged engines through modifications relatively easy and inexpensive. Petrol engine of the same size can not put out a comparable power for the components in it are not able to withstand high pressure, and makes diesel engines candidate for engine modifications at low cost.

Only drawback is the noisy sound is also on the weight and dimensions and great 2x heavier dr gasoline engine, diesel engine components due to the strong to bear in the design of high compression, as well as the slow acceleration, but can be improved through the addition of ato Turbo Supercharger The addition of a turbocharger or supercharger to the engine improves fuel economy and power. High compression ratio makes diesel engines more efficient than gasoline engines use. Improved fuel economy also means that diesel engines produce less carbon dioxide.

History of Drilling Machines

Drilling machine is a kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the drill feeds only on the machine axis (workmanship perforation). Drilling is operating while producing round holes in the piece-work by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

TYPE DRILL MACHINE

1.drill table

Drill machine drill machine tables are laid on the table. This machine is used for making the workpiece holes with small diameter (limited up to 16 mm diameter). Table drilling machine working principle is passed on to the electric motor shaft so that the shaft spinning machine. Furthermore as well as the shaft rotates the drill bit holder can be moved up and down with the help of straight gears and gear rack that can regulate pressure while drilling funeral.

2. Hand drill machine

Hand drill machine drill machine that is operated by hand and shaped like a gun. Hand drill machines are usually used to perforate wood, metal plate tembokmaupun. Special drilling machine is not only used to make the hole can also be used to tighten the bolts and remove the bolt as it comes 2 rounds of the right and left. Drilling machines are available in various sizes, shapes, capacities and their respective functions.

3. Radial drilling machine

Radial drilling machine specifically designed for drilling work objects are big and heavy. This machine is mounted directly on the floor, while the machine table has been installed permanently on the ground or pedestal machines .. On this machine the workpiece does not move. In order to achieve the process of drilling the workpiece, the main shaft is shifted right and left and can be moved up and down through the rotation of the threaded rod.

4.Vertical Drilling Machine

Used to working on workpieces with larger sizes, where the funeral of the drill bit can be controlled automatically up and down. In the drilling process, the main shaft is driven up and down as needed. 3600 rotatable table, desk bound together on the threaded rod axis machine, so that the table can be moved up and down by moving the crank.

5. Machines drill coordinate

Coordinate drilling machines are basically the same principle with the other drilling machines. The difference there is in drilling position control system. Coordinate drilling machines used to create / enlarge hole with the central point and the distance between the aperture diameter each having size and high accuracy. To obtain a high accuracy measures are used table combinations that can be set in the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction with the help of an optical system. Precision and accuracy of measure with optical sisitem tolerance can be set up to reach 0,001 mm.

6. Machines drill floor

Floor boring machine drilling machine which is mounted on the floor. Floor boring machine boring machine also known as the column. Another type of floor boring machine drilling machine that is his desk propped up by supporting rods. This type of drilling machine is usually designed for drilling work objects are big and heavy.

7. drill machines alley

The drilling machine has more than one spindle, usually a table with four spindle. This machine is used to perform multiple operations at once, making it more fast. for mass production there are 20 or more spindle with a drive head.

History of Naruto

Twelve years before the start of the series, the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox attacked Konohagakure destroyed many villages and taking many lives. Village leader, the Fourth Hokage sacrificed his life to seal the Nine-Tails into, newborn Naruto Uzumaki. Orphaned by the attack, Naruto was shunned by the villagers, who out of fear and anger, he is seen as the Nine-Tails itself. Although the Third Hokage forbade talk about everything related to the Nine-Tails, the children - take their cues from their parents - inherited the same hostility towards Naruto. In his thirst for recognition, Naruto swore one day he would be the greatest Hokage village had ever seen.

Hashirama and Madara continue to meet in this way by the river where they were arguing with each other and talk about the future. During this time, both are getting closer as friends and work on improving their weaknesses, all the while not to reveal their last names. On one occasion, Madara almost let slip that he was an Uchiha, almost bragging about the visual prowess he holds, as Hashirama feverishly talking about creating a village where the elders will oversee the children to be brought up to be strong and not arbitrary sent to war to die. Hashirama also talking about creating a system where shinobi assigned mission plays to its strengths and expertise, after two young men relive their lost brother.

Two methods of creating greeting boys passed their stones at each other across the river until they meet again, however, after returning to the complex Senju, Tobirama tells his brother that their father wanted to talk to him. Revealed that he had been stalking them at the request of their father, Butsuma tells his son that the young boy he has spent his time with a Uchiha who had killed some of the strongest members of their own clan. Persuade his son, Butsuma said Hashirama that he gathered intelligence on youth and reported to them, others it is seen as a traitor for his actions. Faced with the only other option to kill Madara, the couple met on the banks of the river and, by order of Madara, they skipped stones at each other as a greeting. Reacting, the two boys soon offer each other farewell, after telling each other that the trap had been laid for them. But, both Senju and Uchiha Tajima Butsuma appeared in court accompanied by their son Tobirama and Izuna respectively. Both Hashirama and Madara are in the process of escaping look at both sides greeted each other - there is no love lost between the pair.

History of Animation Film

Animation simply we can say an illustration or image that is printed in the frame-by-frame. Each frame has a different picture (almost identical) to each other so that if the projected (moving quickly) creates the illusion of moving images. Development of animation techniques from time to time so fast. Since the beginning of the first makers to draw directly on the frame animated films to date have been using digital technology. Of animated two-dimensional (2-D), and stop-motion animation, has now developed into a three-dimensional digital animation (CGI). Limitation of animated films are also increasingly "fuzzy" because the animation technique is now commonly used as visual effects for films non-animated, as we often see in science fiction movies and fantasy.

Animation is also often referred to as the genre attribute. Animation is not a genre but rather a technique. Animated films have a range of stories and area wide genre, such as drama, science fiction, war, fantasy, horror, musicals, until the epic history. Although it can be enjoyed by all people, animated films are also identical as children's entertainment films because in fact most of the films produced is intended for children. In some cases such as in Japan, for example, also produced animated films for adult audience segments.

Early Development of Animation

Since the initial discovery of cinema, filmmakers have used animation techniques to produce visual effects, such as explosions, rockets and other flying objects in their films. The first short animated film filled with standard film format recorded was Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) produced by the American newspaper cartoonist, J. Stuart Blackton. The animated film depicts a middle cartoonist drawing faces on a chalkboard. In the European region Fantasmagorie short animated film (1908) by the Frenchman Émile Cohl listed as one of the oldest animation films. While the first length animated film is El Apóstol (1917) work Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animator. Stop-motion animation "3-D" is first recorded The Grasshopper and the Ant (1911) and The Cameraman's Revenge (1911) paper Soviet animators Wladislaw Starewicz. In the period of the silent film, animated films developed so rapidly in almost all countries in the world in Asia, Europe, and especially in America.

The first animated character who is very influential and successful is Gertie, the Brontosaurus in Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) that the film contains images of 10,000 frames. The author is a renowned comic animator of the New York Herald, the Winsor McCay. Several years later a popular character, Felix the cat works animator Otto Messmer, first appeared in the film Feline Follies (1919) and Musical Mews (1919). Cats superstar appeared in hundreds of films in the next decade and recorded a first successful animated character into merchandise. The Last Life (1928) was recorded as the last animated film Felix whose popularity has declined since the advent of sound technology and superstar compete with Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse. While the legendary animator Walt Disney during the silent film era has been successfully recorded with Alice and Oswald cartoon series, The Rabbit.

Early in the Age of Animation Film Talk

Arrival of sound technology in the late 20s decade of increasingly support the development of film animation. In 1928, Ub Werks, Disney studio animators developed a new character as a competitor to the character Felix The Cat. Popular animated character, Mickey Mouse first appeared in Plane Crazy (1928) and followed Steamboat Willie (1928). In Steamboat Willie, Mickey character has appeared with his partner Minnie, who voices both filled by Walt Disney. Steamboat Willie was also recorded as the first animated film to use sync sound. This film is a landmark for the development of successful animated films as well as trigger the rat character afterwards. In a further development of Walt Disney developed into the most successful pioneer studio producing animated films.

Disney is not inferior to some other competitors studios helped develop some of the character animations are still unknown until now. Fleischer Brothers were responsible for four brothers who popularized popular characters such as Bimbo, Betty Boob, until Popeye. The sexy Betty Boob became popular in the film Silly Scandals (1931), but after his success with some of these characters start to fade after the advent of the film censors. While the character Popeye first appeared together in the Betty Boop Popeye the Sailor (1933). Since 1938, Popeye replace Mickey Mouse as the most popular character in American animation that last up to two decades. Fleischer Brothers with DC Comics and later, also pioneered the popular superhero animated film, Superman (1941) were followed by dozens of other series.

Animation Film at the Golden Period Classical Era

In addition to success with a series of Mickey Mouse, Disney also had great success with the Silly Symphony cartoon series. His first series was Skeleton Dance (1929) and then continued up to 70 more episodes until 1939. During this decade Silly Symphony series also successfully won seven Oscar for best animated short category. Flowers and Tree (1932) was the first Oscar winner for the Disney studio and recorded as the first animated film to use the technology of three color (Technicolor). The most popular series was The Three Little Pigs (1933) with his hit song Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?. In the 30's era is also popular other Disney icons began to appear, ie, Pluto, Goofy, and Donald Duck.

Walt Disney grabbed the glory at the end of the decade of the 30s to the 50s through dozens length animated film. Disney started the barrage of success through animated classic, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) which was recorded as a printer of the biggest advantages in a release. The film is a blend of romance, fantasy, and this musical a basic formula for the classic Disney films that followed, such as Pinocchio (1940), Bambi (1942), Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), and Sleeping Beauty (1959 ). Disney also did a major breakthrough in films that time, the Fantasia (1940) which is a harmonious blend of classical music with animation.

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Warner Bros. studio. (WB) with a team of animators, Isadore "Friz" Freleng, Bob Clampett, Chuck Jones and Tex Avery, competing with Disney through a series of cartoons that extreme, brutal, and "sadistic" which is intended for mature audiences through a series of Looney Toons and Happy Harmonies. Through this series of icons like Porky Pigs cartoon classic, Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Duffy Duck, Sylvester, Tweety, Speedy Gonzales, Road Runner, Coyote began to emerge. Mel Blanc also known as the voice of almost all of the WB cartoon icon. While other WB cartoon characters eccentric, the Pink Panther emerged in the early decades of the 60's.

Meanwhile MGM studio with William Hanna and Joseph Barbera became a serious rival Disney and WB through its popular cartoon series, Tom & Jerry. The two characters first appeared in Puss Gets the Boot (1940). This movie success continued until the next two decades that produced by more than one hundred titles. Cat and mouse character is able to break the dominance of Disney with an Oscar (best short animation) more than the other cartoon series. In the decade of the 40s, there were only five films which won the Oscar, Yankee Doodle Mouse (1943), Mouse Trouble (1944), Quiet, Please! (1945), The Cat Concerto (1946) and The Little Orphan (1948).

At this period of stop-motion animation techniques also pioneered popular by Ray Harryhausen, who also dubbed the father of stop-motion animation. This technique is commonly used as visual effects in science fiction films to portray the character of giants, monsters, aliens, and so forth. Ray became involved with the production of stop-motion animation on Mighty Joe Young (1949), and his name became known after working in successful films such as Earth vs. The Flying Saucers (1956), The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), Mysterious Island (1961), as well as Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Ray was involved in the production of stop-motion animation to early 80s.

In the era of the late 60's to mid 80's animated film barely experienced significant development. Disney throughout this decade only two animated films put out second grade, such as The Aristocats (1970), The Rescuers (1977), to Tron (1982). Sensor system that began to fade in the early decades of the 60's also have an impact on animated films as seen in the works of Ralph Bakshi. One direction, Fritz the Cats (1972) is the first animated film to get a rating X. This movie is about a cat who likes sex and drugs. Bakshi also produce unique themed animated fantasy, Wizard (1977) and The Lord of the Rings (1978).

Developments in the Era of 80's to Now

In the era of the late 80's to mid 90's Disney finally returned victorious with conventional animated films such as the classic era. Beginning with the story of mermaids, The Little Mermaid (1989) were a tremendous success so that the animation studio to produce a kind of more excited. Phenomenal success continues through animated films such as The Beauty and the Beast (1991), Alladin (1992), The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), and Mulan (1998). In addition to commercial success, The Beauty and the Beast was also listed as the first animated film nominated for an Oscar for best film. While The Lion King at his time listed himself as the best-selling animated film in history. Since the digital era dominated, the popularity of traditional Disney animation goes down. Noted Home on the Range (2004) is a 2-D movie produced last Disney.

Also shown admirable achievement comedy Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) that is able to combine animation with real action decisively. The film features almost all of the icons either Disney cartoon classic era, WB, and MGM. Stop-motion animation techniques are still an option apparently also proven by the success of the film The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), James and the Giant Peach (1996), Chicken Run (2000), as well as Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit ( 2005). 2-D animation is also apparently still promises through the adaptation of the television cartoon series like Southpark: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut (1999), Pokemon The Movie (1999), The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004) and The Simpsons Movie (2007).

Digital engineering (CGI) in the mid 90's finally starting to take over conventional animation techniques with a very impressive graphical achievement. CGI was already commonly used for visual effects films of non-animated, like Terminator 2 (1991) and Jurassic Park (1993). Powered by the animation studio Pixar, the CGI technology began to dominate the market of animated films produced in this decade to the next. In collaboration with Disney, Pixar Toy Story through a successful start (1995) which is a milestone in the history of animation in the digital age. Disney-Pixar collaboration continued through successful films of such high quality, Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters Inc.. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), and The Incredibles (2004). In 2006, Disney bought Pixar and proven success with subsequent films such as Ratatouille (2007), as well as new and Wall-E (2008). Become a serious rival studio Dreamworks Shrek Disney through (2001) and its sequel Shrek 2 (2004) is so phenomenally successful. Studio 20th Century Fox was also successful through the Ice Age (2002) with its sequel, Ice Age 2: The Meltdown (2006).

In the development of animated film production recorded a few abroad that enough to attract attention. Though not able to compete commercially with animated films American production but they show something different and be able to compete in the prestigious Academy Awards class. After the international success through Princess Mononoke (1997), Japanese animated films (anime) finally won an Oscar through a unique adventure fantasy film, Spirited Away (2002). Unique animated films French production also received high recognition in the same event, such as The Triplets of Belleville (2003) and Persepolis (2006). In future developments it animated films American production will still continue to dominate the world market. Movies traditional 2-D animation slowly but surely disappearing replaced by 3-D animated film of the higher quality.

History of Garuda Indonesia

As we all know that the airline Garuda Indonesia is the pride of the nation of Indonesia. Services have many services that he gave to the Indonesian nation. As to whether history to be the name of Indonesia's nation .Let's look at the history of airline Garuda Indonesia below.

DC-3 aircraft Garuda Indonesia

Garuda is a joint venture between the Government of Indonesia with the Dutch airline Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KLM). At first, the Government of Indonesia has a 51% stake and during the first 10 years, the company is managed by KLM. Because of nationalist coercion, KLM sold part of its stake in 1954 to the Indonesian government.

Many Burmese government helped the airline carrier at the beginning of this period. Therefore, when the airline inaugurated as the company on March 31, 1950, the Burmese government donated a Garuda DC-3 aircraft. At first, Garuda had 27 aircraft, educated staff, airports and flight schedules, as a continuation of KNILM. This is very different from other pioneering companies in Asia.

DC-3 aircraft cockpit

In 1953, the airline has 46 aircraft, but in 1955, they must retire Catalina aircraft. In 1956 they made the first flight path to Mecca. 1960s is when the airline rapid progress. 1965 Garuda gets two new aircraft are jet aircraft turboprop Convair 990 and Lockheed L-118 Electra. In 1961 it opened the path to Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong and in 1965 came the era of the jet, the DC-8 flight they make a point to Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Europe.

1970s Garuda took a small Jet DC-9 and Fokker F28 when the F28 Garuda had 36 aircraft and is the largest aircraft carrier in the world for this type of aircraft, while in the 1980s adopted the device of Airbus, such as the A300. As well as Boeing 737, McDonnell Douglas MD-also 11. In 1990, Garuda had some misfortune, and the airline is experiencing difficult economic period. However, in the 2000s the airline has been able to overcome the problems in the economy and in good condition.

Name Origin of Garuda Indonesia

On December 25, 1949, representatives of KLM is also a friend of President Soekarno, namely Dr. Konijnenburg, facing and report to the President in Yogyakarta that KLM interinsulair Bedrijf will be submitted to the government in accordance with the results of Round Table Conference (RTC) and ask him to give a name for the company because the plane that would take him from Yogyakarta to Jakarta will be painted according to the name it .

In response, President Sukarno responded by quoting a line from a poem Dutch spin-poet famous, Raden Mas Noto Soeroto in colonial times, ie Ik ben Garuda, Vishnoe's vogel, die zijn Vleugels uitslaat hoog boven uw Eilanden which means I'm a Garuda, Vishnu's bird spread its wings towering. Then on December 28, 1949, occurred the historic flight of the DC-3, registered PK-DPD-owned KLM flight carrying interinsulair Yogyakarta to President Sukarno of Kemayoran - Jakarta for his inauguration as President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) with a new logo, Garuda Indonesian Airways, the name given to the company's President Sukarno's first flight.

Began in June 2009, Garuda Indonesia has been using the new livery on a few planes that are on the latest Airbus A330-200 with registration PK-GPH, PK-GPI, PK-GPJ and PK-GPK, 6 pieces of the Airbus A330-300 with registration PK-GPA , PK-GPC, PK-GPD, PK-GPE, PK-PK-GPF and GPG, 1 Boeing 737-300 with registration PK-GHX, 4 Boeing 737-500 with registration PK-GGC, PK-GGD, PK -GGE, PK-GGF, Boeing 747-400 PK-2 and PK-GSG GSI, as well as 19 units of Boeing 737-800 with registration The aircraft has been updated several exterior appearance with new livery for Garuda Indonesia airline refreshing appearance.

Garuda Indonesia aircraft cabin is also equipped with a new PTV [Personal Television] including AVOD [Audio Video On Demand] on every seat, 11-inch to 8-inch business class and economy class. The blue color is dominant on the long seat aircraft also changed. Maroon red color used on business-class seats, while the combination of dark brown color with light brown used on economy class seats.

History of Lion Air in Indonesia

History of Lion Air domestic flight originated from the small. After 13 years of experience in the tourist business which is marked by the success of Lion Tours travel agency, brothers and Rusdi Kirana Kusnan determined to make their dream of owning a business flight become a reality. Equipped with high ambitions and an initial capital of 10 million U.S. dollars, Lion Air is legally established in October 1999 and started a new history in the world of commercial flight. But the operation has been running at start on June 30, 2000. Currently, Rusdi Kirana as one of the owners of Lion Air held the position as President and Director.

Based on the history of water lion we know that until mid-2005, along with other international airlines, Lion Air Terminal Two Sukarno-Hatta Airport, while local airline or domestic flights occupy Terminal One. These factors, in addition to providing the convenience of passengers connecting flights to Indonesia or from Indonesia to other international destinations, also giving more advantages in terms of prestige. Lion Air but then moved to Terminal One, until today.

In 2005, Lion Air has 24 aircraft flight consisting of 19 MD80 series aircraft and five DHC-8-301. To meet the low-cost services, fleet dominated by Lion Air MD80 for efficiency and comfort. In an effort to rejuvenate its fleet, Lion Air has ordered 60 Boeing 737-900ER that will be transferred gradually from 2007 to 2010. In June 2008, Lion water will turn into full-service. Lion Water also plans to compete favorably with the eagle and saudi arabia water to fly these routes Umrah pilgrimage even with 777 aircraft.

History lion water also noted that in 2011 the lion water will announce the book as much as 201 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft and as many as 29 Boeing 737-900ER aircraft. The airline currently has a lot of water lion route service flights even for a single service flights can reach 3 to 5 times a day flight. Branches and ticket sales lion water has now spread almost throughout the corners of Indonesia, we expect in addition to providing cheap and affordable ticket prices, lion water can also provide service and safety for passengers when traveling air using water lion.

History of Tablet PC in the World

Now this who is not familiar Tablet PC, this latest gadget is a trend among gadget freak and even the general public. Tablet PC is a laptop or portable computer shaped book. Having a touch screen or digital tablet technology that enables computer users to use a stylus or digital pen than a keyboard or computer mouse. The term was popularized by Microsoft in 2001, but tablet PCs now refer to any tablet-sized personal computer, even if you are not using Windows but another PC operating system. Tablets may use virtual keyboards and handwriting recognition for text input through the touchscreen.

The idea of ​​tablet computers is not new. Tablet history began in 1968, a computer scientist named Alan Kay noted that with advances in flat-panel display technology, user interface, miniaturization of computer components and some experimental work in WiFi technology. Alan Kay is not one - only because it previously had many names - big names who have contributed to the process of invention and perfected until now. The next tablet history, in 1972, he published a paper on the device and called it a "Dynabook". Sketch of the Dynabook showed a very similar device to the tablet computers that we have today, with some exceptions. On the Dynabook, both screen and keyboard * all * on the same plane. But Kay's vision even further. He estimates that with the right touch screen technology, you can display the virtual keyboard, the configuration on the screen itself.

Kay leading at that time. History proves that the tablet takes almost four decades before the tablet is similar to what he imagined taking public heart. But that does not mean there is no market for tablet computers in the fourth decade and the Dynabook concept in addition to the famous Apple iPad. Tablet first appeared on the market is GRiDPad. First produced in 1989, GRiDPad including monochromatic capacitance touch screen and stylus cables. Weighing just under 2.26 pounds. Compared to today's tablets, GRiDPad was large and heavy, with short battery life that lasts only three hours. And the people behind it are GRiDPad Jeff Hawkins, who later founded the Palm. Then there are also other pen-based tablet computers, but he did not receive much support from the community.

Apple was the first to enter the field with Newton tablet, a device that receives the amount of love and ridicule over the years. Most of the criticism of Newton focuses on handwriting recognition software. Until finally peaks tablet history began when Steve Jobs revealed the iPad first to market, and to assure the market that the tablet computer can be a viable consumer product. Currently, companies such as Apple, Google, Microsoft and HP are trying to predict consumer needs, while designing the next generation of tablet devices. The discovery of the tablet pc is a refinement and development of existing computer technology. Then is never mentioned specifically who find it.

History of Pens

Ballpoint pen or a pen or starting vulve (Dutch language) which means stationery. a sharp-pointed pen which has a grip that contains the ink bag can be filled again. Water-based ink with a pen filled through the eyes of a vacuum mechanism that includes a bottle of ink from the ink into the ink room. Unlike the pen, fountain pen does not need to be pressed when writing. The ink flows from the ink to the nib room with the help of capillarity and gravity. First time fountain pen / pen / ballpoint ink bag comes with a shape derived from the 10th century AD At 953, the caliph al-Mu'izz Ma'ād of Egyptians want a pen that does not contaminate the hands and clothes with ink. He was given a pen that has ink storage, and the ink flows into the pen with the help of capillarity and gravity.

In 1696 serorang German nationality, Daniel Schwenter make pen with feather edge and On May 25, 1827, inventor Romania, Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for his creation in the first pen with a cartridge that can be replaced. Design allows the pen to write smoothly without spilling ink or torn paper. Since the 1850s, numerous patents filed related to the pen, and the pen production continues to increase. However, a new fountain pen writing instruments are popular after the discovery of gold nib iridium tipped, hard rubber, and ink flowing smoothly.

In 1880 s / d 1920 Waterman fountain pen brands, the production of the United States dominate the market share and Wirt pens origin Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania finished second. At that time, most of the pen filled with ink holder opening section, and dripping ink into the ink room using eye dropper (pipette). How to fill inks are hard and sloppy. In addition, the ink leaked into the cap or on the connection with the ink room. Once the materials are suitable for making pens have been found, the remaining problem is the ink charging system that is simple, easy, and leakage.

A pen that can be filled without having to open the ink found room around the beginning of the 20th century, partly thanks to the discovery of A. A. Waterman, Walter A. Sheaffer and Parker. In Europe, the German supplier known as Pelikan, introduced their first fountain pen in 1929. Pelikan previously bought the patent for a pen with solid ink factory Slavoljub Penkala from Croatia (patented in 1907 and begin mass production since 1911), and patent ink filler piston models of Theodor Kovacs Hungarian origin.

Pens began to be produced in a variety of colors and models after Celluloid gradually replaced rubber as a material pen holder. Parker Duofold and Vacumatic from, as well as Pelikan 100 pens are models that were popular in the days between World War I and World War II. Although already found a pen, a pen is still very popular between the 1940s and 1950s. Still expensive pens, and ink still leaking or jammed, while ink technology is mature and mass produced. The models were popular in the 1950s are Parker 51, Sheaffer Snorkel from, and from the Eversharp Skyline.

In the 1960s, the technology is getting advanced pen and began to replace the pen for everyday use. Now, manufacturers are still holding pen, Pelikan terutamaMontblanc and further promote the collection of objects and a pen as a symbol of status rather than everyday stationery.

History of Rhoma Irama

In the seventies, Rhoma Irama has become famous singers and musicians after the band set up and downs in the music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet that since October 13, 1973 was hoisted. Sonnet with a group he leads, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes.

Based on sales data tapes, and the number of spectators who starred in the films, fans Rhoma no less than 15 million or 10% of Indonesia's population. It records up to mid-1984. "There is no kind of cutting-edge art that has such a broad scope," wrote TEMPO magazine, June 30, 1984. Meanwhile, Rhoma himself said, "I'm afraid of publication. Apparently, I was dragged away."

Rhoma Irama is counted as one of the most successful entertainers in the mass gathering. Rhoma Irama not only appear in the country but he has also performed in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Brunei with nearly the same number of viewers when she performed in Indonesia. Rhoma Irama often in concert, the audience fainted due to crowding. People call music is music dangdut Rhoma, while he himself would prefer if the music is referred to as the Malay rhythm. Let us refer to the following detailed information about Rhoma Irama.

Biodata

Real Name: Raden Oma Irama

Name Beken: Rhoma Irama

Birth: Tasikmalaya, December 11, 1946

Dad: Raden Burdah Anggawirya

Mother: Tuti Juariah

Wife: Ricca Rachim (11 April 1959)

EDUCATION

* SD Kibono Manggarai Jakarta

* SMP Negeri Jakarta XV

* SMA VIII Jakarta (to grade II)

* SMA PSKD Jakarta

* St Joseph Solo

* High School August 17 Tebet Jakarta

* Faculty STIR University August 17

ALBUM

* Wandering (1978)

* Dollar (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* Human Rights (1977)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Joget (1975)

* To Bina Ria (1974)

Filmography

* Oma Irama Curious (1976)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Young Blood (1977)

* Rhoma Irama Wandering I (1978)

* Wandering Rhoma Irama II (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* King of Dangdut (1978)

* Love Triangle (1979)

* Camelia (1979)

* Struggle and Prayer (1980)

* Melody Love Rhoma Irama (1980)

* Earlier Happy Hurricane (1981)

* Devotion (1984)

* Glimpses of Love at Orange Sky (1985)

* Reaching the Sun I (1986)

* Reaching the Sun II (1986)

* The tones Rindu (1987)

* Flower Village (1988)

* Jaka Swara (1990)

* Tone and Propagation (1991)

* Takbir Blue (1993)

Address: Jalan Pondok Jaya VI/14, Prapatan Mampang, South Jakarta

BIOGRAPHY

In the 1970s, Rhoma already become a singer and musician in the band's music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet group since October 13, 1973. Sonnet group together, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes. On October 13, 1973, Rhoma proclaimed the motto "Voice of Moslem" (Muslim Voice) which aims to be a reformer agent Malay music that combines elements of rock music in the Malay music and improvise upon arrangements, poems, lyrics, costumes and performances on stage.

Rhoma also active in politics. During the New Order, he had become an important figure in the PPP, then moved to Golkar, and was elected a member of Parliament from the constituency in the 1997 general election Jakarta. In the 2004 election, Rhoma Irama also appear on stage MCC campaign. Rhoma Irama is known as a preacher and Muslim preacher and became chairman of the Muslim Forum (FUI), a religious organization that does not favor any party.

His success in the world of music and acting world had set up a company to make Rhoma Irama Rhoma Film Productions movie that succeeded in producing the film among Struggle and Prayer (1980) and Love Twins (1984). Now, Rhoma commonly called Bang Haji, much to fill his time with both through music and preaching sermons on television up to the archipelago. With his unique style and spirit, Rhoma together as a group Sonetanya Sound of actively expanding Moslem religious symbols.